Chemical reaction happens not just in a lab, in the world around you.

Molecules combine
to form new products through a chemical reaction. Cooking, cleaning, bathing, washing,
breathing are chemical reactions. Our body lives and grows by so many chemical reactions.
Plants convert carbon dioxide and water into food (glucose) and oxygen by a chemical
reaction, photosynthesis. Aerobic cellular respiration is the opposite process of photosynthesis in
that energy molecules are combined with oxygen we breathe to release energy needed by our
cells plus carbon dioxide and water. Combustion combines energetic molecules with oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide and water, it’s a chemical reaction.
Long expose of iron leads to a brown coating called rust. Now a day’s rusting of iron is a
major problem in the world. Other examples of corrosion are the formation of verdigris on copper
and tarnishing of silver.
In the Batteries, by chemical reaction electrical energy produces. When you put food in
your mouth, amylase enzyme in your saliva starts to break down sugars and other
carbohydrates into simpler forms that can be absorb by your body.
Soaps detergents by way of chemical reactions

C
4) We respire – oxygen purifies blood.
hanges are different types like temporary, 5) Milk is converted into curd – fermentation
permanent, natural, man made changes, etc,. takes place.
Changes mainly classified as 6) Water is added to quick lime – it converts into
1. Physical Changes (Temporary changes), slaked lime.
2. Chemical Changes (Permanent changes). 7) Crackers are burnt – ash formed.

What changes do you not i ce?

1) Physical Change: If no new substance (or) New substance is formed.
substances formed and change occurs in
physical properties like colour, state then it is
called physical change. It is temporary Ar e t hey physi cal changes or chemi cal
change. changes?
Chemical Changes.

Ar e t hey t empor ar y changes or per manent

changes?
Permanent Changes.

In all the above, the change is permanent and

they form new substances. So, these are
chemical changes.
Melting of ice cubes
2) Chemical Change: If new substances are
formed with properties completely unlike
those of the original substances and the
nature of original substance would be
changed then it is called chemical change. It is
permanent change.

Observe the Following Changes:

1) Coal is burnt – white ash formed.

2) Food gets digested in our body – converts into
energy for our body.
3) Iron nail is exposed to humid atmosphere for a
long time – nail gets rusted. Burning crackers burning of wood

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Chemical Change: Do you obser ve any change on mi xi ng t hese
If the nature of original substance would be sol ut i ons?
changed and new substances are formed then we White colour precipitate is formed.
say a chemical change has taken place.
3) Add Na2SO4 and BaCl2 solutions, then we
How do we k now a chemi cal r eact i on has observe white colour precipitate Barium
t aken pl ace? Sulphate is formed.
If new substance or substances formed and the
change is Permanent, then we conclude a Equation of the above Chemical Reaction:
chemical change takes place. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

Chemical Change Activities:

Ex-1: Reaction of Calcium oxide with water:

1) Take 1 gm of quick lime (Calcium Oxide) in a

beaker and add 10 ml of water to it.
2) Touch the beaker with your finger.

What do you notice?

The beaker is hot.

3) You notice that the beaker is hot when you

touch it.
Formation of Barium chloride precipitate
4) The reason is that the Calcium Oxide (quick
lime) reacts with water and liberates energy.
Ex-3: Formation of hydrogen gas by action of
5) Calcium Oxide dissolves in water, producing
dilute HCl on Zinc:
colourless solution.
What i s t he nat ur e of t he sol ut i on? 1) Take some zinc granules in a conical flask and
Basic nature. add 5ml of dilute HCl to the Conical Flask.
What changes do you not i ce?
6) When a red litmus paper dipped in the above A colourless gas evolved.
solution it turns into blue. So, this solution is
a basic solution. 2) We notice that a colourless gas evolved from
Equation of the above Chemical Reaction: flask.
CaO + H2O → Ca (OH)2 + Q (heat)
What happens t o bur ni ng mat ch st i ck?
A colourless gas evolved.
Ex-2: Reaction between Sodium sulphate and
Barium chloride:
3) When we keep a burning match stick near the
1) Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and dissolve
mouth of the conical flask.
Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4), Colourless
solution formed. What happens t o bur ni ng mat ch st i ck?
2) Take 100 ml of water in another beaker and It put off with pop sound.
dissolve Barium Chloride (BaCl2), Colourless
solution formed. 4) It put off with pop sound and the gas burns
What ar e t he col our s of t he above with blue flame.
sol ut i ons?
Touch t he bot t om of t he c oni cal fl ask wi t h
Two solutions are colourless.
your fi nger s. What do you not i ce?
We feel hot.
Can you name t he sol ut i ons obt ai ned?
The solutions are Sodium Sulphate solution
Is t her e any change i n t emper at ur e?
and Barium Chloride solution aqueous
Temperature increases.
solutions.

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5) By this experiment we conclude that the C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6 02 (g) →
hydrogen gas evolved when zinc granules 6 CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) + energy
reacts with dil. HCl. Hence, respiration is considered as an
Equation of the above Chemical Reaction: exothermic reaction
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 Chemical Equation:

1) A Chemical Equation represents a chemical

reaction.
2) When a chemical change is represented by
precise or chemical formulae then it is called
chemical equation.
3) Reactants: The substances which undergo
chemical change in the reaction are called
“Reactants”.
4) Products: The new substances formed in a
chemical reaction are called “Products”.
5) A complete chemical equation represents the
Changes occur in a Chemical Change: reactants, products and their physical state.
6) A chemical reaction written in the form of word
1) The original substances lose their equation shows the change of reactants to
characteristic properties. Hence these may be products by an arrow placed between them.
products with different physical state and 7) The reactants are written on the left side of
colour. arrow and the final substances or products
2) Chemical changes may liberate heat are written on the right side of the arrow.
(exothermic) or absorb heat (endothermic). 8) The arrow head point towards the product
3) Chemical changes may form insoluble shows the direction of the reaction.
precipitate. 9) If there is more than one reactant or product
4) Chemical changes may liberate gas. involved in the reaction, they are indicated
with a plus (+) sign between them.
Exothermic Reactions or Heat Liberated
Reactions: Can you writ e a chemical react ion in
A Chemical reaction in which heat is liberated is any ot her short er way ot her than the
called exothermic reaction. way we discussed above?
Example: Yes.
C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + ∆Q (Heat)
Endothermic Reactions or Heat Absorbed 10) Chemical equations can be made more
Reactions: precise and useful if we use chemical formulae
A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed is instead of words.
called endothermic reaction. Writing a Chemical Equation:
Example: Ex – 1:
1. Calcium oxide Reacts with water and form
N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g) – ∆Q (Heat)
Calcium Hydroxide (new substance)
Reason for respiration considered as an
2. Word equation:
exothermic reaction:
Calcium Oxide + Water →
1) We get energy from food that we eat. Calcium Hydroxide.
2) This food is broken down into simple 3. Precise equation of the above reaction is.
substances through digestion process. CaO + H2O → Ca (OH)2
3) Carbohydrates present in food are broken
down to form glucose. Is the number of atoms of each
4) This glucose combines with Oxygen in the cells element on bot h sides equal?
of our body and provides energy. Yes.
5) This reaction is known as respiration.

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Ex – 2: Formula Unit:
A formula unit is one unit whether atom,
1) Zinc metal reacts with dilute HCl to form Zinc ion or molecule corresponding to given formula.
Chloride and liberate Hydrogen gas. Examples:
2) Word equation: 1. One Formula unit of NaCl is one Na+
Zinc metal + Dil. Hydrochloric Acid → ion and one Cl- ion.
Zinc Chloride + Hydrogen 2. One Formula unit of MgBr2 is one Mg2+
3) Precise equation of the above reaction ion and two Br- ions.
Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 3. One formula unit of water is one H2O
Ex – 3: molecule.
Steps for Balancing a Chemical Equation:
1) Sodium Sulphate reacts with Barium Chloride Step-1: Write the equation with the correct
to give white precipitate, Barium Sulphate. chemical formulae for each reactants and
2) Word equation: products – Skeleton Equation.
Sodium Sulphate + Barium Chloride → Step-2: Compare number of atoms at in left and
Barium Sulphate + Sodium Chloride. right sides and put appropriate coefficients
3) Precise equation of the above reaction. before the formulae.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + NaCl Step-3: Reduce the coefficient to the possible
smallest number.
Do the at oms of each element on left Step-4: Verify the number of atoms at left and
side equal to the atoms of the element
right sides.
on t he right side of t he equat ion?
Yes. Examples of Balancing Chemical Equations:
Ex - 1: Hydrogen reacts with oxygen and form
Water.
Reason to balance a Chemical Equation: Step-1: Write Skeleton equation:
H2 + O2 → H2O
1) According to the law of conservation of mass,
Step-2: Count the number of atoms in left and
the total mass of the products formed in a
right sides of the equation.
chemical reaction must be equal to the mass
Element No. of atoms
of reactants consumed.
Left side Right side
2) An atom is the smallest particle of an element
H 2 2
that takes part in a chemical reaction, which O 2 1
accounts for the mass of any substance. Put appropriate Coefficients before the
3) The number of atoms of each element before formulae where ever necessary.
and after reaction must be the same. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
4) So, Chemical equations must be balanced.
Step-3: Reduce the coefficients if possible
Simple reason to balance a Chemical
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Equation:
Step-4: Check the Balanced Equation.
All the chemical equations must be
balanced, because atoms are neither created nor Balanced equation: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
destroyed in chemical reactions.
Balanced Chemical Equation(Definition):
A Chemical equation in which the number
of atoms of different elements on the reactants
side (Left side) is same as those on products side
(Right side) is called a “Balanced Chemical
Equation”.
Note: Balancing a chemical equation involves
finding out how many formula units of each
substance take part in the reaction.

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Ex - 2: Combustion of Propane (C3H8). Element No. of atoms
Step-1: Write the skeleton equation: Left side Right side
Fe 2 1
C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
O 3 3
Step-2: Compare the number of atoms in left and Al 1 2
right side of the equation. Put appropriate coefficients before the
Element No. of atoms formulae where ever necessary by the following
Left side Right side way.
C 3 1
For balancing Iron, put 2 before Fe in the
H 8 2
right side
O 2 3
Put appropriate coefficients before the Fe2O3 + Al → 2Fe + Al2O3
formulae where ever necessary by the following For balancing Aluminum atoms, put 2
way. before Al in the left
For balancing Carbon atoms, put 3 before CO2 Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3
C3H8 + O2 → 3CO2 + H2O Step-3: Reduce coefficients if possible,
For balancing Hydrogen atoms, put 4 before H2O Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3
C3H8 + O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O Step-4: Check the Balanced Equation.

For balancing Oxygen atom, put 5 before O2 Balanced equation:

Fe 2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al 2O3
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Making chemical Equations more informative:
Step-3: Reduce the coefficients if possible Chemical equation can be made more
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O informative by expressing following
Step-4: Check the balanced equation. characteristics of reactants and products:
1) Express the physical state –
Balanced equation: Solid (s), Liquid (l), Gas (g), Aqueous (aq)
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O 2) Heat changes –
Exothermic (+Q) or Endothermic (-Q)
3) Gas evolved (if any)(↑) – H2↑, O2↑, CO2↑, etc.
4) Precipitate formed (if any) – AgCl2↓,
5) Indicate temperature, Pressure, Catalyst etc.,
above and below the arrows –

→ → →
1) Expressing the Physical State: In a chemical
Equation, the physical states of the
substances may be mentioned along with their
chemical formulae. The different states
2C3 H8 + 10O2 → 6CO2 + 8H2 O
represented as follows, for solid – (s), liquid –
Is it a balanced equat ion as per rules?
(l), gas – (g) and aqueous – (aq).
How do you say?
It is balanced equation. But it is not Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al (s) → 2Fe (s) + Al2O3 (s)

balanced as per rule (Step:4), it must be

reduce its coefficients.
Ex - 3: Iron oxide Reacts with aluminum to
form iron and aluminum trioxide.
Step-1: Write the skeleton equation.
Fe2O3 + Al → Fe + Al2O3
Step-2: Compare the no. of atoms in left and
right side of the equation. Aluminium and iron in solid state

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Aqueous (aq): If the substance is present as a 4) If the masses are expressed in grams then the
solution in water then its physical state equation gives the molar ratios of reactants
expressed as aqueous (aq) and products.
5) If gases are involved, we can equate their
2) Expressing Heat Changes: According to heat masses to their volumes and calculate the
change, chemical reactions are two types. volumes or those gases liberated at given
They are Exothermic Reactions and condition of temperature and pressure using
Endothermic Reactions. molar mass and molar volume relationship.
a) Exothermic Reactions: Heat liberated 6) Using molar mass and Avogadro’s number we
chemical reactions are exothermic reactions. can calculate the number of molecules and
Example: C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + Q atoms of different substances from the
Note: “+Q” in products side represents equation.
exothermic reaction 7) A chemical equation gives information about
b) Endothermic Reactions: Heat absorbed relative masses of reactants and products.
chemical reactions are endothermic 8) From a chemical equation we get,
reactions. a. mass-mass relationship
Example: N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g) – Q b. mass-volume relationship
Note: “-Q” in products side represents c. volume-volume relationship
endothermic reactions. d. mass-volume-number of molecules
relationship. Etc.,
3) Expressing Gas Evolved: If gas evolved in a
chemical reaction it denoted by an upward Types of Chemical Reactions: Chemical
arrow “↑” reactions occur with the formation and breaking
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2↑ (g) of chemical bonds. Chemical Reactions are
mainly classified into four types.
4) Expressing Precipitate formed (if any): If a
precipitate is formed in the reaction it is I. Chemical Combinations
denoted by a downward arrow “↓” II. Chemical Decomposition or Decomposition
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq) reactions
III. Chemical Displacement or Displacement
5) Indicate temperature, pressure, Catalyst Reactions.
etc.,: Sometimes the reactions conditions IV. Chemical Double Displacement or Double
such as temperature, Pressure, Catalyst, etc., displacement Reactions
indicated above and/or below the arrow in the
I. Chemical Combination(Definition):
equation like → → →
In a combination reaction two or more
substances combine to form a new single
2 AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2↑ substance.
(s) (s) (g)
A Chemical reaction in which single product is
6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) → formed from two or more reactants is known as
Chlorophyll “Chemical Combination Reaction”.
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)
A+B→C
Chemical Combination-An Activity:
Interpreting a Balanced chemical Equation:
A chemical equation gives, 1) Take a small piece of magnesium ribbon and
rub it with a sand paper.
1) Information about the reactants and products 2) Hold it with a tongs and burn with a spirit
through their symbols and formulae. lamp.
2) The ratio of molecules of reactants and
What you observe?
products.
It We observe white flame and magnesium
3) As molecular masses are expressed in “Unified
burns quickly and forms white ash.
masses” (U), the relative masses of reactants
and products are known from the equation

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3) Magnesium burns in oxygen by producing Note: Slaked lime (Lime water) – Ca (OH)2
dazzling white flame and changes into Quick lime (Dry lime) – CaO
magnesium oxide (MgO) white powder. Chemical Reaction involved, when white wash on
4) In this reaction magnesium and oxygen the walls:
combine to form a new single substance
Magnesium oxide (MgO). Here magnesium 1) Slaked lime is prepared by adding water to
oxidized. quicklime.
CaO + H2O → Ca (OH)2 +Q
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s) +Q (s) (l) (aq)

2) Slaked lime is used to white wash to the walls.

It reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide in air
and form a thin layer of calcium carbonate on
the walls.
Ca (OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)

3) CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate) gives a shiny

white finish to the walls. So, the final
compound when white wash on the wall is
Burning of magnesium CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate).
Examples for Chemical Combination Note: The chemical formula of Marble is CaCO3
Reaction: (Calcite).
Ex – 1: Burning of Coal: When coal is burnt in
presence of oxygen, carbon dioxide is produced. II. Chemical Decomposition (or)
C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ↑+Q Decomposition Reaction (Definition):
A Chemical reaction in which a single product or
substance decomposes to give two or more
substances by utilizing heat energy or light or
electricity is called chemical decomposition
reaction.
Chemical decomposition - An Activity:

1) Take small quantity of calcium carbonate (lime

stone) in a test tube and heat it.
2) Place a burning match stick nearer to the
evolved gas.
Ex – 2: Preparation of Slaked lime or Dilution What do you observe?
of quick lime: Slaked lime is prepared by adding Match stick put off.
water to quick lime.
CaO (s) + H2 O (l) → Ca (OH)2 (aq) +Q 3) The match stick put off, because of Carbon
In this reaction a large number of Heat released. dioxide gas, released from the test tube.
So, this is exothermic reaction.

Formation of slaked lime

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4) In this reaction calcium carbonate decomposes Ex – 3: Decomposition of Ferrous suphate:
into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
1) Take some ferrous sulphate crystals in a
CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2↑ (g)
boiling tube and heat it over spirit lamp.
This reaction is called thermal 2) The light green ferrous sulphate crystals
decomposition Reaction. changes to white on further heating it changes
Important: Detection of Carbon dioxide: to dark green solid.
1. It turns lime water into milky white.
2. It put off burning match stick. 2 FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
Types of Chemical Decomposition Reaction:
3) Ferrous sulphate decomposes to Ferric oxide,
Chemical decomposition reactions are mainly
Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide on
classified into three types.
heating.
1) Thermal Decomposition Reactions – Heat This is a Thermal decomposition Reaction.
energy required 2. Electrolytic Decomposition Reaction:
2) Electrolytic Decomposition Reaction – Electrical energy required decomposition
Electrical energy required reactions are called electrolytic decomposition
3) Photochemical Decomposition Reaction – Light reactions.
energy required
Ex – 1: Decomposition of water or Electrolysis of
Some more examples for Chemical
water (Activity):
Decomposition Reaction:
1. Thermal Decomposition Reaction: Heat 1) Take a plastic mug and drill two holes at its
energy required decomposition reactions are base.
called thermal decomposition reactions. 2) Fit one holed rubber stoppers in these holes
and insert two carbon electrodes in these.
Ex – 1: Decomposition of Calcium carbonate: On
3) Connect the electrodes to 9V battery and fill it
heating Calcium carbonate decomposes into
with dil. H2SO4 added water, until the
calcium oxide and Carbon dioxide.
electrodes are immersed.
4) Take two test tubes filled with water and invert
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ↑
them over the two carbon electrodes and
Ex – 2: Decomposition of Lead nitrate (Activity):
switch on the current.
1) Take 0.5 g of lead nitrate powder in a test tube What do you observe in the t est t ubes?
and heat it. We observe that the liberation of gas bubbles
What do you observe? in both electrodes and after some time the
Lead nitrate decomposes to lead oxide, liberated gas is less in one and double in
oxygen and nitrogen dioxide. other.
2) On heating lead nitrate decomposes to lead 5) We notice that the liberation of gas bubbles at
oxide, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide. both the electrodes and displace the water in
3) In this reaction we observe the brown fumes the test tube.
of nitrogen dioxide. 6) We observe gas less in one test tube and
double in the other test tube.
2Pb(NO3)2 (s) →
7) Test both gases separately by bringing a
2PbO + 4NO2↑ (g) + O2↑ (g)
burning match stick near the mouth of each.
8) The gas, inside the more or doubled gas
containing test tube, put off the match stick
with pop sound. Hence it is Hydrogen gas.
9) The gas, inside the less gas containing test
tube, burns brightly, hence it is Oxygen.
10) In this activity, by passing electricity, water
decomposes to Hydrogen and Oxygen.
2 H2O (l) → 2H2↑ (g) + O2 ↑ (g)

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This is an Electrolytic Decomposition Reaction.
2 AgCl (s) → 2Ag (s) + Cl2↑ (g)
This is Photochemical Decomposition Reaction.
Note: All Decomposition reactions require
energy in the form of heat, light or electricity for
converting the reactants to products. All these
are Endothermic Reactions.
--------------------------------------------------------
Reaction between Barium hydroxide and
Ammonium chloride:
1) Take 2 gm of barium hydroxide in a test tube
and add about 1 gm of ammonium chloride
and mix with glass rod. Touch the test tube
Electrolysis of water with your palm.
3. Photochemical Decomposition Reaction:
Light energy required decomposition reactions What do you observe?
are called photochemical decomposition The temperature falls down.
reactions.
Name of the reactions taking place in the 2) The reaction between barium hydroxide and
ammonium chloride is an endothermic
presence of sun light: Photochemical Reactions
Ex – 1: Exposing of Silver Bromide (Activity): reaction.
1) Take a small quantity of silver bromide on a 3) Heat is absorbed during endothermic reaction,
watch glass and place it in sunlight for some fall in temperature is observed.
time. Ba (OH)2 + 2NH4Cl → BaCl2 + 2NH4OH
This reaction is called double displacement
What changes do you not ice? reaction.
Silver bromide decomposes to silver and -------------------------------------------------
bromine. III. Chemical Displacement Reaction
(Definition):
Did the colour of t he silver bromide A Chemical Reaction in which one element
change? displaces another element from its compound
Yes. and takes its place there in is called chemical
displacement reaction.
2) Light yellow coloured silver bromide changes Ex: Displacement of Hydrogen from acids by
to gray colour. metals. Metals are more active than hydrogen, so
3) Silver bromide decomposes to silver and they displace hydrogen from an acid.
bromine in presence of Sunlight. Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
2AgBr (s) → 2Ag (s) + Br2↑ (g) Note: The reactivity order/relation between
This is Photochemical Decomposition Reaction. metals and hydrogen: Metals > Hydrogen
Ex – 1: Activity on Chemical Displacement
Reaction:
1) 1. Take a small quantity of Zinc dust in a
conical flask and add dilute Hydrochloric Acid
slowly.
Photochemical decomposition of silver bromide 2) Tie a balloon to the mouth of the conical flask.

Closely observe t he changes in t he

Ex – 2: Decomposition of AgCl (Activity):
conical flask and balloon. What do you
1) Take a small quantity of AgCl and keep it in
not ice?
sun light.
Gas bubbles coming out and the balloon
2) It changes its colour to gray.
bulges out.
3) Because, AgCl decomposes to silver and
Chlorine in presence of sunlight.

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3) Gas bubbles coming out from the solution and 5) The iron nail dipped in copper sulphate
the balloon bulges out. solution becoming brown and blue colour of
4) Zinc pieces react with dilute Hydrochloric Acid copper sulphate solution in the test tube
and liberate Hydrogen gas. fades.
Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

5) In this reaction, Zinc has displaced hydrogen 6) Iron is more reactive than copper. So, it
from hydrochloric acid. Hence it is chemical displaces copper from copper sulphate. This is
displacement reaction. a Chemical displacement Reaction.
Ex – 3: Reaction between Zinc and silver nitrate:

1) Zinc is more reactive than silver. So, it

displaces silver from silver nitrate.
Zn + 2 AgNO3 → Zn (NO3)2 + 2Ag
Ex – 4: Reaction between Lead and copper
chloride:

1) Lead is more reactive than copper. So, it

displaces copper from copper chloride.
Pb + CuCl2 → PbCl2 + Cu
Chemical displacement reaction Ex – 5: The refining of Silver/Purification of
Ex – 2: Reaction between Iron and copper Silver/Reaction between Copper and silver
sulphate (Activity): nitrate:

1) Take two nails and rub them with sand paper. 1) For the refining/purification of silver metal, we
2) Take two test tubes filled with 10 ml of copper react silver nitrate with copper metal.
sulphate. 2) Copper is more reactive than Silver, Copper
3) Dip one iron nail in copper sulphate solution displaces silver from silver nitrate.
of one test tube and another nail keep aside. 3) Then copper nitrate and silver are formed.
4) After 20 min. take out the nail from copper 4) Equation for this reaction:
sulphate solution and compare with the other Cu (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) →
iron nail that has been kept aside. Cu (NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)
5) This is Redox Reaction. Copper is reducing
What changes do you observe? agent and silver is reduced.
Iron nail dipped in copper sulphate solution 6) This is displacement reaction.
becoming brown. Blue copper sulphate
solution fades.
Losses Oxidizing
AgNO3 Reduced
oxygen agent
Gains Reducing
Cu Oxidized
oxygen agent

Reactivity order of some metals:

Cu < Fe Copper < Iron
Ag < Zn Silver < Zinc
Cu < Pb Copper < Lead
Fe < Zn Iron < Zinc
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > C > Zn > Fe > Sn > Pb
> H > Cu > Ag > Au > Pt
Note: In the above order C and H are non-
metals.
Iron nail and copper sulphate solution
compared before and after the experiment

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IV. Chemical Double Displacement Reactions Examples of Double Displacement Reactions:
(Definition): Ex – 1: Reaction between Sodium Sulphate and
A chemical reaction in which two reactants Barium Chloride: Sodium Sulphate solution on
exchange their constituents chemically and form mixing with barium chloride solution forms a
two products, then it is called chemical double white precipitate of Barium Sulphate and Solute
displacement reaction. Sodium Chloride.
Two different atoms or ions are exchanged in Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) ↓ + 2 NaCl (aq)
double displacement reactions. Ex – 2: Reaction between Sodium Hydroxide and
Ex – 1: Activity on Chemical Double Hydrochloric acid: Sodium Hydroxide reacts with
displacement reaction or Precipitation Reaction Hydrochloric acid to form Sodium Chloride and
Activity or Reaction between Lead Nitrate and water
Potassium Iodide (Activity): NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
1) Take a small quantity of lead nitrate and Ex – 3: Reaction between Sodium Chloride and
dissolve in distilled water in the test tube. Silver Nitrate: Sodium Chloride reacts with
2) Take a small quantity of Potassium Iodide in a Silver Nitrate in solution and form Silver Chloride
test tube and dissolve in distilled water. precipitate and Sodium Nitrate
3) Mix Lead Nitrate solution with Potassium NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → AgCl (s) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq)
Iodide solution. Difference between Displacement Reaction
and Decomposition Reaction:
What do you observe?
In decomposition reaction only one substance
Yellow coloured precipitate is formed.
acts as reactant, but in displacement reaction
4) A yellow coloured substance Lead Iodide, two substances act as reactants.
which is insoluble in water is formed as Oxidation and Reduction:
precipitate. Oxidation: Oxidation is a reaction that involves
the addition of Oxygen or removal of Hydrogen or
removal of electron or Oxidation is gain of oxygen
or Oxidation is loss of electrons.
Reduction: Reduction is a reaction that involves
the addition of Hydrogen or removal of Oxygen or
addition of electron or Reduction is loss of
oxygen or Reduction is gain of electrons.
Ex – 1: (Oxygen case): The extraction of iron from
its ore:

5) Lead Nitrate and Potassium Iodide reacts each

other and form Potassium Nitrate, Lead Iodide
(Yellow colour precipitate).
Pb (NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → PbI2 (s) ↓ + 2KNO3 (aq) In the above reaction Fe2O3 is reduced, CO is
oxidized.
6) In this reaction Lead Nitrate and Potassium Oxidizing agent: An oxidizing agent is
Iodide reacts each other, Lead Ion and substance which oxidizes something else. In the
Potassium Ion exchange their constituents to above example, the iron (III) oxide is the oxidizing
form new products. So, this is chemical agent.
double displacement reaction. Oxidizing agents give oxygen to another
substance or remove hydrogen from it.
Precipitation Reaction(Definition): A chemical Reducing agent: A reducing agent reduces
reaction in which insoluble substance in water is something else. In the equation, the carbon
formed as product is called Precipitation monoxide is the reducing agent.
Reaction. Reducing agents remove oxygen from another
substance or give hydrogen to it.

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 Losses Oxidizing Activity on Oxidation or Oxidation of Copper:
Fe2O3 Reduced
oxygen agent 1) Take 1gm of Copper powder (Red in Colour) or
Gains Reducing (Shiny brown colour) in a china dish and keep
CO Oxidized
oxygen agent it on tripod stand containing wire gauze and
heat it.

Losses Do you find any change in colour of

CH3CH2OH Oxidized copper?
Hydrogen
Potassium Dichromate Copper becomes black.
(VI) solution acidified
Oxidizing agent 2) After some time the surface layer of copper
with dilute sulphuric
becomes black.
acid.
Ex: (Hydrogen case): Ethanol can be oxidized to Why does the colour of copper change?
Ethanal: Copper reacts with oxygen and form copper
oxide. So, the colour change takes place.

What is t he black colour product formed

on t he surface of copper?
We need to use an oxidizing agent to remove the
Copper oxide.
hydrogen from the ethanol. A commonly used
oxidizing agent is Potassium Dichromate (VI) 3) On heating Red coloured copper reacts with
solution acidified with dilute sulphuric acid. Oxygen present in the atmosphere to form
copper oxide.
Ex: (Electron case): Reaction between Copper (II)
oxide with Magnesium:
2 Cu (s) + O2 (g) → 2CuO (s)

CuO + Mg → Cu + MgO 4) In this reaction, Oxygen added to Copper to

form Copper Oxide. So, this is oxidation
Rewrite the above reaction as an ionic equation, reaction. This is Chemical Combination
we have, Reaction also.
Cu Gains oxygen Oxidized

In the above equation, the magnesium is

reducing the copper (II) ions by giving them
electrons to neutralize the charge. Magnesium is
a reducing agent. The copper (II) ions are
removing electrons from the magnesium to create
the magnesium ions. The copper (II) ions are
acting as an oxidizing agent.
Oxidation of copper to copper oxide
CuO

Losses Gain of Oxidizing

Reduced
oxygen Electrons agent

Gains Loss of Reducing

Mg

Oxidized
oxygen Electrons agent

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Activity on Reduction:
Examples for Redox Reactions:
Losses Oxidizing Ex – 1: Reaction between Copper oxide and
Fe2O3 Reduced
oxygen agent
Hydrogen:
Gains Reducing
C Oxidized Copper oxide and Hydrogen reacts to form
oxygen agent
1) Take black coloured Copper oxide in a large Copper and Water.
glass tube and pass hydrogen gas over hot CuO (s) + H2 (g) → Cu (s) + H2O (g) ↑
copper oxide. In this reaction CuO is Reduced, H2 is oxidized.
What do you not ice? Ex – 2: Reaction between Iron oxide and Carbon:
Black Coated on Copper oxide turns brown. Iron oxide reacts with Carbon to form Iron and
Carbon oxide.
2Fe2O3 (s) + 3C (s) → 4Fe (s) + 3 CO2 (g) ↑
2) Black Coating on Copper oxide turns brown,
because Copper oxide losses oxygen to form
Ex – 3: Reaction between Lead oxide and
copper.
Carbon:
Lead oxide reacts with Carbon to form Lead and
Losses Oxidizing Carbon Oxide.
PbO Reduced
oxygen agent
2PbO (s) + C (s) → 2Pb (s) + CO2 (g) ↑
Gains Reducing
C Oxidized
oxygen agent
Example-4: Reaction between Manganese
CuO (s) + H2 (g) → Cu (s) + H2O (g) ↑
Dioxide and Hydrochloric acid:
Manganese Dioxide reacts with dil. Hydrochloric
In this reaction Oxygen is lost or Hydrogen is
acid to form Manganese Chloride.
gain, So it is a Reduction reaction.
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2↑

Losses Oxidizing
MnO2 Reduced
oxygen agent
Gains Reducing
HCl Oxidized
oxygen agent

The effects of oxidation reactions in daily life:

or Applications of Oxidation in Daily Life:
Gain of
Hydrogen Corrosion:
Losses to convert
CuO

Oxidizing
Reduced 1) A freshly cut apple turns brown after some
oxygen Cu agent
(adding time.
hydrogen) 2) The shining iron articles gradually become
reddish brown when left for some time.
Gains Reducing 3) Burning of crackers produce dazzling light
H2

Oxidized -
oxygen agent with white fumes.

How do these changes occur?

Reduction of copper oxide to copper By oxidation.

Redox Reactions (or) Oxidation-Reduction Oxidation: Oxidation is the reaction of oxygen

Reactions (Definition): In some reactions, molecules with different substances starting from
Oxidation and reduction occurs at a time. These metal to living tissue which may come in contact
with it.
types of reactions are called Oxidation-Reduction
Some examples of Oxidation:
reactions or Redox reactions.
1. Colour change in cut Apple, Pear, Bananas,
Potatoes etc.,:

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1) Apple, Pear, Bananas, Potatoes etc., Contain
enzyme called Polyphenol oxidase or Did you not ice t he colour coat ing on
tyrosinase. silver and copper art icles?
2) When they cut, this enzyme reacts with oxygen Yes.
and change the cut surface of the fruit into
brown after some time. Corrosion (Definition): When some metals are
exposed to moisture, acid etc., they tarnish due
to the formation of respective metal oxide on
their surface. This process is called corrosion.
Corrosion is the oxidative deterioration of a
metal.

Oxidation on surface of the apple Examples of Corrosion:

Ex – Brown coating on Iron:
Iron react with atmospheric oxygen in the
presence of moisture and form as iron oxide
(rust). Due to the rusting of iron Brown coloured
coating presence on the surface of the iron
article.

Oxidation on the surface of the potato

2. Rusting of Iron or Browning of Iron
(Definition): The browning of iron, when left for
sometime in moist air, is a process commonly
known as rusting of iron. This is oxidation
reaction. Rusting does not occur in oxygen free
water or dry air.

Rusting of iron
Ex – 2: Black coatings on silver:
Rusting of fencing
3. Burning of Crackers: 1) Silver objects coated black colour, when they
Burning of Crackers is also oxidation reaction of left for a long time. Because silver reacts with
variety of chemicals. oxygen and hydrogen sulphide and converts
as silver sulphide (black colour).
2Ag + 2H2S + O2 → 2Ag2S + 2H2O
This is one example for corrosion.

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Note: The last substance present on silver
articles, when they corroded is Silver Sulphide
black colour substance.
Ex – 3: Green Coating on copper:

1) Copper objects coated green colour, when they

left for a long time. Because copper reacts
with oxygen in the presents of moisture and
convert as copper oxide (green colour).
2 Cu + O2 → 2CuO Zinc based galvanizing on iron bridge
This is one of the examples of Corrosion. Making Alloys:
1) Pure form of iron is very soft and easily rust.
2) Pure iron is mixed with carbon, nickel and
chromium to get an alloy stainless steel.
Stainless steel = Fe + C + Ni + Cr
3) The stainless steel is hard and does not rust.
Examples of some alloys:
Brass = Cu + Zn
Bronze = Cu + Sn
Steel = C + Si + Cu + Fe + Mn + Cr +
some other metals in small quantity.

Corrosion Colour Changes

Silver Black
Copper Green
Iron Brown
Cut Apple Brown
Effect of Corrosion:

1) When iron bodies exposed to moisture they

change to brown in colour. This is called
rusting of iron or corrosion.
2) Corrosion causes damage to car bodies, Brass deity
bridges, iron railings, ships etc., and all other
metal objects that are made of metals.
3) Mainly corrosion of iron is a serious problem.

Prevention of corrosion: or minimization of

corrosion:
1. Shielding the metal Surfaces:
1) Corrosion can be prevented or at least
minimized by shielding the metal surface from
oxygen and moisture.
2) It can be prevented by painting, oiling,
greasing, galvanizing, chrome plating or
making alloys.
Galvanizing:
1) Galvanizing is a method of protecting iron from
rusting by coating them with a thin layer of Bronze jug Steel cable
Zinc (Zn).

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Appreciation of the process of making of Rectification of interruption of current
alloys or Use of making Alloys: supply:
1) Natural or pure metals are very soft and easily On removing the metal oxide layer on the wire
rusted. with a sand paper, supply of electricity can be
2) By mixing of these types of metals to other restored.
metal alloys are made. Reason for apply paint on iron articles:
3) A metallic substance made by mixing and
burning two or more metals or a metal and a 1) When iron articles exposed to moisture they
non metal, to obtain strength is known as change to brown in colour. This is called
alloy. rusting of iron or corrosion.
4) Alloys are protecting from corrosion. 2) Corrosion causes damage to car bodies,
5) The process of making alloys is appreciable bridges, iron railings, ships etc., and all other
because of it preventing rusting and improves metal objects that are made of metals.
quality, durability of the metals. 3) Mainly corrosion of iron is a serious problem.
Reason for gold taken as more valuable metal: 4) It can be prevented by painting.
1) Gold one of the most valuable of elements has So, we apply paint on iron articles.
been prized since antiquity for its beauty and Rancidity:
resistance to corrosion. 1) When fats and oils are oxidized they become
2) Gold appears good in colour and has rancid. Their smell and taste change.
resistance to corrosion. 2) Oxidation reaction in food material that was
3) It has high ductility which is useful for making left for a long period are responsible for
ornaments. spoiling of food is called Rancidity.
4) So, Gold treated as Valuable metal. 3) Rancidity is an oxidation process.
Some more effects of oxidation on everyday Prevention from Rancidity:
life: 1) To spoilage of food can be prevented by adding
1. Combustion: This is the most common preservatives like Vitamin C and Vitamin E.
example for oxidation reaction. 2) Usually Substances which prevent oxidation
Ex: Burning of wood involves release of carbon (antioxidants) are added to food containing
dioxide, water vapor along with huge amount of fat and oil
energy. 3) Keeping food in air tight containers helps to
2. Rising of dough with yeast: slows down oxidation process or rancidity.
Rising of dough with yeast depends on oxidation 4) Manufactures of Potato Chips flush bags of
of sugars to carbon dioxide and water. chips with nitrogen gas to prevent the chips
3. Bleaching Reaction by chlorine: from getting oxidized.
How can we prevent the spoiling of food?
1) The reactions which are remove colour are
By adding preservatives like vitamin C and
called as Bleaching reactions.
vitamin E.
2) Bleaching of coloured objects using moist
chlorine: Use of keeping food in air tight containers:
Cl2 + H2O → HOCl + HCl 1) Keeping food in air tight containers helps to
HOCl → HCl + (O) slows down oxidation process or rancidity.
Coloured object + (O) --> Colourless object. Remember these Colours:
4. Reason for interruption of current supply 1. BaSO4 – Precipitate – white colour
during rainy season: 2. MgO – White ash
3. AgBr – Light yellow color
1) Some times during rainy season, the power 4. Ag – Gray colour
supply to our home from the electric pole will 5. AgCl – White Colour
be interrupted due to formation of the metal 6. Fe2O3 – Brown/dark brown – rust
oxide layer on the electric wire. 7. CuSO4 – Blue
2) This metal oxide acts as an electrical 8. FeSO4 – Pale green/blue-green/ Light green
insulator. 9. PbI2 – Yellow colour
3) So the power supply interrupted. 10. Cu – Reddish brown or Shiny brown
11. CuO – Black.
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