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New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals 1st
Edition Aldemaro Romero Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Aldemaro Romero, Edward O. Keith
ISBN(s): 9789535108443, 9535108441
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 15.34 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
 Edited by
Aldemaro Romero
Edward O. Keith
 NEW APPROACHES
TO THE STUDY OF
MARINE MAMMALS
Edited by Aldemaro Romero
and Edward O. Keith
New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2731
Edited by Aldemaro Romero and Edward O. Keith

Contributors
Aldemaro Romero, Edward O. Keith, Letizia Marsili, Silvia Maltese, Daniele Coppola, Ilaria
Caliani, Laura Carletti, Matteo Giannetti, Tommaso Campani, Matteo Baini, Cristina Panti,
Silvia Casini, M. Cristina Fossi, Juan José Alava, Frank A.P.C. Gobas, Catherine F. Wise, John
Pierce Wise, Jr., Sandra S. Wise, John Pierce Wise, Sr, Marnel Mouton, Alfred Botha, Juan
Arbiza, Andrea Blanc, Miguel Castro-Ramos, Helena Katz, Alberto Ponce de León, Mario Clara,
Kazue Ohishi, Rintaro Suzuki, Tadashi Maruyama, Cristina Brito

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech

All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license,
which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial
purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum
dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by
InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they
are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or
personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.

Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and
not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy
of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for
any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials,
instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Oliver Kurelic

Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
Cover InTech Design Team

First published November, 2012

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals,

Edited by Aldemaro Romero and Edward O. Keith
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0844-3
Contents

Preface IX

Section 1 History of Marine Mammalogy 1

Chapter 1 When Whales Became Mammals:

The Scientific Journey of Cetaceans
From Fish to Mammals in the History of Science 3
Aldemaro Romero

Section 2 Physiology 31

Chapter 2 A Matrix Model of Fasting Metabolism

in Northern Elephant Seal Pups 33
Edward O. Keith

Section 3 Environmental/Ecological Issues 47

Chapter 3 “Test Tube Cetaceans”: From the Evaluation of Susceptibility

to the Study of Genotoxic Effects of Different Environmental
Contaminants Using Cetacean Fibroblast Cell Cultures 49
Letizia Marsili, Silvia Maltese, Daniele Coppola, Ilaria Caliani,
Laura Carletti, Matteo Giannetti, Tommaso Campani, Matteo Baini,
Cristina Panti, Silvia Casini and M. Cristina Fossi

Chapter 4 Assessing Biomagnification and Trophic Transport of

Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Food Chain of
the Galapagos Sea Lion (Zalophus wollebaeki):
Conservation and Management Implications 77
Juan José Alava and Frank A.P.C. Gobas

Chapter 5 Skin Biopsy Applications in Free Ranging Marine

Mammals: A Case Study of Whale Skin Biopsies as
a Valuable and Essential Tool for Studying Marine
Mammal Toxicology and Conservation 109
Catherine F. Wise, John Pierce Wise, Jr.,
Sandra S. Wise and John Pierce Wise, Sr
VI Contents

Chapter 6 Cutaneous Lesions in Cetaceans:

An Indicator of Ecosystem Status? 123
Marnel Mouton and Alfred Botha

Chapter 7 Uruguayan Pinnipeds (Arctocephalus australis

and Otaria flavescens): Evidence of Influenza Virus
and Mycobacterium pinnipedii Infections 151
Juan Arbiza, Andrea Blanc, Miguel Castro-Ramos,
Helena Katz, Alberto Ponce de León and Mario Clara

Chapter 8 Host-Virus Specificity of the Morbillivirus Receptor,

SLAM, in Marine Mammals: Risk Assessment of Infection
Based on Three-Dimensional Models 183
Kazue Ohishi, Rintaro Suzuki and Tadashi Maruyama

Section 4 Exploitation 205

Chapter 9 Portuguese Sealing and Whaling Activities

as Contributions to Understand Early Northeast Atlantic
Environmental History of Marine Mammals 207
Cristina Brito

Chapter 10 Yankee Whaling in the Caribbean Basin:

Its Impact in a Historical Context 223
Aldemaro Romero

Necrologue 233
Preface

The highly specialized nature of marine mammals when compared with their
terrestrial counterparts, the environment in which they live, and the impact humans
have had on them today and throughout history, have made of the study of these
creatures something unique in itself. Probably with the exception of primates, no other
animal group has been perceived as so distinctive. Therefore, it is not surprising that
many researchers have also taken a particular approach to their research.

This volume is aimed at providing a glimpse at such diversity of views and

approaches while delivering valuable information in marine mammalogy. Given the
increasing concern regarding issues of anthropogenic factors affecting these animals it
is not surprising that the majority of chapters deal with environmental issues.

In the first chapter of this volume I looked at a question that has baffled some
biologists and historians of science alike: how come the suggestion by Aristotle that
cetaceans were closely related to their terrestrial counterparts (“viviparous
quadrupeds”) rather than fish was ignored for about 2,000 years. Interestingly enough
it was a non-evolutionist naturalist, Carl Linnaeus, who would create the taxon
Mammalia and include cetaceans among them. I advanced the idea that a combination
of environmental classification and scholasticism led to their misclassification for
centuries.

The late Ed Keith (see his obituary at the end of this book) presents a matrix model of
fasting metabolism in the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). He provides
evidence that pups maintain a paradoxical fasting hyperglycemia while fasting for 6-8
weeks after nursing for about 30 days. He discusses this apparent contradiction as
possibly related to differences in time scale between the enzymatic reactions occurring
among these animals versus the time scale of the actual fasting period.

Marsili et al. introduce the original term of “Test Tube Cetaceans” in the title of their
chapter describing cetacean fibroblast cell cultures obtained from the skin biopsies of
stranded cetaceans, as the “test tube cetaceans” to evaluate susceptibility to
genotoxicity of different environmental contaminants. They suggest how to evaluate
the presence of DNA damage by Comet assay in these cetaceans after treatment with
different genotoxic compounds.
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 Chemistry - Study Cards
Winter 2024 - Faculty

Prepared by: Assistant Prof. Davis

Date: August 12, 2025

Test 1: Research findings and conclusions

Learning Objective 1: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 7: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Unit 2: Study tips and learning strategies
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 12: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 16: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Appendix 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 23: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 27: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 36: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 37: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 38: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
Practice Problem 40: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 46: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 47: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 48: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 6: Study tips and learning strategies
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 53: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 58: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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