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 THE PHILOSOPHY OF DESIRE IN THE
BUDDHIST PALI CANON

David Webster explores the notion of desire as found in the Buddhist Pali Canon.
Beginning by addressing the idea of a ‘paradox of desire’, whereby we must
desire to end desire, the varieties of desire that are articulated in the Pali texts are
examined. A range of views of desire as found in Western thought are presented
as well as Hindu and Jain approaches. An exploration of the concept of ditthi
(view or opinion) is also provided, exploring the way in which ‘holding views’
can be seen as analogous to the process of desiring. Other subjects investigated
include the mind–body relationship, the range of Pali terms for desire and desire’s
positive spiritual value. A comparative exploration of the various approaches
completes the work.

David Webster is lecturer in Religious Studies at the University of

Gloucestershire.
 ROUTLEDGECURZON CRITICAL STUDIES
IN BUDDHISM
General Editors:
Charles S. Prebish and Damien Keown

RoutledgeCurzon Critical Studies in Buddhism is a comprehensive study of the Buddhist

tradition. The series explores this complex and extensive tradition from a variety of per-
spectives, using a range of different methodologies.
The series is diverse in its focus, including historical studies, textual translations and
commentaries, sociological investigations, bibliographic studies, and considerations of
religious practice as an expression of Buddhism’s integral religiosity. It also presents mate-
rials on modern intellectual historical studies, including the role of Buddhist thought and
scholarship in a contemporary, critical context and in the light of current social issues. The
series is expansive and imaginative in scope, spanning more than two and a half millennia
of Buddhist history. It is receptive to all research works that inform and advance our knowl-
edge and understanding of the Buddhist tradition.

A SURVEY OF VINAYA LITERATURE IMAGING WISDOM

Charles S. Prebish Jacob N. Kinnard

THE REFLEXIVE NATURE PAIN AND ITS ENDING

OF AWARENESS Carol S. Anderson
Paul Williams
EMPTINESS APPRAISED
ALTRUISM AND REALITY David F. Burton
Paul Williams
THE SOUND OF LIBERATING TRUTH
BUDDHISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Edited by Sallie B. King and
Edited by Damien Keown,
Paul O. Ingram
Charles Prebish, Wayne Husted

WOMEN IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE BUDDHIST THEOLOGY

BUDDHA Edited by Roger R. Jackson and
Kathryn R. Blackstone John J. Makransky

THE RESONANCE OF EMPTINESS THE GLORIOUS DEEDS OF PURNA

Gay Watson Joel Tatelman

AMERICAN BUDDHISM EARLY BUDDHISM – A NEW

Edited by Duncan Ryuken Williams and APPROACH
Christopher Queen Sue Hamilton
CONTEMPORARY BUDDHIST ETHICS ZEN WAR STORIES
Edited by Damien Keown Brian Victoria

INNOVATIVE BUDDHIST WOMEN THE BUDDHIST

Edited by Karma Lekshe Tsomo UNCONSCIOUS
William S. Waldron
TEACHING BUDDHISM IN THE WEST
Edited by V.S. Hori, R.P. Hayes and INDIAN BUDDHIST THEORIES
J.M. Shields OF PERSONS
James Duerlinger
EMPTY VISION
David L. McMahan ACTION DHARMA
Edited by Christopher Queen, Charles
SELF, REALITY AND REASON Prebish and Damien Keown
IN TIBETAN PHILOSOPHY
Thupten Jinpa TIBETAN AND ZEN BUDDHISM IN
BRITAIN
IN DEFENSE OF DHARMA David N. Kay
Tessa J. Bartholomeusz
THE CONCEPT OF THE BUDDHA
BUDDHIST PHENOMENOLOGY Guang Xing
Dan Lusthaus
THE PHILOSOPHY OF DESIRE
RELIGIOUS MOTIVATION AND THE IN THE BUDDHIST
ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM PALI CANON
Torkel Brekke David Webster

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE NOTION OF DITTHI IN

AUSTRALIAN BUDDHISM THERAVADA BUDDHISM
Michelle Spuler Paul Fuller
The following titles are published in association with the Oxford Centre for
Buddhist Studies

The Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies conducts and promotes rigorous teaching
and research into all forms of the Buddhist tradition.

EARLY BUDDHIST METAPHYSICS

Noa Ronkin
 THE PHILOSOPHY OF
DESIRE IN THE
BUDDHIST PALI CANON

David Webster
 First published 2005
by RoutledgeCurzon
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by RoutledgeCurzon
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

" To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. "
RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2005 David Webster
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN 0-203-01057-4 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-415-34652-5 (Print Edition)

This book is dedicated to the memory of Diana Trainor, 1941–2002.

Angels
(to the memory of Diana)
History will record
that among us
walked certain angels
whose wings
wove patterns
of laughter
in the air
whose songs
salted
the humdrum
of our days
whose dance
lifted us
made our
lives lighter
History will record
too late
our indifference
to their difference:
all these strange
odd, eccentric
ethereal angels
who once walked among us . . .

Cecil Rajendra
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements xii
List of abbreviations xiii

Introduction: desire, morality and approaches 1

Introduction: you cannot always get what you want 1
The paradox of desire 2
But what is ‘desire’? 4
Desire as problematic 7
Scope of this study 8
Approach and method 1: chapter outlines 8
Approach and method 2: key concepts 12
Approach and method 3: sources and textual issues 16
Conclusion: aspirations 16

1 Desire in Western thought 18

Introduction 18
An ancient lack 22
A striving after wind: Ecclesiastes and
Judaeo-Christian thought 25
Shakespeare: love, death and desire 27
Surveying desire: Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke and Hume 29
Schopenhauer: the will and the world 30
Nietzsche to Deleuze: desire, will and power 35
Hegel and Butler 42
Sartre – desire and nothingness 43
The purification of desire: Theosophy 44
Mind-made desires 45
Conclusion 46

ix
 CONTENTS

2 Desire in non-Buddhist Indian religion 49

Introduction 49
Desire in the Veda Samhitas 52
Desire as the enemy of the spiritual 57
Desire in the Bhagavad Gita 70
Sex, love and desire: the Kama Sutra 76
Jainism and desire: the calm fight against karma 81
Conclusion 86

3 Buddhism and desire: the varieties of desire 90

Introduction 90
Which Buddhism? 91
The redirection of desire 91
Desire and nibbana 94
Desire and the Buddha 97
The varieties of desire 98
The three roots of unskilful action (akusalamula) 100
Terms from the lobha list at Vibhakga 361–2 105
Terms not in the lobha list at Vibhakga 361–2 112
Some minor terms illustrative of desire 127
Tajha: craving and desire 129
Conclusion: landscapes of desire 140

4 Buddhism and desire: the dynamics of desire 143

Introduction 143
The nature of paticca-samuppada 146
Desire and paticca-samuppada 151
The mind–body relationship 158
The status of views: a structural analogy? 165
The problem with views 168
No-view or right-view? 171
Samma-ditthi – the nature of ‘Right-View’ 173
A paradox of views? 179
Desire and views: craving and ignorance 180
Reason and desire revisited 182
Conclusion 184

x
 CONTENTS

5 Conclusion: desire and the transformation of living 187

Introduction 187
Western perspectives 188
Brahmanic views: desire and ontological necessity 190
Buddhism and desire: an emerging position? 191
Roads to freedom 192
Desire and reason: challenging a bi-polar distinction 193
Desire and ‘lack’ 194
Desire and goodness 198
Desire and death: seeking the end of the world? 199
Desire, passion and love 200
Desire and contingency: change and craving 202
Desire and power: the creative craver 203
Desire beyond the person: cosmic desire 204
Lust for life: desire and skilful living 204

Glossary 206
Notes 208
Bibliography 255
Index 263

xi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the huge and patient efforts made by Peter Harvey,
Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Sunderland, to support me
in the production of my PhD thesis, which formed the basis for this book. His
assistance has always been prompt, useful and thought-provoking. Dr Dermot
Killingley, as ever, was helpful and worryingly encyclopaedic in his knowledge
of Hinduism and Sanskrit.
I would also like to thank my wife, Anna, for the shouldering of numerous
burdens – domestic, financial and emotional – that the presence of this book in
our home has placed on her over the last five years. Our children, Holly and Jack,
have accepted my distractedness and grumpiness during this project with a cheery
stoicism for which I am more grateful than I might appear.
A number of people have had a less direct influence on the content of the book –
but their friendship and support has sustained me over the aeons it seems to have
taken to produce it. With this in mind, my parents, Jim Brewster, Dr Paul Fuller,
Matthew Green, Ted Haynes, Richard McMahon (and his Dionysian entourage),
Ivan Bergquist and my Bristol quiz night/book group associates (Mike, Noel and
Julian) should all consider themselves duly thanked.
Thanks, also, to Cecil Rajendra for permission to reproduce the poem ‘Angels’
in the dedication.
I also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Theology and Religious
Studies staff at the University of Gloucestershire, particularly Professor Melissa
Raphael and Dr Peter Scott, who have provided support during the last two years
of this project, besides listening patiently to my complaints and doubts.

xii
 ABBREVIATIONS

Works detailed here are not listed in the bibliography at the end of the book.

Pali texts
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, references are to Pali Text Society edition
volume and page numbers. Pali text cited in the book is from the CSCD version –
which was checked against the PTS edition. Any discrepancies between the CSCD
and PTS versions of the text are noted in the book.

A Akguttara Nikaya
CSCD Chattha Sakgayana CD-ROM, Version 3. The Pali Canon on CD-ROM.
Vipassana Research Institute, Dhammagiri, India. www.vri.dhamma.org
D Digha Nikaya
Dhp Dhammapada
Dhs Dhammasakgaji
It Itivuttaka; It. references are to sutta number
Khp Khuddakapatha
M Majjhima Nikaya
Mil Milindapañha
Nett Nettipakaraja
Nidd Mahaniddesa
Patis Patisambhidamagga
Pet Petakopadesa
S SaÅyutta Nikaya
Sn Sutta-Nipata; Note: Sutta-Nipata references are to paragraph number,
rather than volume and page number
Ud Udana
Vibh Vibhakga
Vin Vinaya Pitaka
Vism Visudhimagga

xiii
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