COLLEGE OF SUBIC MONTESSORI INC.

DINALUPIHAN CAMPUS

TRAFFIC LAWS AND ORDINANCES OF MUNICIPALITY OF DINALUPIHAN

BATAAN: AN ASSESMENT

A Thesis Proposal presented to the Faculty and The Staff of College of Subic

Montessori inc. College of Subic Montessori Inc. Criminology Department as partial

requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Presented by:

Angelo Dundee C. Centeno

Angelo T. De Castro
Kaurie P. Marasigan
Reyes, Jethro A.
Researchers

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Approval Sheet

This thesis entitled Impact of Collaborative Learning on the Academic Motivation Among
College of Subic Montessori Inc. Criminology Students, prepared and submitted by
Angelo Dundee C. Centeno, Angelo T. De Castro, Reyes, Jethro A. and Kaurie P.
Marasigan
Mario C Rosete, RCrim, PhD

Adviser
Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science
in Criminology by the thesis examination committee:

Sigfredo G Dimalanta, RCrim, PhD

CCJ Dean
________________
Chairman
________________ _______________
Member Member

Date: __________ Rating: _________

Proposal Defense
Accepted and approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology Research
Sigfredo G Dimalanta, RCrim, PhD
Dean CCJE

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Disclaimer and Declaration of Originality

This is an official document of the Criminal Justice Education of College of Subic

Montessori. Quotations from, counteraction, or reproduction of all or any part of this

research paper are unauthorized unless with the written approval of the research writer

and Dean of the School.

The opinions, ideas, and proposals contained therein are those of the researcher

and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Criminal Justice Education

College of Subic Montessori, or any other government agency where the researcher

belongs.

This further certifies that this research paper was written by the undersigned. The

research paper is original and has not been previously submitted, published or accepted

for publication elsewhere. The undersigned properly acknowledged all sources of

information used in the research and has not engaged in any form of academic

misconduct, such as plagiarism, fabrication, or falsification of data.

The undersigned agree that this declaration may be used against him/her if

irregularities in the conduct of this research paper are found.

Angelo Dundee C. Centeno

Angelo T. De Castro
Reyes, Jethro A.
Kaurie P. Marasigan
Researchers

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Acknowledgment
The researcher would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed

help in carrying out this study. First, we would like to thank our research adviser, Dr.

Mario C Rosette, for his guidance and knowledge sharing, which greatly aided us in

carrying out this work.

Thank you to our classmates and friends for filling out our survey or questionnaire,

offering more information, and supporting us during times of misunderstanding. We

appreciate our panelists assistance in identifying, evaluating, guiding, and documenting

our errors so that we can improve this research study and meet our financial

responsibilities.

Lastly, from the beginning until the completion of this research work, the researchers

are appreciative of each other’s support and encouragement.

Angelo Dundee C. Centeno

Angelo T. De Castro
Reyes, Jethro A.
Kaurie P. Marasigan
Researchers

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DINALUPIHAN CAMPUS

Dedication
The paper is wholeheartedly dedicated to.
First, the researcher would like to express their deepest gratitude to our Almighty and
forever loving God's growth. For this guidance, accompaniment, encouragement,
blessing, and especially for the undying and unconditional love that he showered them
throughout this study.
To their parents, whose love, support, and sacrifices have been the foundation of our
success. Your unwavering belief in us and encouragement have been our driving force
throughout this journey.
To their friends, for their support, understanding, and encouragement that have
uplifted us during challenging times.
To their teachers, whose invaluable guidance, mentorship, and dedication have been
instrumental in shaping our academic pursuits and ensuring the successful completion
of this research.
We are proudly grateful to all of you for your indispensable roles in this endeavor.

Angelo Dundee C. Centeno

Angelo T. De Castro
Reyes, Jethro A.
Kaurie P. Marasigan
Researchers

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Table of Contents
Preliminaries Page
Title page 1
Approval Sheet 2
Acknowledgement 4
Dedication 5
Table of Contents 6-7
List of Table and Figures 8
Abstract 9

Chapter 1
Background of the Study 10
Introduction 10
International Background 11
National Background 11
Local Background 11-12
Related Literature 12
Foreign Literature 12
Local Literature 12-13
Synthesis of Related Literature 13
Related Studies 13
Foreign Studies 13
Local Studies 14
Synthesis Of Related Studies 14
Theoretical Framework 14-15
Conceptual Framework 15
Paradigm of the Study 15-16

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Significance of the Study 16

Definition of Terms 16-17
Statement of the Problem 17-18
Hypothesis 18
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 18

Chapter 2. Methodology
2.1 Research Design 20
2.2 Research Setting 20
2.3 Research Method 21
2.4 Population of the Study 21
2.5 Locale of the Study 22
2.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study. 22
2.7 Data Gathering Tool/s 22
2.8 Data Gathering Procedure 22
2.9 Treatment of the Data 23
2.10 Ethical Considerations 23
2.11 Dissemination of the Research Outcome 23
Chapter 3. Results
A. Demographic profile of the respondents
B. Problems encountered by the traffic officers in the
implementation of traffic laws and ordinances
C. Level of responsiveness of traffic officers regarding the existing
traffic laws and ordinances.
D. Significant relationship to demographic profile officer and
problem encounter to the traffic regulation.

Chapter 4. Discussion

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Summary of Finding
Conclusion
Recommendation

References 24-25
Appendices
A Letter to the Dean 26
B Letter to a Key Officer 27-32
C Letter to the Participants 33
D Letter to the Tool Validator/s 34
E Research Instrument/s 35-36
F Certification by the Tool Validator/s 37
G Informed Consent Form 38
H Timeline and Logistics 39
Curriculum Vitae 40-43

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Abstract
This quantitative research aims to assess the effectiveness and implementation of traffic

laws and ordinances in the Municipality of Dinalupihan, Bataan. The study specifically

measures the levels of awareness, compliance, and perception of effectiveness among

enforcers. The researchers used the purposive sampling technique in selecting the

respondents which comprised of thirty- three respondents (15 PNP officers and 15

Marshalls). In order to carefully and appropriately gather necessary data that will aid the

study. A structured survey questionnaire was administered to a sample population, and

data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate a

moderate level of awareness and compliance with traffic laws, with significant variations

across different demographic groups. Moreover, statistical analysis reveals a strong

correlation between awareness and compliance levels. The study concludes that while

traffic laws are in place, their implementation is hindered by limited public knowledge

and inconsistent enforcement. Based on the results, the study recommends intensified

information campaigns and capacity-building programs for traffic enforcers to improve

overall traffic management and public safety in the municipality.

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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1Background of the study
1.1.1 Introduction The study of traffic laws and ordinances, particularly in the context of

the Municipality of Dinalupihan Bataan, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of

the effectiveness and responsiveness of these regulations. Traffic laws are designed to

enhance road safety, reduce accidents, and promote responsible driving behavior.

However, the actual impact of these laws can vary significantly based on enforcement

practices, public perception, and socio-economic factors.

Research indicates that the enforcement of traffic laws plays a crucial role in

mitigating road traffic accidents (RTAs) and their associated injuries. For instance, a

study conducted in Oman highlighted the positive effects of Traffic Law Enforcement

Regulations (TLERs) on reducing the incidence of maxillofacial injuries resulting from

RTAs, suggesting that stricter enforcement correlates with lower injury rates (Albakri et

al., 2022). Similarly, the analysis of common traffic violations among bus drivers in

urban China revealed that specific enforcement strategies could significantly influence

driver behavior, thereby reducing violations such as illegal stopping and distracted

driving (Wang et al., 2015). These findings underscore the importance of effective law

enforcement as a determinant of traffic safety outcomes.

Moreover, the public's perception of the legitimacy of traffic law enforcement is

critical in shaping compliance. Watling's research on younger drivers demonstrated that

a lack of perceived legitimacy regarding enforcement practices for sleepy driving led to

lower compliance rates among this demographic (Watling, 2018). This suggests that

enhancing the perceived legitimacy of traffic laws through community engagement and

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education could improve adherence and ultimately reduce traffic violations and

accidents.

In addition to enforcement and public perception, the socio-economic context of

traffic law implementation must be considered. The study on the injury mortality burden

in Guinea pointed out that inadequate enforcement of traffic laws, coupled with high

rates of violations and poor traffic control, significantly contributes to transportation-

related fatalities (Mamady et al., 2012). This highlights the need for a multifaceted

approach that includes not only stringent enforcement but also community education

and infrastructure improvements to support traffic safety.

Furthermore, the role of police authorities in assessing and implementing traffic

safety policies cannot be overlooked. Research indicates that police officers are

uniquely positioned to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic safety policies due to their

direct involvement in law enforcement and accident investigations (Chervinchuk et al.,

2021). This suggests that collaboration between local authorities and law enforcement

can enhance the responsiveness of traffic laws to the specific needs of the community.

In conclusion, assessing the responsiveness of traffic laws and ordinances in

Dinalupihan Bataan requires a holistic approach that considers enforcement practices,

public perception, socio-economic factors, and the role of law enforcement agencies. By

integrating these elements, the municipality can develop an action plan that not only

addresses current traffic issues but also fosters a culture of compliance and safety

among road users.

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1.1.2. International Background

Traffic congestion and road safety always remain major issues in cities around the

world. Higher population density and coming with new and improved technologies in

motorization, more cars are on roads thus leading to many accidents, traffic congestions

and most dreaded problem of bad air quality. Thus, practically all governments and

municipalities worldwide try to solve these problems, introducing action plans to improve

traffic management, traffic circulation and road safety. These issues are not new at all,

in fact this hasn't escaped the attention of international organisations like the United

Nations, the World Health Organization WHO, and the World Bank; these organisations

have provided standard guidelines and accompanying recommends as measures to be

taken by countries and cities to improve traffic management and road safety.

The United Nations Road Safety Collaboration, for example, has developed a

Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020, which aims to stabilize and then reduce

the forecasted growth in the number of road traffic deaths around the world by 2020,

focusing on four key areas: road safety administration, safer transport infrastructure and

technology, safer cars and road users. The WHO has created the Status Report on

Road Safety in the World Summary 2015 which describes the current state of affairs in

road safety and also points to the need to consider all branches during their

improvement.

Conversely, the World Bank has assisted nations to coordinate and set up action

plan and policies on urban transport and traffic manage, including the "Guidance on

Urban Transport and Greenhouse Gas

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Emission” and “Urban Transport Policy Note” that offers instruments and

recommendations to the cities and governments in solving the problem of sustainable

urban transport policies and strategies.

Because of the global significance and population pressure coupled with issues

related to traffic management and road safety, the evaluation of the capacity of traffic

laws and ordinances in the Municipality of Dinalupihan, Philippines to an action plan will

complement global endeavours of managing traffic congestion and enhancing road

safety. This study will know the advantages and disadvantage of the current legislation

and ordinances to have improved recommendations as well as it will contribute in the

protection of the natural environment in order to have an effective and efficient system

of the Municipality of Dinalupihan and other cities all over the world.

1.1.3. National Background

The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelagic state situated in Southeast Asia

and reputed for its cultural and historical diverse offerings and natural wealth. The

population density of this country is above 100 million, and therefore, the country has

many different state problems and their social implications in various areas such as

traffic issues and police work.

Republic Act 4136, that is the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, which was

carried out from the year 1964, can be said to be primarily responsible for the creation

of Philippines traffic laws. The law is dedicated to the traffic regulation, punishments and

roles that belongs to the drivers, pedestrians and other participants of the traffic

movement. Each year the government showed a part of the changes and new laws,

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such as the Motorcycle Crime Prevention Act of 2016 that attempted to eliminate a few

difficulties and to improve security.

Yet, the Philippines maintains a high number of traffic related issues in the country

even with comprehensive laws and ordinances governing traffic. The World Health

Organisation indicated that the country is among the world’s most dangerous countries

to be on the road given the estimated 12, 870 annual road crash fatalities. Lack of

compliance to traffic laws, insufficient and improvise roads, and the population’s low

understanding of the consequences of reckless driving explain such sad statistics.

This is another problem through which inadequate or insufficient financing and

equipment for police units and formations tasked with traffic control and road safety has

been identified. This leads to shortage of personnel, insufficient supply of equipment

and last but not least traffic regulations cannot be implemented and enforced properly

all over the country. In addition, there is corrupt practices of giving bribes to let people

go with lenient actions taken against them, there is also lack of political will in

implementing those laws. This is breeding a culture that the police are simply going to

do what they feel that they are not held accountable. Public awareness and education is

another factor which, together with the enforcement of traffic laws, is another kind of

factor. In the Philippines, absence of proper publicity, compounded by poor

understanding of traffic laws and safe driving practices is acted out in reckless driving.

To overcome these issues, the Philippine government has to focus on betterening

of traffic law enforcement, traffic infrastructure and increase awareness campaigns.

Legal requirements need to be improved, police departments should be built to handle

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capacity, a culture of a road safety must be promoted, among others, in order to attain a

safer road environment for all road users. In so doing, the government can be able to

oversee responsiveness of the traffic laws and ordinances to the needs of the people

and the nation.

1.1.4. Local Background

Dinalupihan, another municipality in Bataan is among those communities that have

greatly developed in the last few years. With growing population and transport fleet,

traffic management and control have become a significant issue. Traffic laws and

ordinances established govern and manage traffic and walking in order to avoid

endangerment of all traffic users. However, in Dinalupihan, the efficiency of these

strategies might be an issue.

The problems which lie ahead of the municipality include non-implementation of

the existing traffic laws and traffic ordinances. Lack of competent personnel and funds

have seen the traffic management system poorly done to cause traffic jams, accidents,

and danger. The issue is that people simply do not know when they are or are not

allowed on the road and many do not utilize traffic laws in the proper manner.

In addition, sometimes there are some roads in Dinalupihan of which the standard

of the roads is not bad but the marking on the road, the signs post and other features

needed to guide drivers are not well developed. This also becomes a problem for the

drivers and pedestrians on the streets because they find it difficult in following up with

the rules and of the law. Other contributing factors to what lead to accidents and

congestion on this road may cause the problems as well. Currently, the local

government has tried to put several new traffic laws and ordinances to eliminate these
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problems and enhance road safety. However, these measures can hardly be

considered optimally effective since they have not been evaluated in a sufficient manner

and the question is whether they are actually being enforced and whether the public is

fully aware of them.

Therefore, Dinalupihan has many issues concerning traffic law and ordinances, the

public, and roads. These questions can be solved only through increased efforts of the

local government, enhanced law enforcement, increased awareness of local people,

and investments inroad repair and construction. In this light, it is necessary to assess

the current traffic laws and ordinances in Dinalupihan, and therefore can start crafting

plans to develop efficient strategies that can be fully utilized for developing safe and

order delivery of vehicles and UVs on the streets of the municipality.

1.2 Related Literature

1.2.1. Foreign Literature
The responsiveness of traffic laws and ordinances is a critical area of study,

particularly in the context of road safety and enforcement efficacy. Various studies

highlight the importance of law enforcement presence and the effectiveness of traffic

regulations in mitigating road accidents and enhancing public safety. For instance,

Porter (2011) emphasizes that sufficient enforcement leads to heightened risk

perceptions among drivers, which can deter traffic violations. This assertion is

supported by Shaaban (2017), who argues that traffic enforcement and its associated

sanctions are vital components of a comprehensive road safety strategy. However, the

effectiveness of these enforcement measures is contingent upon the robustness of law

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enforcement activities, as noted by (Sam, 2022), who discusses the challenges faced in

developing countries regarding police road presence and enforcement capabilities.

Moreover, the prioritization of traffic stops by law enforcement can have significant

public health implications. Fliss et al. (2020) suggest that re-prioritizing traffic stop types

could reduce motor vehicle crash outcomes and address racial disparities in traffic

enforcement, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of traffic laws. This aligns with

the findings of (Anokhin et al., 2023), who identify several economic factors that

contribute to road accidents, including inadequate law enforcement resources and

outdated infrastructure. They advocate for the automation of traffic enforcement

measures, such as the installation of traffic cameras and the integration of advanced

technologies in vehicles to improve compliance with traffic laws.

The design and implementation of urban traffic regulations also play a crucial role

in ensuring road safety. Wu & Chan (2010) discuss the optimal design of traffic

regulations under conditions of uncertainty, highlighting the need for adaptive strategies

that can respond to varying traffic conditions. This is particularly relevant in urban areas

where traffic flow can be unpredictable and influenced by numerous external factors.

Additionally, the research by Manville (2016) on highway dedication laws illustrates how

traffic mitigation measures can emerge from political and fiscal constraints rather than

empirical evidence of their effectiveness, suggesting a need for more evidence-based

policymaking in traffic law design.

Furthermore, the integration of technology in traffic management systems is

increasingly recognized as a means to enhance the responsiveness of traffic laws. The

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development of automated systems, such as vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)

communication technologies, has been shown to improve driver awareness and

decision-making, thereby potentially reducing accidents, as noted by (Hsu et al., 2021).

Autonomous vehicles, as discussed by (Wang et al., 2019), also promise to enhance

traffic safety by anticipating potential collisions and adjusting driving behavior

accordingly. These advancements underscore the necessity for traffic laws to evolve in

tandem with technological innovations to maintain their relevance and effectiveness.

In conclusion, the responsiveness of traffic laws and ordinances is influenced by a

multitude of factors, including law enforcement practices, urban traffic regulation design,

and technological advancements. The literature indicates that effective enforcement,

informed policymaking, and the integration of modern technologies are essential for

improving road safety and reducing traffic-related incidents.

1.2.2. Local Literature

Lumina Homes (2024) says that there are some traffic laws that drivers in Philippines

should observe. Some of these include: driving a maximum of 60 km per hour especially

in urban areas, not overtaking on blind bends or when visibility is low, and stopping

when you encounter a pedestrian crossing, or if you are in a roundabout, yielding right

of way to pedestrian (Lumina Homes, 2024). Similarly, it discussed about the legal

requirement of possession of right vehicle documents which includes driver’s license,

registration paper, and insurance certificates (Lumina Homes, 2024).

iChoose.ph (2024) presents the following list of traffic laws that one had to bear

in mind while driving in the Philippines: Among these laws are: not speeding, not driving

under the influence of alcohol or drugs and not letting buses, trucks and other larger
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vehicles pass (iChoose.ph, 2024). Additionally, drivers are expected to always buckle

seatbelts and have their child restraints if required and have their vehicle’s headlights

on during the day while driving in a foggy road (2024). Traffic laws to help with

controlling and reducing instances of road accidents.

According to Valerio’s (2024) survey on public awareness and attitude to traffic

regulations in Zamboanga City in the Philippines, while participants’ awareness of the

traffic regulations was satisfactory, their compliance was low. Valerio (2024) posit that

this might be due to a number of factors among them being; low apprehension rate of

traffic offenders, inadequate traffic enforcers, and absence of adequate penalties for

traffic offences. The study finds that measures to regulate traffic and reduction of traffic

offense, improvement in the methods used to implement the laws, and general

sensitization on the effects of traffic offenses.

In a similar study by Velasco, Robielos, Gumasing, it was a study on the

criticality of road traffic accident in CALABARZON, Philippines. Velasco, Robielos, and

Gumasing are implying that from 2517 traffic accidents that took place in the region, 713

were fatal, 1082 involved injuries and 651 were property related (2021). In addition, the

research also reveals that there is a need to enhance traffic control, awareness, and

police among the residents in the region to decreases road incidences (Velasco

Robielos & Gumasing, 2021). Road safety has become an area of concern in the

Philippines because, apart from causing loss of lives, traffic accidents also result to loss

of money.

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Finally, Pacling and Vicente (2020) investigated drivers’ and traffic offenders’

perception on the antidrunk driving provisions of Republic Act No. 10586 in Philippines.

Pacling & Vicente (2020) found out that people knew enough about the law and what

the punishment for drink driving was but the law was not implemented well as shown by

the NOW respondents who believed penalties issued are lenient and not enough to

prevent someone being drink and drive. The study suggests that tougher and greater

application of penalties should be given to ensure more prevention of drunk driving in

the Philippines (Pacling & Vicente, 2020). And so, it is necessary to improve the

compliance with traffic laws, to heighten the consciousness of the dangers of traffic with

drivers, and to increase the severity of the punishment to the level that scares away the

transgressors from the traffic laws will reduce the fatality cases of traffic in this country.

1.2.3. Synthesis of Related Literature

Law enforcement is a catalyst for fostering compliance and preventing road

accidents, according to foreign research. For example, Porter (2011) submits that an

adequate presence of law enforcement increases drivers’ perceived riskiness in

breaking traffic rules which are therefore deterrent. This concurs with Shaaban's (2017)

view that enforcement is a foundation of road safety strategy. However, according to

Sam (2022), the availability of resources and the enforcement ability of local authorities,

largely govern the effectiveness of such measures in developing nations. Fliss et al.

(2020) added a layer of complexity that not only does traffic stop help reduce crash

outcomes, but it also reduces societal problems, such as high racial disparities. At the

same time, Anokhin et al. (2023) demonstrate the need to automate enforcement

measures so as to work around the shortcomings of human oversight, reflecting other

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works such as Hsu et al. (2021) and Wang et al. (2019), which advocate technological

interventions as powerful transformative tools for traffic law compliance and road safety.

However, the local literature presents a more commodious picture of the

situation. By 2024 the following entities will have already listed basic traffic laws, such

as speed limits and mandatory use of safety features, seat belts to help minimize road

accidents: Lumina Homes (2024) and iChoose.ph (2024). Still, the Valerio (2024) study

and Velasco, Robielos, & Gumasing (2021) demonstrate continued gap in compliance

and enforcement. Inadequate penalties and low apprehension rates are shown by

Valerio (2024) as hindrances to the adherence concept while Velasco et al. (2021) has

stressed the importance of better traffic control and the awareness drive in the

CALABARZON region to curb traffic accidents which have resulted to great number of

fatalities and economic losses. Also by Pacling and Vicente (2020) on limitations of anti

drunk driving laws, they said awareness on Republic act number 10586 is high but its

enforcement is weak and penalty was not enough to discourage.

The synthesis suggests that for foreign and local contexts, traffic law enforcement is

highly dependent on robust strategies, sufficient resources and the cooperation of the

public. Local studies suggest that law enforcement and public awareness need to be

revised along practical lines, while foreign studies recommend adopting technology

driven solutions and adaptive policymaking. These perspectives held together indicate

that greater public education, better enforcement and harsher penalties are necessary

to make roads safer. At the same time, the comparison between technological

sophistication abroad and basic enforcement challenges locally illustrates the necessity

for the tailoring of traffic law responsiveness to different contexts.

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1.3 Related Studies

1.3.1. Foreign Studies
Moreover, the implementation of new traffic laws has been shown to alter driver

behavior positively. For example, the introduction of strict traffic regulations in various

jurisdictions has been associated with a decrease in accident rates, as drivers are

compelled to adhere to the rules (Wang et al., 2014). This is corroborated by findings

from Jin, who emphasizes the importance of comprehensive factors in traffic accident

prediction, suggesting that effective law enforcement can lead to behavioral changes

that enhance road safety (Jin, 2023).

The role of law enforcement in shaping public attitudes towards traffic regulations

cannot be overstated.

Fliss et al. argue that re-prioritizing traffic stops can yield positive public health

outcomes, reducing both motor vehicle injuries and racial disparities in enforcement

practices (Fliss et al., 2020; Fliss et al., 2022). This suggests that how laws are

enforced can significantly influence community perceptions and compliance, ultimately

impacting traffic safety outcomes.

Additionally, the relationship between traffic law enforcement and driver behavior

is complex. Studies have shown that while some laws, such as those banning cell

phone use while driving, may reduce specific risky behaviors, they do not necessarily

correlate with a decrease in overall traffic accidents (Cheng, 2014). This indicates that

the mere existence of laws is insufficient; their enforcement and the public's perception

of their efficacy are equally crucial in achieving desired safety outcomes.

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In conclusion, the responsiveness of traffic laws and ordinances is significantly

influenced by their enforcement and public perception. Effective law enforcement

strategies, coupled with stringent regulations, can lead to improved compliance and

reduced accident rates. However, ongoing assessment and adaptation of these laws

are necessary to address emerging challenges in traffic safety.

1.3.2. Local Studies

One significant finding is that stringent enforcement of traffic laws, particularly

those related to alcohol consumption, can lead to a notable decrease in traffic

accidents. For instance, Aguilera et al. highlight that the perceived ineffectiveness of

drinking and driving legislation in Brazil has fostered a sense of impunity among drivers,

which undermines the law's intended impact (Aguilera et al., 2016). Conversely, studies

indicate that effective law enforcement strategies, such as random sobriety checkpoints,

can significantly reduce the prevalence of driving under the influence (DUI) (Aguilera et

al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2020). This is further supported by Cavazos-Rehg et al., who

found that states with stricter laws regarding alcohol consumption and driving exhibited

lower rates of alcohol-related driving incidents among teenagers (Cavazos-Rehg et al.,

2012).

Rodriguez, Villamaria, and Noroña (2021) have investigated the factors that

induce RTAs in the Makati city, Philippines, and it is vital to use the results to determine

essential factors like; weather, behavior of drivers, infrastructural characteristics of

roads, and mechanical state of vehicles. The study also show how these problems must

be addressed as it also reduces the incidences of accidents in the cities. The qualitative

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study of Gatarin (2023) on the engagement of civil society in transport change and

improvement in Metro Manila enlightens the appreciation for the community involvement

in the formation of transport policies. The study finds that non-state actors should play

an important role when implementing transport reform to solve problems of congestion,

pollution, and infrastructure deficit. Thus, this participative effort between the

stakeholders and civil society have the capability to address the issues of transport

challenge in developing cities such as the Metro Manila.

Sidel (2020) explains the ways in which traffic congestion and policy stagnation

in options are interconnected in Metro Manila through the eco-systemic analysis. This

paper argues that political and economic forces contribute to policy stalemate that

denies traffic congestion solution implementation. Sidel’s focus is on the collaboration of

various stakeholders and systematic approaches in order to address why there are

transport problems in Metro Manila.

Mayo, Maglasang, Moridpour, and Taboada (2022) stated that the effects of

transport policy on commuters’ safety in urban cities of a developing country from

sustainability and system perspective. The results of this study imply that the

development of rational transportation polices can greatly enhance the safety of

commuting, but these measures should be applied in consideration of such aspects as

transport construction, road maintenance, and popular information. The study therefore

calls for the comprehensive approach of transport planning and management for

efficient and safe transport for travellers.

1.3.3. Synthesis of the Related Studies

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Foreign studies show that other researchers have indicated the need for strict

traffic laws and comprehensive enforcement strategies in driver behavior. Wang et al.

(2014) and Jin (2023) prove that risky behavior can be changed under the effective law

enforcement, which can result in the reduction in accidents. In addition, Fliss et al.

(2020, 2022) illuminate how prioritizing data from traffic stops can not only help abate

motor vehicle injuries, but it can also help to resolve racial disparities. Cheng (2014)

argues, however, that while laws regarding certain risks like cellphone use can lower

those risks, they need not result in less accidents overall – enforcement of the laws and

public perception are as much factors as laws themselves.

Looking at the context of the Philippines, local studies provide a more focused

look at this context. The researchers Rodriguez, Villamaria and Noroña (2021) found

that factors such as weather, road, infrastructure, driver behavioral changes and vehicle

conditions are responsible for the road traffic accidents (RTAs) in urban areas. In their

work, Gatarin (2023) discusses how non-state actors get involved in transport across

the world and explains how their participatory approach achieves transport policy in

Metro Manila while tackling the issue of congestion and pollution. Consequently, Sidel

(2020) converses about how the political and economic barriers lead to policy

stagnation and thus worsening the traffic congestion. According to Mayo et al. (2022)

comprehensive transportation policies, which include infrastructure development, road

maintenance, and public awareness to improve commuter safety.

The studies argue for the ongoing assessment, the participation of stakeholders,

and the use of evidence to shape policy as a way forward in dealing with new

challenges to traffic safety in both local and foreign contexts. Foreign literature,

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meanwhile, has principally focussed on enforcement and public health outcomes, but

local studies show infrastructure, stakeholder involvement, and systemic challenges in

the Philippines. Better traffic management needs not only enforcement but it also needs

inclusive policies and partnership among all stakeholders.

1.4 Theoretical Framework

The assessment of the responsiveness of traffic laws and ordinances in the

Municipality of Dinalupihan necessitates a comprehensive theoretical framework that

integrates various factors influencing traffic safety and law enforcement. This framework

can be informed by the principles of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle, which is

instrumental in analyzing and improving traffic safety measures. Bastuti and Alfatiyah

emphasize the importance of identifying the causes of traffic accidents and

implementing systematic solutions through the PDCA approach, which can be adapted

to local contexts such as Dinalupihan to enhance traffic law effectiveness and

responsiveness (Bastuti & Alfatiyah, 2022).

Moreover, the effectiveness of traffic laws can be significantly influenced by their

enforcement and the public's compliance with these regulations. Studies have shown

that stricter enforcement of traffic laws, such as increased fines and penalties, can lead

to a notable reduction in traffic fatalities and injuries. For instance, Liu et al. found that

the implementation of more severe traffic laws in China resulted in a significant

decrease in road traffic injury mortality rates, highlighting the potential impact of

legislative changes on public safety (Liu et al., 2023). Similarly, Foroutaghe et al.

demonstrated that enhanced law enforcement and increased traffic fines in Iran led to a

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marked reduction in road traffic fatalities and injuries, underscoring the critical role of

enforcement in the effectiveness of traffic laws (Foroutaghe et al., 2020).

Public awareness and education also play a crucial role in compliance with traffic

laws. Research indicates that factors such as education level, employment status, and

legal culture significantly affect individuals' adherence to traffic regulations. For

instance, the study by Opeska et al. highlights that higher education levels correlate

with better compliance with traffic laws, suggesting that educational initiatives could be

vital in improving traffic law responsiveness in Dinalupihan (Opeska et al., 2023).

Furthermore, Asamoah et al. advocate for proactive public education campaigns to

raise awareness about traffic control signals, which could enhance compliance among

motorcycle riders in the municipality (Asamoah et al., 2019).

In addition to education and enforcement, the socio-cultural context of the

community must be considered. The findings of Paje regarding the experiences of traffic

enforcers in Ozamiz City reveal that the attitudes of motorists towards traffic laws can

significantly affect enforcement efforts. The study suggests that fostering a respectful

and patient approach by traffic enforcers can improve interactions with the public and

enhance compliance with traffic regulations (Paje, 2022). This insight can be applied to

Dinalupihan, where understanding the local culture and attitudes towards law

enforcement may improve the effectiveness of traffic laws.

Finally, the integration of technology in traffic law enforcement, such as electronic

traffic law enforcement systems, can provide a modern approach to enhancing

compliance and responsiveness. The study by S and Arpangi illustrates how electronic

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systems can streamline the enforcement process, making it more efficient and effective

in addressing traffic violations (S & Arpangi, 2021). This technological advancement

could be particularly beneficial for municipalities like Dinalupihan, where resources may

be limited.

In conclusion, the theoretical framework for assessing the responsiveness of

traffic laws and ordinances in Dinalupihan should encompass a multi-faceted approach

that includes systematic analysis through the PDCA cycle, stringent law enforcement,

public education, cultural considerations, and technological integration. This

comprehensive strategy can lead to improved traffic safety outcomes and greater

compliance with traffic regulations.

1.5 Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

 Profile of the  Assessment The plan should

Respondents and Evaluation: prioritize short -and long-
 How to control and  DataCollection: term actions, community
decrease congestion  Gap Analysis: involvement, and regular
 What degree adopt evaluation mechanisms.
and enforce traffic
rules and ordinances
 How do dinalupihan
inhabitants
commuters assess
traffic rues

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Figure 1. Research Paradigm

The conceptual framework of the study shows the input, process, an output. The

input consists of the demographic profile of the respondents and it also includes the

efficiency of present traffic regulations. In the process, this includes assessment and

evaluation, data collection and gap analysis. Lastly, the output is to develop an

action plan to enhance the responsiveness of traffic laws and ordinances.

1.6 Significance of Study

This study is significant for various stakeholders and purposes, including:

• Municipal Planning: Provides local authorities with critical insights to enhance traffic

regulations and ensure they meet the community’s needs effectively.

• Public Safety: Contributes to road safety initiatives, aiming to reduce accidents and

ensure safe passage for pedestrians and drivers.

• Community Awareness: Promotes better understanding and compliance with traffic

rules among residents, fostering a culture of road discipline.

• Policy Enhancement: Offers recommendations for revising or creating ordinances that

more effectively address current traffic issues.

• Future Researchers: Serves as a basis for further research in other municipalities,

offering a comparative analysis of local traffic policies and ordinances across different

regions.

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1.7. Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally:

Traffic Laws and Ordinances. These refer to the set of rules and regulations

implemented in Dinalupihan, Bataan, aimed at ensuring safe and orderly road usage.

Demographic Profile. This refers to the characteristics of the respondents, including

age, gender, rank, years in service, and educational attainment, which are considered in

analyzing their responses.

Human Resources. This refers to the personnel or workforce involved in the

enforcement of traffic laws and ordinances in Dinalupihan, Bataan.

Material Resources. This refers to the equipment, tools, and facilities used by traffic

officers, such as traffic signs, vehicles, and communication devices, for implementing

traffic regulations.

Fiscal Resources. This refers to the financial allocations provided for the effective

implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and ordinances in Dinalupihan, Bataan.

Awareness. This refers to the level of understanding and familiarity of traffic officers with

the traffic laws and ordinances in their area of responsibility.

Effectiveness. This refers to the degree to which the implementation of traffic laws

achieves its goals, such as reducing traffic violations and ensuring road safety.

1.8 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to Traffic laws and ordinancesof Municipality of Dinalupihan Bataan: an

asesment. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

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1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Year and Service

1.4 Educational Attainment

2. What are the problems encountered by the traffic officers in the implementation of

traffic laws and ordinances in terms of?

2.1 Human Resource

2.2 Material Resources

2.3 Fiscal Resources

3. What is the level of responsiveness of traffic officers regarding the existing traffic laws

and ordinaces in Dinalupihan Bataan.

4. Is there significant relationship to demographic profile officer and problem encounter

to the traffic regulation.

5. What are the correlation to improve the implementation of traffic laws and ordinaces

in Dinalupihan Bataan from training of skills, what recommendations be used?

1.9 Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the challenges

encountered by traffic officers in terms of human, material, and fiscal resources and the

effectiveness of traffic law enforcement in Dinalupihan, Bataan.

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Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the challenges

encountered by traffic officers in terms of human, material, and fiscal resources and the

effectiveness of traffic law enforcement in Dinalupihan, Bataan.

1.8 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope of this study includes an evaluation of the Municipality of

Dinalupihan’s traffic laws and ordinances, focusing on how well they address local traffic

concerns. This includes examining the effectiveness of these regulations in improving

road safety, reducing traffic congestion, and protecting pedestrians. Additionally, the

study will analyze the role of local authorities in implementing these policies, as well as

public awareness and adherence to the regulations. This study will utilize surveys,

interviews, and traffic data analysis to gather comprehensive insights.

The study’s delimitation excludes broader traffic issues influenced by national

legislation or regional factors outside the Municipality of Dinalupihan. It will focus only

on the immediate effects of local ordinances and the municipality’s internal enforcement

efforts. Furthermore, while this study will explore various demographic perspectives, it

will be limited to residents, drivers, and pedestrians within the municipality, excluding

transient or non-local road users.

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Chapter 2
Methodology
2.1. Research Design
To create an action plan, this study used a quantitative research design to

evaluate the implementation of traffic laws and ordinances in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The

quantitative approach is a methods in order to provide a complete servey of the

challenges of traffic officers and success rate of enforcement strategies.

Surveying traffic officers to highlight their demographic profiles as well as the

challenges they face in regard to human and material, as well as fiscal resources; and,

the managers perception of traffic law enforcement effectiveness is the quantitative

aspect of the study. This approach enables the researchers to capture subjective

experiences and perspectives, as well as suggestions for improvement of traffic law

enforcement.

This design supports a stronger analysis by quantitative methods and

considering numerical trends in traffic law enforcement as well as the nuanced aspects.

The synthesis of the outcomes of one methods will then be used to further the

development of an actionable, well informed plan to improve traffic law enforcement in

Dinalupihan, Bataan.

2.2. Research Method

This research uses a quantitative research, using to achieve a comprehensive

research on the implementation of traffic law and ordinances in Dinalupihan, Bataan.

One method being used is the quantitative method which is the utilization of structured

surveys that will be given to 30 traffic officers (15 marshals and 15 from the Philippine

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National Police or PNP). These surveys attempt to provide numerical data on what

problems these men are having in enforcing traffic laws, including problems of human

material and fiscal resources. The objective of the surveys is on statistical evidence of

the problems these officers tackle as well as to compare the responses of traffic

marshals to that of PNP officers.

2.3. Population of the Study

This study's population consists of 30 respondents composed of 15 traffic

marshals and 15 member of the Philippine National Police (PNP), all thereof are

assigned to traffic enforcement in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The participants of this research

are chosen because they are directly affected in the implementation and enforcement of

traffic laws and ordinances and are the most relevant and informed participants for this

research. Thus, the purpose and objectives of the study are to find out the nature of a

solution, as well as how traffic marshals and PNP officers in Dinalupihan manage to

cope with their daily challenges, such as handling traffic flow, road accidents and public

safety.

The study uses by purposive sampling, which is a non–probability sampling, where

respondents are selected as they are regarded to have particular knowledge and

experience in traffic law enforcement. Using this method is appropriate as it guarantees

that the respondents possess a sound understanding of the challenges and barriers to

traffic law enforcement, which probably may not be captured if a general population was

used. The purposive sampling method guarantees response participation only of those

who are right involved with traffic law enforcement making the purposive sampling a

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applicable and valid. The study’s population is of a manageable size, and all of its

respondents will be enumerated, and their contributions to the analysis will be

important.

Table 1. Sample Size of the Study

Respondents Number

Traffic Marshals 15

Members of Philippine National Police (PNP) 15

Total 30

2.4. Locale of the Study

The setting of the study is in Dinalupihan, Bataan, a municipality in Central

Luzon, Philippines. Given its strategic location at the intersection of major highways, this

area is of particular interest because it also sees a large number and large complexity of

traffic flow.

Being a transit point that handles passengers, goods and services congestion is

usually experienced most especially during peak hours. Traffic management is also one

area the local government is involved, although like many other areas, it is also faced

with a problem of enforcing traffic laws which sometimes lead to accidents, congestion,

among other issues to do with public security.

While Dinalupihan’s local government has addressed these problems, traffic laws

and ordinances overseas still need further exploration to see if they are well implement

in an area like this. This study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of traffic

enforcement, and the socio political and infrastructural factors that may contribute to the

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challenges facing traffic officers in this locality. With this, the findings of this study is

thus deemed useful for local policymakers and traffic enforcement agencies in

Dinalupihan and other municipalities such as this to enhance traffic law enforcement

and road safety.

Figure 2. The Map of Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines

2.5. Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this study focuses only on the assessment of the traffic law

enforcement in the Municipality of Dinalupihan, Bataan, particularly on the problems

encountered by the traffic marshals and PNP officers in enforcing the traffic laws and

ordinances. This study is carried out to identify challenges in the use of human, material

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and fiscal resources including the adequacy of personnel, availability of equipment, and

fiscal support for traffic management programs.

In addition, this study will explore the views of such law enforcement agents on

the current effectiveness of existing laws and ordinances, and suggestions for

improvement. The study further aims at exploring the local traffic enforcement system,

strategies used and their effect on level of road safety and accident rate. The study

does not, however, assess the behavior of the general public or the effectiveness of

particular traffic laws in reducing accidents. Further, because the practices in

Dinalupihan are contextually unique from other municipalities in Bataan and the

Philippines as a whole, the results of this study are not sufficient to be generalized to

other areas. A second limitation is that the data is self reported and may, for example,

be subject to social desirability or recall bias.

2.5. Data Gathering Tools

The research instrument for this study includes a self-constructed Likert scale

questionnaire and survey. The questionnaire is designed to collect data and is

structured based on the research questions. The first section will focus on the

demographic profile of traffic officers such as year and service, educational attainment

and level of responsiveness. The next section will address the problems encountered by

traffic officers in terms of human resources,material resources and fiscal resources ,

their level of awareness of traffic laws and ordinances, and the effectiveness of the

strategies currently used in enforcement. Respondents will rate their level of agreement

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with each statement using a Likert scale, which will provide measurable data for

analysis.

The Likert scale questionnaire is self-constructed to fit the specific objectives of

the study. To ensure its validity, it will be reviewed and evaluated by two experts in the

field of traffic management and local governance. The validation process will involve

assessing whether the questions are clear, relevant, and aligned with the research

objectives. The experts will provide feedback and suggest revisions to improve the

content and structure of the questionnaire. Afterward, any necessary modifications will

be made based on their recommendations to ensure that the instrument is accurate and

effective for the study.

In addition to the questionnaire, interviews will also be used as a research instrument.

The interviews will serve to gather more detailed and in-depth qualitative data. They will

allow traffic officers to elaborate on the challenges they face in implementing traffic laws

and ordinances, the strategies they use, and their suggestions for improvements.

2.6. Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure of this study in the collection of data having 30

respondents involves several stages. The first part includes the researchers asking the

necessary permissions from the local government of Dinalupihan and law enforcement

authorities on which the study will be conducted. Upon approval, the researcher will give

30 structured survey to all respondents in order to collect quantitative data on the

challenges present to traffic law enforcement. Information about resource constraints

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(human, material, fiscal), enforcement practices and perceived effectiveness of current

traffic laws will be captured through the survey.

The surveys will conclude by conducting of a subset of respondents who were

willing and/or responded the most interesting. The responses to servey data which will

help the researcher discover more on the respondents personal experiences and views.

surveys, discussions in a focus group, with a group of traffic officers to examine

collective opinion, in addition to corroborating findings from the interviews, will be

carried out. The researchers will carefully schedule the data collection process to

ensure that it does not hinder the respondents’ day to day duties and will ensure that all

ethical guidelines will be adhered to including obtaining informed consent and ensuring

confidentiality.

Once data has been collected and analyzed the researchers will coordinate

findings into a single report. In this report, summary of the major quantitative results, in

particular, trends and comparisons between the survey answers focus group

discussions will be described. The researcher will then analyze the data to highlight the

important patterns, challenges and necessary actionable insights about how traffic laws

and ordinances are implemented. Findings from this research will then be used as the

basis of creating an evidence based action plan to address these problems experienced

by traffic officers in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The results are also presented to relevant

stakeholders, for local government units and traffic enforcement agencies alike, for

feedback and discussion on the feasibility of proposed solutions. These stakeholders

will develop recommendations together in order to align with practical needs and local

contexts. Lastly, the primary findings and proposed action plan will be created and

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presented for dissemination, so that the fruits of the study will positively input to

improving traffic law enforcement practices.

2.7. Treatment of the Data

This study will treat the data in terms of quantitative analysis. Data from the

surveys will be processed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution,

means and standard deviations in order to summarize and describe respondents

demographic profiles and responses to issues concerning challenges in traffic law

enforcement. Finally inferential statistical methods like Chi-square tests or t tests will be

used to identify any significant differences between responses of traffic marshals and

PNP officers in terms of resources available to them and their perceptions of

enforcement process. traffic law enforcement officers experience and the factors that

influence the implementation of traffic law and ordinance in Dinalupihan, Bataan.

2.8. Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are vitally important in this study to safeguard the

participant’s form harm and to maintain the validity of the research process. All

participants will be informed about the purpose of the study, about procedures used,

and about their rights as respondents (including, although not exclusively, the rights to

confidentiality and to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence).

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All participants will be informed and consented before data will be collected. The

researchers will tell participants that the responses cannot be shared with other

organizations or individuals except the researchers, and would use such responses for

research only. All reports and publications will be anonymous and no identifiable

information will be included. Data will be securely stored and protected out of

unauthorized access. The researcher will also ensure that this study abides by all the

relevant ethical guidelines and regulations concerning research with human subjects.

The researchers will seek and obtain ethical approval from an appropriate ethics review

board or committee and comply with any additional ethical requirements set down by

the institution or local authorities.

2.9. Dissemination of the Research Outcomes

The research outcomes will be disseminated to relevant stakeholders in a

number of ways. The results are for local government officials, traffic enforcement

agencies, and policy makers in Dinalupihan, Bataan, to take advantage of the results in

formulating traffic management measures. The local government and law enforcement

agencies will also receive a detailed research report, and an action plan with

recommendations for traffic law enforcement improvement. Finally, the report will

identify gaps arising from the study and suggest specific interventions that would

address the key issues cited (e.g. resource constraints, enforcement challenges).

Findings will additionally be presented out to the community in meetings or workshops

for discussions with local residents, traffic police, and other stakeholder community to

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discuss the study’s results and their implication to improve road safety. Furthermore,

outcomes from the research are likely to be presented as papers at some academic

conferences or published in some peer reviewed journals to further enrich knowledge in

traffic management and law enforcement research. The study disseminates these

results in different formats in an attempt to have lasting effects on traffic policy and law

enforcement practices in Dinalupihan and other municipalities similar to ours.

Chapter 3
Presentation, Analysis And
Interpretation Of Data
A. Demographic profile of the respondents
1. 1 Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents According to Age
PNP OFFICERS MARSHAL OVERALL
AGE Frequency % Frequency % Frequency Percentage

21-25 2 13% 3 20% 5 17%

26-30 3 20% 3 20% 6 20%

31-35 4 27% 4 27% 8 27%

36-40 4 27% 3 20% 7 23%

41-Above 2 13% 2 13% 4 13%

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The table shows how traffic officers from both the PNP and Marshals are

distributed across different age groups. It provides the frequency (number of

respondents) and percentage for each group, including the overall totals. The most

represented age group overall is 31–35 years old, with 8 respondents (27%), indicating

a significant portion of the workforce is in their early 30s. This is closely followed by the

36–40 age group with 7 respondents (23%). The youngest group (21–25 years old) and

the oldest group (41 and above) each have 4 respondents (13%), indicating fewer

officers at the age extremes. Both PNP Officers and Marshals have a relatively even

distribution across the middle age ranges (26–40), suggesting a mature and

experienced workforce.

The data indicates that the majority of traffic officers fall within the 26–40 age

range, with the peak representation at ages 31–35. This suggests that most

respondents are likely in their prime working years, which may imply a balance of

physical capability and field experience. The lower percentage of younger and older

officers could reflect recruitment and retirement patterns or role suitability.

1.2 Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents According to Sex

PNP OFFICERS MARSHAL OVERALL
SEX Frequenc % Frequency % Frequency Percentag
y e
Male 13 87% 15 100% 28 93%
Female 2 13% 0 0% 2 7%

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The gender profile of the respondents indicates a clear male dominance in traffic

law enforcement roles, with 93% of all respondents being male and only 7% female.

This imbalance is even more pronounced among the Marshals, where 100% of the

respondents are male, and no female representation is observed. Within the PNP

Officers, although there is a slight presence of women (13%), it still shows that traffic

enforcement is largely perceived or structured as a male-oriented field.

1.3 Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents According to Educational

attainment
PNP OFFICERS MARSHAL OVERALL
Educational Frequency % Frequency % Frequenc Percentag
attainment y e

Under graduate- 0 0% 11 73 11 37%

%
College - 0 0% 4 27 4 13%
%
Bachelor’s degree- 8 53 0 0% 8 27%
9 %

Master’s degree- 4 4 27 0 0% 4 13%

%

Doctrorate and\ 3 20 0 0% 3 10%

phd- 3 %

The educational profile of the respondents reveals two distinctly different

academic backgrounds between PNP Officers and Marshals, with implications for

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professional capability, confidence, and perception of the job role. PNP Officers are far

more educated than Marshals, with none below a bachelor’s degree. In contrast, the

Marshals have no respondents with degrees beyond college level, and the majority did

not complete college. 11 respondents (37%) are undergraduates. 8 (27%) hold

bachelor’s degrees, 4 (13%) hold master’s degrees, 3 (10%) have doctorates and only 4

(13%) are listed as college level.

PNP Officers tend to have advanced academic backgrounds, which may influence their

approach to enforcement, communication skills, policy understanding, and possibly their

job expectations and perspectives on systemic issues. Marshals, on the other hand,

tend to have lower academic qualifications, possibly reflecting different hiring standards,

job scopes, or training requirements.

1.4 Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents According to Year and

Service
PNP OFFICERS MARSHAL OVERALL
Year and Service Frequency % Frequency % Frequency Percentag
e

Less than 5 years- 4 27% 8 53% 12 40%

4

5-10 years- 5 5 33% 5 33% 10 33%

11-15 years- 3 3 20% 2 13% 5 17%

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16-20 years- 1 1 7% 0 0% 1 3%

More than 20 2 13% 0 0% 2 7%

years- 2

The table reflects the length of service (experience) of respondents from both the PNP

and Marshal groups, indicating how long they have been involved in traffic law

enforcement. Most respondents (40%) have less than 5 years of experience. One-third

(33%) have been in service for 5–10 years, showing a good portion of mid-career

officers. 27% have less than 5 years of experience, while half (20% + 7% + 13%) have

more than 10 years, including two with over 20 years of service. This shows that the

PNP force includes a mix of junior, mid-level, and veteran officers, likely supporting both

operational tasks and leadership/mentoring roles. More than half (53%) are relatively

new (less than 5 years)and only 13% have served 11–15 years, and none have more

than 15 years in service. This suggests a generally young to mid-level workforce, with

limited long-term retention among Marshals.

The data indicates a moderately experienced traffic enforcement

workforce, with a heavier concentration of newer personnel, particularly among

Marshals. PNP Officers tend to have a wider range of experience, including a few with

20+ years of service, suggesting institutional memory and leadership capacity within

their ranks. The Marshal force appears more transient, with shorter tenures possibly

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reflecting contractual employment, fewer incentives for retention, or less structured

career progression.

B. Problems encountered by the traffic officers in the implementation of traffic laws and
ordinances
3.1 Human Resources
PNP OFFICERS MARSHAL OVER ALL
Indicators Mea Description Mea Descripti Mean Description
n n on
1.1 The 3.47 Strongly 3.67 Strongly 3.57 Strongly Agree
workload of Agree Agree
traffic officers
is
manageable.
1.2 There is 3.40 Strongly 3.40 Strongly 3.40 Strongly Agree
enough Agree Agree
number of
officers to
monitor the

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traffic areas.
1.3 The 2.93 Agree 3.60 Strongly 3.28 Strongly Agree
number of Agree
traffic officers
assigned is
enough to
effectively
enforce traffic
laws.
1.4 Traffic 3.00 Agree 3.67 Strongly 3.33 Strongly Agree
officers have Agree
enough
trainings to
perform their
duties
effectively.
1.5 3.07 Agree 3.60 Strongly 3.33 Strongly Agree
Enforcement Agree
of traffic laws
is efficient
because of the
turnover rate.
Scale of interval: Strongly disagree (1-1.75), Disagree (1.76 – 2.51), Agree (2.52 –
3.27), Strongly Agree (3.28 – 4.00)
The table shows the weighted mean, standard deviation (SD), and descriptive

interpretation of the responses from two groups — PNP Officers and Marshals — on

issues related to Human Resources affecting the enforcement of traffic laws and

ordinances. The overall weighted mean of ‘PNP Officers is 3.17, which corresponds to

"Agree." while the overall weighted mean of Marshal is 3.59 (SD = 3.05), interpreted as

"Strongly Agree.". PNP Officers (Mean = 3.47) and Marshals (Mean = 3.67) both

strongly agree that their workload is manageable. Both groups have a mean of 3.40

(Strongly Agree), indicating satisfaction with manpower availability for monitoring. PNP

Officers agree (Mean = 2.93) while Marshals strongly agree (Mean = 3.60) that there

are enough officers for effective law enforcement. PNP Officers agree (Mean = 3.00)

and Marshals strongly agree (Mean = 3.67) that officers have enough training to

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perform their duties well. PNP Officers agree (Mean = 3.07), and Marshals strongly

agree (Mean = 3.60) that enforcement remains efficient despite turnover rates. The

combined evaluation (3.38, Strongly Agree) shows that both groups generally have a

favorable view regarding human resources in traffic law enforcement. PNP Officers may

experience more pressure in manpower allocation, training opportunities, and

organizational stability compared to Marshals. Despite the differences, the high overall

score across indicators (Strongly Agree) implies that human resources are not

perceived as a major hindrance to law enforcement success.

The findings show that both PNP Officers and Marshals have a positive

perception regarding Human Resources in the implementation of traffic laws and

ordinances in Dinalupihan, Bataan. Marshals rated the situation higher (Strongly Agree)

than the PNP Officers (Agree), suggesting a better overall experience among Marshals.

Manageable workloads, sufficient manpower, and adequate training are seen as

strengths in the current system. However, there are areas that need attention,

especially among PNP officers who expressed only agreement (and not strong

agreement) regarding training adequacy and sufficient deployment. To achieve uniform

effectiveness in traffic law enforcement, continuous training programs, periodic

evaluation of personnel distribution, and addressing localized issues should be

prioritized.

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3.2 Material Resources

PNP OFFICERS MARSHAL OVER ALL
Indicators Mea Description Mea Descripti Mean Description
n n on

2.1 The traffic Disagree Strongly 2.87 Agree

signs and Agree
signals are 2.20 3.53
adequately
provided.
2.2 There is 2.60 Agree 3.73 Strongly 3.17 Agree
enough radios Agree
and walkie-
talkie to
coordinate
communicatio

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n.
2.3 The road Agree Strongly 3.27 Agree
barricades and Agree
cones are
3.00 3.53
enough to
control traffic
effectively.
2.4 There are Agree Strongly 3.27 Agree
enough Agree
3.07 3.47
vehicles for
traffic officers.
2.5 The Agree Strongly 3.27 Agree
uniforms of Agree
traffic
enforcers are
durable and 3.00 3.53
appropriate for
different
weather
conditions.
Scale of interval: Strongly disagree (1-1.75), Disagree (1.76 – 2.51), Agree (2.52 –
3.27), Strongly Agree (3.28 – 4.00)
The data presents the weighted means and corresponding descriptive

interpretations of responses from two groups: PNP Officers and Marshals, as well as

the overall average regarding the adequacy of material resources used in traffic law

enforcement. PNP Officers' overall mean is 2.77 (Agree), indicating they generally find

material resources adequate but may have concerns in some areas. Marshals' overall

mean is 3.56 (Strongly Agree), suggesting they perceive the availability of material

resources to be highly sufficient. Overall average across both groups is 3.17 (Agree),

indicating a generally positive perception, albeit with noted differences between the two

groups.

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The most significant disparity is seen in Indicator 2.1 (traffic signs and signals),

where PNP Officers Disagree (2.20) and Marshals Strongly Agree (3.53). This suggests

that PNP Officers may be more exposed to or affected by inadequacies in traffic

signage than Marshals. All other indicators show relatively consistent agreement across

both groups, with Marshals consistently rating each item higher than the PNP Officers.

The highest means are seen in communication tools (2.2) and vehicles/uniforms (2.4

and 2.5), indicating these are relatively well-provided. The PNP Officers appear to have

a more critical perspective overall, potentially due to differing roles, resource allocations,

or expectations compared to the Marshals.

Both groups generally agree that material resources are adequate for traffic law

enforcement, the PNP Officers identify more gaps, especially in traffic signage and

signals. The disparity in perception between PNP Officers and Marshals may indicate

the need for a more equitable distribution or a reassessment of the resource allocation

strategies. Efforts should particularly address the concerns raised by PNP Officers

regarding traffic signs and coordination tools to ensure consistency and efficiency in

enforcement operations.

3.3 Fiscal Resources

PNP OFFICERS MARSHAL OVER ALL

Indicators Mea Description Mea Descripti Mean Description
n n on

3.1 There is 3.00 Agree 3.67 Strongly 3.33 Strongly Agree

enough budget Agree
allocated for
traffic
enforcement

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from the local

government
3.2 There is 3.07 Agree 3.67 Strongly 3.37 Strongly Agree
enough fund Agree
for the training
and programs
for traffic
enforcers.
3.3 There is 3.20 Agree 3.60 Strongly 3.40 Strongly Agree
enough budget Agree
for equipment
and uniforms
and it is
regularly
updated
3.4 The funds 2.93 Agree 3.67 Strongly 3.30 Strongly Agree
for the salary Agree
and benefits
for traffic
enforcers are
enough and
regularly
disbursed
3.5 There is 3.00 Agree 3.67 Strongly 3.33 Strongly Agree
transparency Agree
in managing
the financial
resources for
traffic
enforcement.
Scale of interval: Strongly disagree (1-1.75), Disagree (1.76 – 2.51), Agree (2.52 –
3.27), Strongly Agree (3.27 – 4.00)
The table reflects the perception of PNP Officers and Marshals on the adequacy

and management of fiscal resources used for traffic law enforcement. PNP Officers’

overall mean is 3.04 (Agree), showing a general but modest satisfaction with fiscal

resource availability. Marshals’ overall mean is significantly higher at 3.65 (Strongly

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Agree), indicating they perceive fiscal resources to be more than adequate. The overall

average of 3.35 (Strongly Agree) suggests that most respondents believe fiscal support

for traffic enforcement is sufficient. Across all five indicators, Marshals consistently rated

fiscal resources higher, with all responses at 3.60 or above (Strongly Agree). In

contrast, PNP Officers rated all indicators as “Agree”, with the lowest rating in Indicator

3.4 (Salary and benefits: 2.93). This may point to concerns about compensation or

disbursement delays among PNP Officers. The largest gap again appears in Indicator

3.4, where Marshals rated it 3.67 versus 2.93 by PNP Officers — a difference of 0.74,

the highest among all indicators. All indicators for Marshals fall in the "Strongly Agree"

category, which may indicate either better funding channels, smaller operational scale,

or different management practices for Marshals compared to PNP Officers.

The findings indicate a disparity in fiscal resource satisfaction between PNP Officers

and Marshals. While both groups recognize the availability of fiscal support, PNP

Officers are less satisfied, especially with salaries and benefits. The overall "Strongly

Agree" rating from Marshals suggests confidence in financial support and transparency,

but the consistent “Agree” ratings from PNP Officers point to potential budget allocation

gaps or operational inefficiencies. Local government units should consider a closer audit

and reevaluation of budget disbursement and transparency mechanisms, particularly in

how funds reach PNP traffic enforcers, to address this perception gap and improve

operational morale.

C. Level of responsiveness of traffic officers regarding the existing traffic laws and

ordinances.

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Human Resources (Overall Mean: 3.18 – “Agree”)

- Officers believe their workload is manageable, training is adequate, and staffing is

sufficient.

- This supports a high capacity to respond to traffic incidents and enforcement

responsibilities.

Responsiveness Level: High – The human resource capacity—reflected in manageable

workloads, sufficient personnel, and effective training—is seen as strong and

supportive of traffic enforcement responsiveness.

Material Resources (Overall Mean: 3.17 – “Agree”)

- Officers agree that material resources like signs, communication tools, barricades,

vehicles, and uniforms are adequate, though PNP Officers rate them lower (2.77)

compared to Marshals (3.56).

- This suggests moderate responsiveness: resources are present but not optimal,

particularly from the PNP’s perspective.

Responsiveness Level: Moderate – Basic tools are available, but PNP officers feel there

are resource gaps that may limit quick or efficient response.

Fiscal Resources (Overall Mean: 3.35 – “Strongly Agree”)

- Officers, especially Marshals, believe they receive sufficient funding for salaries,

training, and equipment.

- Transparency and timely disbursement of funds also received favorable ratings.

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Responsiveness Level: High – With fiscal resources generally rated positively, officers

are more likely to be consistent and motivated in their duties, contributing to better

responsiveness.

D. Significant relationship to demographic profile officer and problem encounter to the

traffic regulation.
HUMAN RESOURCE
Correlations
HUMAN AGE SEX EDUCATIONA YEAR IN
L SERVIC
RESOURC
E
E ATTAINMENT
HUMAN Pearson 1 .412* 0.119 0.231** .443*
RESOURC Correlatio *
E n
Sig. (2- 0.024 0.03 0.002 0.014
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table examines how demographic variables (age, sex, education, and years in

service) are related to problems encountered by officers in the Human Resource aspect

of traffic law enforcement. The Pearson Correlation values and significance levels help

us determine the strength and direction of relationships. Age (r = .412, p = 0.024), there

is a moderate positive relationship between age and human resource-related problems

encountered. As officers get older, they may perceive more HR challenges, possibly

due to expectations for structure, support, or leadership roles. Sex (r = .119, p = 0.030),

a weak positive relationship, but still significant. Male or female identity slightly
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influences perception of HR issues, though the effect is limited. With females

underrepresented, their experiences may vary more sharply. Educational Attainment (r

= .231, p = 0.002) a significant weak to moderate positive correlation. More educated

officers tend to identify more human resource challenges, possibly because they expect

higher standards of training, organization, or advancement. Years in Service (r = .443, p

= 0.014) a moderate and significant positive correlation. Officers with more experience

are more likely to perceive or be impacted by HR issues, possibly due to burnout,

limited advancement, or unmet expectations.

The significant correlations between the demographic characteristics of traffic officers

and the human resource problems they face suggest that personal background factors

strongly influence how officers experience and respond to organizational challenges.

The data reveals that as officers age, they are more likely to encounter or perceive

problems related to human resources such as staffing levels, workload distribution, or

career stagnation. Long-serving officers may have higher expectations and are more

likely to compare past and current conditions, making them valuable sources for

feedback-driven policy improvements. Officers with higher educational attainment tend

to recognize more human resource issues. This may be due to their exposure to

standards, systems, or administrative principles that they feel are not fully met in their

work environment. Although the correlation between sex and HR concerns is weak, it is

still statistically significant, suggesting that male and female officers may have different

experiences or perceptions, especially in a male-dominated environment.

MATERIAL RESOURCES
Correlations

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MATERIAL AGE SEX EDUCATIONA YEAR

RESOURC LA IN
ES TTAINMENT SERVIC
E
MATERIAL Pearson 1 - 0.17 -0.078* 0.21*
RESOURCES Correlati 0.063 2
on *
Sig. (2- 0.042 0.36 0.042 0.05
tailed) 4
N 30 30 30 30 30
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

The correlation results show that there are significant but weak relationships

between material resources and certain demographic variables of traffic officers. These

findings offer insight into how different groups perceive the availability and adequacy of

tools and equipment essential for effective traffic enforcement. Age and Material

Resources (r = -0.063, p = 0.042) This weak negative correlation suggests that as

officers get older, their satisfaction with material resources slightly decreases. Older

officers may have higher standards or more past experiences to compare with, leading

to more critical views of current equipment, signage, communication tools, or vehicles.

Sex and Material Resources (r = 0.172, p = 0.364) although this correlation is positive, it

is not statistically significant, which implies that gender does not have a meaningful

impact on how material resources are perceived. Both male and female officers

generally share similar views on the adequacy of material resources. Educational

Attainment and Material Resources (r = -0.078, p = 0.042) The weak negative and

significant correlation indicates that officers with higher education levels tend to be less

satisfied with material resources. More educated officers may have higher expectations

for updated or technologically advanced equipment, making them more aware of

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deficiencies. Years in Service and Material Resources (r = 0.210, p = 0.050) This weak

positive correlation suggests that officers with more years in service are slightly more

satisfied with the material resources available. More experienced officers may have

adapted to resource limitations or developed practical coping strategies, making them

less critical of shortages or outdated tools.

Older and more educated officers tend to be more critical of material resource

adequacy. More experienced officers tend to be more accepting or adaptable. Gender

does not significantly affect perceptions.

FISCAL RESOURCES

Correlations

FISCAL AGE SEX EDUCATIONA YEAR IN

RESOURCE LA SERVIC
S TTAINMENT E

FISCAL Pearson 1 -0.170* - 0.236** 0.189**

RESOURCE Correlatio 0.26
S n 0
Sig. (2- 0.023 0.04 0.005 0.000
tailed) 2

N 30 30 30 30 30

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

The data explores how different demographic factors of traffic officers—such as

age, sex, educational attainment, and years in service relate to their perception of the

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fiscal resources allocated for traffic enforcement. This includes areas like budgeting,

salary distributions, training programs, and other financial resources available to

officers. Age and Fiscal Resources (r = -0.170, p = 0.023) Weak Negative Correlation.

The weak negative correlation suggests that older officers tend to perceive fiscal

resources less favorably. As officers grow older, they might have higher expectations

based on past experiences or may have observed stagnant budget allocation over the

years. Older officers may also be more aware of budget constraints and how such

limitations impact their duties or morale. Sex and Fiscal Resources (r = -0.260, p =

0.042) Weak Negative Correlation (Significant). The negative correlation for sex implies

that male officers (who represent the majority in the data set) may perceive fiscal

resources more negatively than their female counterparts, though the effect is weak.

This may reflect gender-based disparities in the allocation of resources, access to

training opportunities, or the perception of fairness in salary distribution. In

predominantly male environments, women may feel they receive equal treatment, while

men might express dissatisfaction about budget allocation or resource distribution.

Educational Attainment and Fiscal Resources (r = 0.236, p = 0.005) Weak Positive

Correlation (Significant at 0.01 level) The positive correlation indicates that officers with

higher educational levels tend to view fiscal resources more favorably. More educated

officers may have a better understanding of budgeting and fiscal planning, which could

lead them to perceive budgeting efforts and financial allocations as more appropriate or

sufficient. They may also have a greater appreciation for investments in training,

technology, and equipment that come with higher education. Years in Service and

Fiscal Resources (r = 0.189, p = 0.000) Weak Positive Correlation (Highly Significant).

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The positive correlation shows that officers with more years of service generally have

more favorable perceptions of fiscal resources. Veteran officers may have developed an

understanding of how budget cycles work, and they might be more familiar with how

resources are distributed. This experience can lead to greater tolerance and

appreciation for fiscal constraints. They may also be better informed about the allocation

of funds and feel they benefit more from long-term fiscal policies (such as bonuses,

salary increments, or better equipment).

E. Correlation to improve the implementation of traffic laws and ordinances in

Dinalupihan Bataan from training of skills, what recommendations be used

Enhanced Training Programs - Organize regular workshops and seminars focusing on

traffic laws, law enforcement techniques, communication skills, and use of modern

technology. Ensure these programs are mandatory for all officers and tailored to the

needs of officers based on their age, education, and experience level.

Resource Allocation and Management - Improve the availability and quality of

equipment needed for effective traffic law enforcement. Ensure that all officers have

equal access to the necessary materials, including uniforms, barricades, and training

materials.

Fiscal Support for Training and Development - Allocate a larger portion of the budget

specifically for the development and enhancement of training programs. This could

include partnerships with external traffic management institutions or online courses for

officers to improve both practical skills and theoretical knowledge.

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Targeted Mentorship Programs - Pair new recruits with veteran officers in a structured

mentorship program. This would allow younger officers to gain hands-on experience

and learn from the best practices of experienced officers in real-world traffic

management situations.

Utilize Technology in Training - Integrate technology into training programs, including

the use of simulators, traffic management software, and online training platforms. This

will help officers improve their response times, decision-making skills, and

communication efficiency when managing traffic.

Continuous Evaluation and Feedback - Set up a continuous feedback mechanism

where officers can share their experiences regarding training effectiveness, resources

available, and challenges faced. Regularly assess the effectiveness of training

programs and the adequacy of materials to ensure they meet the changing needs of

traffic enforcement.

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Chapter 4
Conclusion
On the Basis of the Finding in this Study, the following Conclusions Were Drawn;

- The data indicates that officers generally agree that the workload is manageable, with

both younger and more experienced officers being trained to handle traffic laws

effectively. However, there is a slightly more critical perspective from older officers,

likely due to unmet expectations over time. Younger officers, while more adaptable to

training, face challenges in gaining the practical experience needed for high-quality

enforcement.

- The availability of traffic signs, radios, walkie-talkies, and traffic management tools

were seen positively by marshals, especially when resources like vehicles and uniforms

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were considered. However, the perception of material adequacy was less favorable

among PNP officers.

- Fiscal resources, including budgets for training, salaries, and equipment, were

generally viewed positively, particularly by marshals who rated the budget allocations

and funding higher than PNP officers. However, the perception of fiscal fairness varied

based on demographic factors, with older and male officers feeling more dissatisfied

with the fiscal support available.

RECOMMENDATION

- Continuous training programs and mentorship opportunities for new recruits and

younger officers will bridge the experience gap. Additionally, stress management

techniques should be included in training to better handle the demands of the job.

- Improved resource allocation is essential, especially ensuring all officers have equal

access to tools necessary for efficient traffic law enforcement. Regular updates and

maintenance of these resources will help maintain optimal effectiveness.

- Increased transparency in financial management and allocation of budgets for training

programs and new equipment should be prioritized. Moreover, understanding gender-

based perceptions and the specific needs of more experienced officers could help

address any gaps.

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Velasco, V. P., Robielos, R. A. C., & Gumasing, M. J. J. (2021). Analysis of road traffic
accident criticality in CALABARZON Philippines. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual
International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management.
Wang, Q., Zhang, W., Yang, R., Huang, Y., Zhang, L., Ning, P., … & Yao, H. (2015).
Common traffic violations of bus drivers in urban china: an observational study. Plos
One, 10(9), e0137954. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137954
Watling, C. (2018). Drivers' perceived legitimacy of enforcement practices for sleep-
related crashes: what are the associated factors?. Journal of Forensic and Legal
Medicine, 54, 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2017.12.005

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Letter to the Dean of CCJE

December 2024
Sigfredo Dimalanta, PhD
Dean, CCJE
College Subic Montessori
Sta Isabel, Dinalupihan Bataan

Dear Dean Sig:

A pleasant day.
The undersigned is a student of Bachelor of Science in Criminology and is currently
writing a thesis entitled : “Assessing the Responsiveness of Traffic Laws and
Ordinances of Municipality of Dinalupihan Basis to an Action Plan” . I had my
dissertation proposal defense last December 2024. The members of the dissertation
examination committee approved my proposal paper last December 2024
In this regard, may I ask permission from your office to commence the data gathering.
Upon the approval of your office of this letter, I will make a letter to the concerned key
personalities to coordinate the data gathering.

Thank you.

Respectfully yours.
Angelo Dundee C. Centeno
Angelo T. De Castro
Jethro A. Reyes
Kaurie P. Marasigan
Researcher

Noted by:
Mario C. Rosette, PhD
Adviser

Approved:

Sigfredo Dimalanta, PhD

Dean

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Appendix B
Letter to the Chief of Marshall, Bataan
December 2024
JCSUPT PAULINO H. MORENO JR
Regional Director
Regional Office III
Bataan

Dear Sir:
The undersigned is a student of Bachelor of Science in Criminology and is currently
writing a thesis entitled : Assessing the Responsiveness of Traffic Laws and Ordinances
of Municipality of Dinalupihan Basis to an Action Plan as the terminal requirement to
finish the degree. The purpose of this research is to assess the responsiveness and
effectiveness of taffic marshals inimplementin traffic laws and ordinances in Dinalupihan
Bataan.
Relative to this research, may I ask permission from your good office for me to
administer the questionnaires, conduct interviews with selected personnel and request
for documents needed for my research. Rest assured that I will abide by the rules of
ethics of research and bound by the rules of confidentiality as I gather the data. I will
only use the data for research purposes. I will furnish you with a copy of my research
after my final defense.

Thank you.
Respectfully yours.
Angelo Dundee C. Centeno
Angelo T. De Castro
Jethro A. Reyes
Kaurie P. Marasigan
Researcher

Noted by:
Mario C. Rosette, PhD
Adviser

Approved:

Sigfredo Dimalanta, PhD

Dean

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Appendix C
Letter to the Research Participants
December 2024
Dear Respondent,
The undersigned is a student of Bachelor of Science in Criminology and is currently
writing a thesis entitled “Assessing the Responsiveness of Traffic Laws and Ordinances
of Municipality of Dinalupihan Basis to an Action Plan as the terminal requirement to
finish the degree. The purpose of this research is to assess the responsiveness and
effectiveness of taffic marshals inimplementin traffic laws and ordinances in Dinalupihan
Bataan.
In this regard, may I request you to answer the attached questionnaire/interview guide
questions about my study. Rest assured that the data collected will be used solely for
this research without compromising the confidentiality and integrity of the agency you
represent.

Thank you.
Respectfully yours.

Angelo Dundee C. Centeno

Angelo T. De Castro
Jethro A. Reyes
Kaurie P. Marasigan
Researcher
Noted by:

Mario C. Rosette, PhD

Adviser
Approved:

Sigfredo Dimalanta, PhD

Dean

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Appendix D
Letter to the Tool Validator
December 2024
JSUPT ELVIS L. DANGLOSE
Warden of Male Dormitory
Bataan District Jail Office

Dear Sir:
The undersigned is a student of Bachelor of Science in Criminology and is currently
writing a thesis entitled “Assessing the Responsiveness of Traffic Laws and Ordinances
of Municipality of Dinalupihan Basis to an Action Plan as the terminal requirement to
finish the degree. The purpose of this research is to assess the responsiveness and
effectiveness of taffic marshals inimplementin traffic laws and ordinances in Dinalupihan
Bataan.
Considering your expertise about the study, the undersigned is seeking your assistance
to serve as validator of the research instrument to be used.

Thank you.

Respectfully yours.

Angelo Dundee C. Centeno

Angelo T. De Castro
Jethro A. Reyes
Kaurie P. Marasigan
Researcher

Noted by:

Mario C. Rosette, PhD

Adviser

Approved:

Sigfredo Dimalanta, PhD

Dean

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Appendix E

Name: Date:
What are the demographic profile of the respondents in term of:
1.1 Age
⬜ 21-25
⬜ 26-30
⬜ 31-35
⬜ 36-40
⬜ 41-Above
1.2 Gender
⬜ Male
⬜ Female
1.3 Educational attainment
⬜ Under graduate
⬜ College
⬜ Bachelor’s degree
⬜ Master’s degree
⬜ Doctrorate and\phd
1.4 Year and Service
⬜ Less than 5 years
⬜ 5-10 years
⬜11-15 years
⬜ 16-20 years
⬜ More than 20 years
What are the problems encountered by the traffic officers in the implementation
of traffic laws and ordinances in terms of?
4-Strongly agree 3-Agree 2-Disagree 1-Strongly disagree

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1. Human Resources 4 3 2 1
1.1 The workload of traffic officers is manageable.
1.2 There is enough number of officers to monitor the
traffic areas.
1.3 The number of traffic officers assigned is enough
to effectively enforce traffic laws

1.4 Traffic officers have enough training's to perform

their duties effectively.
1.5 Enforcement of traffic laws is efficient because of
the turnover rate
2.Material Resources
2.1 The traffic signs and signals are adequately
provided.
2.2 There is enough radios and walkie-talkie to
coordinate communication.
2.3 The road barricades and cones are enough to
control traffic effectively.
2.4 There are enough vehicles for traffic officers.
2.5 The uniforms of traffic enforcers are durable and
appropriate for different weather conditions.
3. Fiscal Resources

3.1 There is enough budget allocated for traffic

enforcement from the local government
3.2 There is enough fund for the training and
programs for traffic enforcers.
3.3 There is enough budget for equipments and
uniforms and it is regularly updated
3.4 The funds for the salary and benefits for traffic
enforcers are enough and regularly disbursed
3.5 There is transparency in managing the financial
resources for traffic enforcement.

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Appendix F
Certification by the Tool Validator

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This is to certify that I have reviewed and validated the tools used in the conduct of the
Assessing the Responsiveness of Traffic Laws and Ordinances of Municipality of
Dinalupihan Basis to an Action;
Title Assessing the Responsiveness of Traffic Laws and Ordinances
of Municipality of Dinalupihan Basis to an Action
Author Kaurie P. Marasigan, Angelo Dundee C. Centeno, Angelo T. De
Castro, Jethro A. Reyes
Program Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Adviser Mario C. Rosette, PhD
Institution College of Subic Montessori

The undersigned certifies that the instrument/s in the study were carefully evaluated and
validated. The undersigned ensured that the items are reliable and valid measures of
the constructs they were intended to measure, the questions are clear, concise, and
easy to understand for the target population.
Issued this 17th day of December, 2024 at Dinalupihan, Bataan.

<signature>
Firstname Middlename Surname
<Position and Institution>
Tool Validator

Appendix G
Informed Consent Form

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Introduction. You are invited to participate in this research study with the details
provided in the table. Your participation is voluntary, and you are free to withdraw at any
time without penalty. This form explains the nature of the study and the procedures that
will be followed. Please read this form carefully and ask any questions you may have
before deciding whether or not to participate.

Title Assessing the Responsiveness of Traffic Laws and Ordinances

of Municipality of Dinalupihan Basis to an Action
Author Kaurie P. Marasigan, Angelo Dundee C. Centeno, Angelo T. De
Castro, Jethro A. Reyes
Program Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Adviser Mario C. Rosette, PhD
Institution College of Subic Montessori

Confidentiality. All answers that you will provide the researcher will be treated with
utmost confidentiality. Your responses will be used for this study only. The data shall be
destroyed by the researcher after the study is completed and defended.

Voluntary Participation. Participation in this study is voluntary. You have the right to
withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Refusal to participate or withdrawal
from the study is allowed.

Contact Information. If you have any questions about the study, please feel free to
contact the author [email protected] named above.

Consent. I have read and understood the above information and have been given the
opportunity to consider and ask questions regarding my involvement in this study. I
have spoken directly to the author of this study who answered to my satisfaction all my
questions. I have received a copy of this Participant's Information and Informed Consent
Form. I hereby voluntarily agree to participate in this study.
Appendix L
Timeline and Logistics

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Timeline
Research Activity Target Date
Background of the study February 2024
Literature March 2024
Theories and Philosophies April 2024
Methodology May 2024
Proposal defense June 2024
Submission of revised study June 2024
Data gathering September 2024
Final Oral defense November 2024
Submission of hardbound January 2024
Logistics
Projected Source of Expenses Amount
Proposal defense
Tool validation
Data gathering
Final oral defense
English editing
Format editing
Hardbound
Other expenses
Total

Name: Jethro A. Reyes

Adress: Balut Orani Bataan

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Contact: 09100903673
Email: [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: April 09,2002
Place of Birth: Orani, Bataan
Age: 22
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Catholic
Name of Mother: Perlita Reyes
Name of Father: Joselito Reyes

EDUCATION
Senior High School: College of Subic Montessori Inc.
Junior High School: Jose Rizal Institute
Primary: Orani National High School

I hereby certify that all information

written above is true to the best of
my knowledge and beliefs.

JETHRO A. REYES___
Signature over Printed Name

Name: Centeno Angelo Dundee C

Adress: Luakan Dinalupihan Bataan

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Contact: 09197825556
Email: [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: August 18 2001
Place of Birth: Dinalupihan Bataan
Age: 23
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Catholic
Name of Mother: Rosalinda Centeno
Name of Father: Edwin p centeno

EDUCATION
Senior High School: College of Subic Montessori Inc.
Junior High School: Luakan National High School
Primary: Luakan Elementary school

I hereby certify that all information

written above is true to the best of
my knowledge and beliefs.

ANGELO DUNDEE C. CENTENO

Signature over Printed Name

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Name: Kaurie P. Marasigan

Adress: LaucPao Lubao, Pampanga
Contact: 09774617841
Email: [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: March 29, 2003
Place of Birth: Dinalupihan Bataan
Age: 21
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Name of Mother: Ridgen P. Marasigan
Name of Father: Rafael C. Marasigan

EDUCATION
Senior High School: College of Subic Montessori Inc.
Junior High School: Sta. Cruz High Integrated School
Primary: Rosario Elementary School

I hereby certify that all information

written above is true to the best of
my knowledge and beliefs.

KAURIE P. MARASIGAN
Signature over Printed Name

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Name: Angelo T De Castro

Adress: Lourdes Lubao, Pampanga
Contact: 09187930819
Email: [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: August 03 1998
Place of Birth: Dinalupihan Bataan
Age: 26
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Name of Mother: Marie Grace De Castro
Name of Father: Primitivo De Castro

EDUCATION
Senior High School: College of Subic Montessori Inc.
Junior High School: Sta. Cruz Academy
Primary: Lauc Pao Elementary School

I hereby certify that all information

written above is true to the best of
my knowledge and beliefs.

ANGELO T DE CASTRO
Signature over Printed Name

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