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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
International Journal OF QResearch,
of Qualitative RESEARCH
1 (1), 38-47
UALITATIVE
Journal Homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijqr
ISSN: 2798-6047 (Online)
Research Article

Volume 1 Issue 1 July (2021) DOI: 10.47540/ijqr.v1i1.312 Page: 38 – 47

Social Construction of Women Leaders among College Students

A. Octamaya Tenri Awaru1, Muhammad Syukur2, Muhammad Taufik Hidayat3, Supriadi
Torro4 10
1-4
Department of Sociology Education, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia
10
Corresponding Author: A. Octamaya Tenri Awaru; Email: [email protected]
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Keywords: Leaders, Social Over the years men have been dominant as leaders and consider women less
Construction, Students, Women. suitable and competent for leadership roles due to various reasons. On the contrary
women of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are emerging as successful
Received : 24 July 2021 leaders in various segments of society. But with enormous struggle and they are
Revised : 30 July 2021 also few in number compared to men. Gender stereotyping is no more a relevant
Accepted : 31 July 2021 concept as men and women occupy all positions irrespective of their gender.
Leadership has been possible for some women while others don‖t get the same
opportunity men get in leading organizations. Some women struggle and fight their
way into leadership positions while others don‖t. Women are ignored or set aside
based on several reasons one primary being they need to take care of the home.
Though all sort of justification is made for women not being in leadership positions
it is important to understand the loss the society faces due to minimum women
leaders. Despite all of this, women are said to have equal rights with men in terms
of leadership. This study examines the factors that help in the formation of women
leaders among the students and the social construction of women leaders among the
students. This study uses a qualitative method via a structured interview. The
informants of this study are selected based on certain criteria with the belief that the
informants will provide accurate information related to women‖s leadership among
students.

INTRODUCTION process of influencing the activities of the group

Leaders are the driving force of any system. A towards the achievement of some objectives and
leader is one of the most important pillars of goals (Masri, 2020). However, leadership and
management or administration. Leaders lead the management may seem to possess characteristics
system and the followers from the front. A leader being ―synonymous‖ in nature. In the real-life
can be a man or a woman. Irrespective of gender a aspect, these two are not similar. Leadership
leader has got certain inherent qualities. With the involves the activities of influencing people towards
help of these qualities the leader leads his or her the achievement of desired goals and objectives of
team for achieving the objective or target. group and management involves the application or
Leadership is related to the activity that conjures up involvement of techniques like planning,
different images in different people. To some, organizing, staffing, coordinating, etc. which are
leadership may mean charisma and it may mean called management process towards achievement of
power and authority to others. There are different goals and objectives for which leader also influence
areas in Leadership and each of which is so the followers.
contributing over the aspect of leadership that each In today‖s polarized world leaders play an
approach in respect of identifying the concept of important role in bringing social justice. To make
Leadership, appears to be something new and the world a better place for everyone, we need
contributing. However, whatever may be the diverse leaders of different genders to lead various
approach; leadership can be safely stated to be the sectors like civil society, religion, culture, politics,

38
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International Journal of Qualitative Research, 1 (1), 38-47
business, etc. The value different genders bring to According to Gefen & Ridings (2005),
leadership is unique. Despite the tremendous whether the gender differences exist in the way in
progress we have made in science, technology, and which they communicate, influence, or lead, men
finance we have not been able to build an inclusive and women have always been viewed as different
equal, fair, just, and peaceful world for every and unique sets of people. Whittock et al., (2002)
citizen. A globe lead by female, male and concluded that women on their way up 6 the
transgender leaders by equal participation could be corporate ladder get caught in two traps. The
the solution for the many social injustices in the assumption that women and men have the same
world which are manifested in the form of leadership qualities and the belief that women must
increasing inequality, poverty, conflict, and climate imitate male leadership behavior to succeed. These
change (Warwick-Booth, 2018). traps not only prevent women from reaching their
Leadership and Gender have been constantly full potential but also prevent organizations from
explored. It is an interesting and important area maximizing available talent.
under social science research to build a just world Schein (1973) compiled a list of 92
order. Several scholars have debated and explored it characteristics that people commonly believe
1
from diverse views point with divergent results. distinguish between men and women. A similar
Bunch (2014) argued that women have been leading pattern of results is exhibited in countries with very
families and communities for many years but are different national cultures, such as the United
not allowed to lead in the public arena where Kingdom, Germany, Japan, China, Turkey, and
decisions are made that affect their lives. She urges Sweden. Both men and women in those countries
the need to move women leaders into positions of believe that men are more similar to successful
power to impact the world. World Council of managers than women are, but men endorse such
Churches central committee member said many beliefs to a greater extent than women do. These
women want to save the world and then they burn results suggest that international beliefs about
out when they are twenty-five, whereas the men managers may be best expressed as think manager
become leaders when they are forty or fifty on the — think male, especially among men. American
work women have done. The success and women have outnumbered men in earning
achievement of women throughout human history undergraduate business degrees (Carter & Peters
though evident is recorded remotely or underplayed 2016). Black Chen (2015) echoed this fact by
in historical sources (Cockburn, C., 2007). noting that women‖s representation in colleges and
In the campus environment, especially the universities throughout the world is increasingly
State University of Makassar in Indonesia, many approaching the gender parity of 50 percent.
organizations such as the Association of Program of Additionally, the U.S. Census Bureau reported
study, the Association of Departments, SMEs, today more women than men are expected to
BEM, and student organizations. Most of which occupy college professor‖s positions, as they
lead the organizations are mostly men, and women represent 58 percent of young adults, age 25 to 29,
relegated to the background. Many persons often who holds an advanced degree (Callis & Cavanaugh
downplay the candidacy of a woman when it comes 2007). Although the male-female wage gap in the
to electing a leader of the above-mentioned student United States has definitely decreased in the past
organization. Despite the vast number of the female generation, women, as of 2010, still earn only 77
gender than men, however, the male often gets percent of what men earn (Glynn & Powers, 2012).
elected as a leader. It is also important to point that This number is up from women earning around a
in terms of academic achievements, women have mere 50 percent of what men earn in the 1960s
always dominated for the last five (5) years; the best (Glynn & Powers, 2012).
graduating students of faculties have always been According to (Carli & Eagly 2016) Women
the female gender. Women also often show more held a quarter of executive and senior-level
interest in social participation most especially in positions in the S&P firms, 36 percent of first and
social organizations. It is ironic that men still mid-level manager positions, and make up 44
dominate in serving as a leader, despite excellent. percent of all employees, the study showed. Women
hold just 4.2 percent of CEO positions in the S&P
39
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International Journal of Qualitative Research, 1 (1), 38-47
4
500. A UN Women 2012 review identified that, out are hindering women from advancing in their
of 31 major peace processes conducted since 1992: careers include lack of mentors and role models for
only 4% of signatories of peace agreements were women leaders, exclusion from informal networks
women; 2.4% of chief mediators were women; of communication, stereotyping and preconceptions
3.7% of witnesses or observers to peace of roles and abilities, lack of significant experience,
negotiations were women; 9% of negotiation team and commitment to family responsibilities.
members were women. The first view on gender role stereotype was
In April 2016, a Price Waterhouse Coopers established by Schein (1975) and Powell and
LLP study of 2,500 global public companies Powell (2002) and is ‗Think manager, think male
showed that women gained less than 3 percent of (or masculine)‘ which originated in the 1970s.
new CEO positions. In the U.S. and Canada, 1.1 Research on this theory was restricted to male
percent of new CEOs were female. And in January subject‖s biological sex= male = leaders which is a
2016, the Government Accountability Office biased view. Research does not substantiate this.
estimated it would take another 40 years before Despite the fact, researchers found few differences
women reach parity in board seats among the S&P in the innate abilities of men and women.
500, even if they filled seats at twice the current Stereotypes persist which portrays women as less
rate. As of March 2015, there were only four capable leaders than men. Nye (2018) finds men
African American Chief Executive Officers in have an edge when it comes to being willing to take
Fortune 500 companies according to a report by risks and negotiating profitable deals, in the context
(Carter & Peters 2016). Although in 2014, women, of business leadership.
in general, made up less than 16% of executive The second perspective on gender role
leaders in U.S. corporations; only 5.3% of executive stereotypes is ‗Think manager, think female‘ which
leaders in U.S. corporations were African American was highlighted by research work done by Eagly,
women. Clearly, for women of color, the gap is Helgesen, and Rosener in the late 1980s and 1990s.
2
wider according to (Walker 2014). Women of color Some female advantage authors argue that women
make up 11.9% of managerial and professional are presumed to be advantaged because their
positions, but African American women make up a leadership style is collaborative and empowering,
mere 5.3%. while men are disadvantaged because their
In a 2015 Massachusetts study, only 21 out of leadership style is more involved with command-
151 nonprofit organizations had boards with at least and-control and the assertion of power. These
50 percent women (Hill et al, 2016). Oakley (2000) claims ignore the overlap of the sexes in terms of
shows that women still have to deal with a number their behavioral repertoire and individual 2
of hurdles to reach positions as CEOs and company adaptability. Interestingly, there are similar other
board members despite their academic literature reviews (cited in Eagly, Johannesen-
achievements and career achievements. While they Schmidt, & Van Engen, 2003) reached.
have advanced in business and management, they According to Keller & Berry (2003) about
continue to be shut out of higher-level economic four-in-ten Americans point to a double standard for
decision making despite the last decade of activism women seeking to climb to the highest levels of
to smash the ‗glass ceiling‘. Glass ceiling—the either politics or business, where they have to do
symbolic wall women hit at mid-management more than their male counterparts to prove
levels—barriers to women‖s advancement can also themselves. Similar shares say the electorate and
be thought of as a labyrinth. (Alice Eagly & Linda corporate America are just not ready to put more
Carli, 2007) proposed this concept to describe how, women in top leadership positions. The problem for
all along the way, women confront distinct barriers women leaders arises when gender expectations do
that stymie or derail their progress. Glass ceiling not align with expectations for leadership behaviors
can be shown by the fact that even though women shared by the general public, causing negative
hold 44 percent of the executive managerial jobs, judgments of women as leaders (Ely & Rhode
they only account for 5 percent of the top executive 2010). Women, historically, have faced increasingly
positions (Corporate Leadership Council, 2002). more challenges in a workplace setting than men;
These barriers that make up the glass ceiling that however, those women who have successfully filled
40
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International Journal of Qualitative Research, 1 (1), 38-47
leadership positions offer an interesting insight into (Matsa & Miller, 2014). Other research shows that
the personality of a successful woman leader. For firms with more women in leadership roles may
women who have been able to obtain a leadership have smaller pay gaps between men and women
position, there are still inevitable challenges and who have similar work experience and arrive at the
sacrifices that they will have to make (Kelly & firm under similar circumstances (Tate & Yang,
Slaughter (2012), such as the challenge of 2015). And the more women on the board, the more
combining career with family and dealing with likely a firm will adopt a full range of LGBT-
unfair treatment in the workplace. friendly policies (Cook & Glass, 2016).
Women leaders suffer stereotype threats. They According to a new Pew Research Center
try to adopt masculine traits to achieve success in survey on women and leadership, most Americans
leadership positions. Stereotype threat is most likely find women are stronger than men in terms of being
to impact those who strongly identify with a compassionate and organized leaders. When it
particular group for which there is a negative comes to characteristics that apply specifically to
stereotype (Nguyen & Ryan, 2008). When women political and business leadership, most Americans
leaders adopt masculine traits they become less don‖t distinguish between men and women. But
popular as subordinates see them as aggressive and among those who do draw distinctions, women are
harsh. Research suggests that the presence of this perceived to have a clear advantage over men in
threat may subconsciously lead one to underperform some key areas. Political compromise has been in
and conform to the very stereotypical behaviors that short supply in recent years, particularly in
they were trying to avoid. Washington, DC. Many adults (34%) think that
Women leaders can benefit the bottom line of female politician are better at working out
business organizations. Lückerath-Rovers (2013) compromises than their male counterparts. Only 9%
found that companies with at least one woman on say men are better. A narrow majority (55%) say
their board had a higher return on investment than there‖s no difference between men and women in
38
companies with no women on their board. Hillman this regard. Women are also perceived to have an
et al., (2017) report on S&P 500 companies found a edge over men when it comes to being honest and
correlation between women‖s representation on ethical (34% say women are better at this; 3% say
boards and a significantly higher return on equity, a men are better at it).
higher return on sales, and a higher return on There is no difference between men and
invested capital. Research on private firms found women and management characteristics‘ was
that managerial gender diversity is related to summarized by Vecchio (2002, 2007). This
positive performance outcomes (Menguc & Auh, perspective states that the leadership characteristics
2006). Furthermore, an analysis of 126 firms in the of men and women are indistinguishable. Anderson
S&P 500 found that board gender diversity (2015) said that to the majority of Americans,
significantly correlated with improved corporate women are every bit as capable of being good
social responsibility (Boulouta, 2013). Another political leaders as men and the same can be said of
group of researchers found that gender-balanced their ability to dominate the corporate boardroom.
leadership teams seem less susceptible to problems And according to a new Pew Research Center
associated with ‗groupthink‘ (Opstrup& Villadsen, survey on women and leadership, most Americans
2015). find women indistinguishable from men on key
A study of businesses operating during34the leadership traits such as intelligence and capacity
Great Recession found that female CEOs were less for innovation. Just as in the political realm, the
likely than their male peers to lay off staff. The public does not see major differences between men
difference was significant; workforce reductions and women on key business leadership qualities.
were more than twice as frequent at male-owned Due to the above, this research is interested to
firms as at female-owned firms (14 percent vs. 6 know more about how the construction of social
percent), and more workers were affected (Matsa & woke up about the leader of women among
Miller, 2014). Retaining staff can lead to lower students. Whether prefabricated who woke up was
short-term profits, but it can also preserve employee the women who lead in an organization is still
morale and reduce future hiring and training costs considered taboo' which means to be considered as
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International Journal of Qualitative Research, 1 (1), 38-47
a weak creature, or women leaders have been internalized by the child. Hence, the family,
acceptable among students with all the polemic and especially the parents, plays a crucial role in the
the assumption and stereotype attached to it. process of formation of attitude, orientation, and
disposition of the child. Parents may transmit to the
25
METHODS child, deliberately or non-deliberately, explicitly
This study used a qualitative method using a political orientations as well as politically relevant,
structured interview. The findings of the study are a non-political orientation which may help to form
described and then interpreted. The research his personality. The family has an enormous
informants selected were based on the students who influence in shaping individual character. The first
have been, and have served as board members of a super ordinate theme family influence has five basic
campus organization. Research instruments were themes: (a) family interactions, (b) disciplined
validated through the examination (audit) of the lifestyle of the family, (c) family spiritual
27
data received in the research process and the results discipline, (d) sibling interactions and relationship,
of the research. The research instrument was (e) family status in society (f) socializing
audited by the researchers and oversee by the team experiences at home (Nurjayanti et al., n.d.).
supervisor. Data collection was done through A family is a group of people connected by
interviews and documentation. The source of the marriage, adoption, and birth, which aims to create
data used is the primary data, and secondary data and maintain a common culture, enhance the
sources were also used to support the primary data development of physical, mental, emotional, and
16
obtained. Data analysis techniques used include social of individuals who are in it visible from the
data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. interaction pattern of interdependence to achieve a
common goal (Chaer et al., 2019), (Irianti, 2020). In
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION most societies, women often play the role of
Factors that Plays a Role in the Construction of mothers and mediators. Since, most societies within
Women Leaders in College Students Indonesia accepts women as equal, therefore
Family is the first and foremost important women should be able to lead in society. Beyond
agent of political socialization. It is the first primary the family environment, the school is the first public
institution, which may significantly influence the institution to which the child gets exposed and
process of formation of the political self of the spends some crucial formative years of his life. It is
individual during childhood. The importance of the in school the children learn not only curricular
family as the first socializer derives from the fact instruction but also interacts with the teachers and
that the child is born and brought up in the family other schoolmates and participate in extra-curricular
where it spends the formative years of its life. From activities. Consequently, the child may learn and
birth to adolescence, the child is dependent upon the acquire values, beliefs, and orientations that may be
parent for fulfilling their basic need like a need for politically relevant subsequently. The school,
food, cloth, shelter, need for safety from bodily therefore, can significantly influence the child in the
harm, and need for love and affection Parents process of his political socialization. The school
provide him not only these basic needs but also may undertake both manifest and latent political
dispense rewards for approved behavior and socialization. It may transmit deliberately as well as
punishment for disapproved behavior as they tent as non deliberately, both explicitly political orientation
‗Authority Figure‘. Therefore, the child views its and politically relevant non-political orientations
parents as significant persons or as models and and values through its various mechanisms like the
thereby imitates their values and beliefs and also curriculum, the teacher, the school-ritual, the school
tends to perform gratification eliciting activities. social-milieu, and the school extracurricular
Thus, the dependence of the child upon the activities. These agencies or mechanisms may
parents, its regular interaction and informal contact contribute significantly towards his political
with the parents, and their emotional attachment to learning and formation of political leadership. Due
each other, provide the most suitable environment to the importance of school as a political socializer,
for the parental transmission of preferred beliefs, an effort has been.
values, and attitudes which may be acquired and
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International Journal of Qualitative Research, 1 (1), 38-47
The school is also known to be the largest In this study, the most instrumental in the
formation of the human character because schools formation of the construction of the social leader of
can mold people to become responsible human the women in the community. As the results of the
beings. The school is a unit complex that could research (Astuti et al., 2019) the women Leaders are
provide a huge influence for women for the not static but dynamic. The environment plays a
leadership position. In this era, women can hold a role closely in the formation of the character of the
sensitive position with the boys because the leader of these women so that the construction is
education they are very high therefore, women formed and created a female leader is generally held
should get an education as well as possible. Many by men. The female was also not inferior and can
women are now able to lead with the education fill the vacancy.
course, for example, he can be a president, a Construction of Women Leaders in College
minister, head of the department, head of school, Students
etc. caused them to have a very high educational Social reality is a term used by Berger and
and see in the field. Therefore women should aspire Luckman to develop a process of action and
to as well because with the ideals and the education interaction which creates a continuous fact that is
of women able to give a great influence in his life. jointly owned experienced objectively and also
In the era of colonial, a woman should not get a subjectively. The example in this study is the
decent education because women are not equal with students, of course, every individual has own
men but thanks to the struggle of Raden Ajeng opinion about the figure of the leader of women.
Kartini a woman can rise from the ashes very long. Such views can be either a positive outlook or a
Because women can get a decent life. negative view.
Currently, the school can make a woman able A leader is defined as the means and methods
to survive with his life, therefore, to be a mother of someone who can influence others in such a way
they have to go to school because they have to learn that the person is consciously following and obey
how to humanize her child, how to teach a kid to all his will. Women are part of the unity of the
become better in life. For that, a good woman is a community that is greater than men. The creation of
female who can give good education to their males and females by Almighty God is the destiny
children. that has a position, degrees, rights, and the same
School is a system of social interaction of an obligations. Men are different from women but only
organization's overall consisting of personal limited to biological differences. Women identical
interactions associated together in an organic to the figure of a soft tend to budge, weaker, less
relationship. While based on law no. 2 of 1989 the active, and willing to babysit. On the contrary, men
school is the educational unit that is tiered and are often shown as someone large, dominant,
continuous to organize teaching and learning stronger, more active, autonomous, and aggressive.
activities. Peers in this research is the adult in the Women's leadership is not only limited to
form of groups that interact with each other share domestic life, but also in the community.
information with each other. Peers aim to give each Leadership is not only limited to influence men to
other information and comparison about the outside acknowledge their rights are legitimate, but should
world. Through the peer can receive feedback from also include fellow of its kind that can rise work
their friends on the leader of women. The presence together to grab and maintain the dignity of their, as
of peers can help to provide encouragement and well as block any effort from anyone, either male or
motivation to be a leader. A group of peers is the female, a small or large group that aims to steer
real world of young people, who prepared the stage them in a direction contrary to the dignity and
where he can test yourself and other people. Peer dignity.
influence can be positive and negative. Someone is The role of domestic women that are natural
wrong in promiscuity then it will have a negative such as pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, and
impact, on the contrary, if hanging out with a good others, is not likely to be replaced by men.
group of peers then it will have a positive impact However, in a public role, women as a member of
(Hirsch et al., 2019). society have the right to express opinions, politics,
and perform their social roles to be more assertive
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International Journal of Qualitative Research, 1 (1), 38-47
and transparent. In the role of the public in Islam well as began to receive the socialization of the
are allowed to perform roles with the consequence family.
that he can be considered to be able and can occupy Externalizing is the process of the outpouring
the role-the role of it. In a public role, women have of the selfhood of the human continuously into the
a variety of activities that are the role of social, world, either in physical activity or mental (Sunarto,
cultural, public, economic, and so on, so among 2019). Already is a necessity anthropological,
households, not only men who choose for the lead humans have always devoted ourselves to the place
but women also bias the lead in the household. where he was. No man can be understood as closed
The development of thinking for women from off from the world outside.
year to year, experiencing significant growth with Stage objectivation is the process of social
the times now. It is seen an increasing number of interaction of individuals in which results have been
women who participate in political and achieved both mental and physical activities
organizations that can representation for women in externalizing the human, the result of it in the form
various kinds of activities in the community and of objective reality to be faced by the producer
campus. In this regard, has a lot of women who itself. In the process of objectivation, this number of
have successfully achieved the position of the peak ratings issued by some informants occurs in the life
position in an organization, institution, and country. of the community. Objectivation the appears with
Social construction in the mean by Berger has 3 all the background thinking on the executive board
stages: of the student organization can be derived from life,
Stage externalizing at this stage is a stage that family, community, school or education, the mass
will be able to open the veil of social construction in media, and figures.
students. The process of externalizing in this Women lead an association or institution's
assessment is the beginning of social construction is legitimate only as long as it meets the rules that
understood. Social construction is built based on the exist in an organization, to be a good choice as the
discourse and the news circulating in the selection it is necessary to improve the capacity of
community and a policy. This process is an self-this is due to the well studied. From the
outpouring of the self of continuous human into the informants that I get to take the example of women
world, either in physical activity and mental. Niswa leaders that exist in the world of college as
(2018) argue after the process of externalizing chairman of the department argues that women
obtained, the public will tend to interpret the wear the flavor and I think the chairman of the
externalizing of existing with a variety of the department I was able to close emotionally with
assessment of each individual. Assessment or students.
interpretation of these is a product of the thoughts While this phase of the social construction
expressed by the community. occurs when an individual has entered a period of
Externalization of this research is adjustment thinking that is rational or a period of transition to
students about the criteria for the women leaders the adult phase is the stage of objectivation start to
that are currently developing in students, the occur where the individual can already process the
number of students who began the process to information in the get better comes from the
become a leader by doing the study, discussion, community, family, education, media, peers, and
reading, understand the situation, understand how to leaders with way more objective or rational.
make decisions that are better educated, high and At a time when women lead an association and
eliminate the paradigm that exists in the community institutions have some of the properties at the time
about a male that a female lead can't. So it is that lead a more conscientious, more regular, and
makes women want to prove to society that is not emotional. But with such properties can make the
forever the male lead in an organization or organization become a better partner at a time when
institution but women are also able to lead like men the male leads in an association or institution.
by going through several processes. Objectivation is the result that has been
This phase of construction usually occurs in achieved, both mental and physical activities
the scope of the family while the individual is still externalizing humans (Hidayaturrahman, n.d.). A
at an early age or the children and the interaction as fact of everyday life that is objective by humans or
44
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International Journal of Qualitative Research, 1 (1), 38-47
11 8
understood as an objective reality. Objectivation is Internalization is the process of re-absorption
the achievement of the products of human activity of the objective world into the consciousness in
that externalized then obtain the objective such a way that the subjective individual is
properties. influenced by the structure of the social
11
world.
The process of internalization lasts a lifetime Society as a reality of the subjective implies that
for an individual to perform socialization, while he objective reality is interpreted subjectively by the
was accounted
31
for on the externalizing. So as for the individual.
actor that plays an important role in the formation
of the construction of women leaders, namely the CONCLUSION
family, the community, the media, leaders, and The actors that play a role in the formation of
school or education. To find out the truth of a the construction of the leader of the female students
person's thinking, the need for something proof. In are: followed by the school/education, figures,
social construction, it is called the process of peers, and community. But most affect the
internalization. In the process of the internalization construction process is a society on stage
of these differences in opinion regarding women objectivation. The social construction of women
leaders. leaders who formed among students is women can
Many argue in the community and campus that be leaders like men but should be fully supported by
women are considered to be an innate trait that is men. This construction is formed through the three
emotional that women are not appropriate to be a stages that take place simultaneously beginning
leader. This resulted in the persistence of with the externalizing, this stage from outside the
discrimination in society against women, although individual, the second stage is objectivation dig or
according to law No. 1 of 2017 about gender manages the information that has been received, and
33
equality that women have gained equal rights with the internalization stage of the formation of the
men in the various fields. results mean.
About women's leadership then it is not despite 22
the leadership of men, the difference in the REFERENCES
leadership of women and men among others; the Anderson, M. (2015). A rising share of the US
leader of the women's always more inclined to Black population is foreign born. Pew
behave in a democratic and taking the part where Research Center’s Social Demographic
they have more respect and pay attention to workers Trends Project.
29
or subordinates, and a variety of power and the April, K., Dreyer, S., & Blass, E. (2007). Gender
feelings with other people. This leadership style is impediments to the South African executive
known as the leadership of the interactive boardroom. South African Journal of Labour
emphasize aspects of the whole and the relationship Relations, 31(2), 51-67.
28
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