Unit 1 – Energy Conservation and Policies (Exam Notes)

1. Energy Conservation and Energy Policies

 Energy Conservation = systematic use of energy-efficient
methods to reduce wastage and optimize usage.
 Importance:
1. Reduces cost of production.
2. Saves fossil fuel reserves.
3. Reduces environmental pollution.
4. Improves sustainability.
 Energy Policies: Government frameworks, laws, and guidelines
to ensure efficient use, promotion of renewable energy, and
reduction in dependency on imports.

2. Energy Policies of India and Their Development

 Early Stage (1970s–1980s): Focus on oil crisis → start of
conservation programs.
 1990s Reforms: Electricity Act 2003 – promoted private
participation and renewable sources.
 National Policies:
o National Energy Policy (NEP).
o National Electricity Policy.
o Energy Conservation Act (2001) → established Bureau of
Energy Efficiency (BEE).
o National Solar Mission (2010).
  Recent Focus: Net zero target by 2070, renewable integration,
electric mobility.

3. Central and State Policies on Consumption and Wastage of

Energy
 Central Govt:
o Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
o Energy Efficiency Financing Platform.
o Mandatory Energy Audits for industries.
 State Govt:
o State Energy Development Agencies (SEDA).
o State-specific renewable energy targets (solar parks, wind
corridors).
 Wastage Control Measures:
o Incentives for industries adopting energy-efficient
technologies.
o Mandatory labeling of appliances.
o Penalties for inefficient usage in industries.

4. Need of Renewable Energy in India

 India’s energy demand growing rapidly due to industrialization
& urbanization.
 Fossil fuel reserves limited and mostly imported → heavy
foreign exchange burden.
  Renewable energy reduces carbon footprint and supports
climate goals.
 India has abundant solar, wind, hydro, and biomass resources.
 Supports rural electrification, decentralized power supply, and
job creation.

5. Energy Efficiency
 Means using less energy for the same service/output.
 Examples: LED lights vs. incandescent bulbs, efficient motors,
improved HVAC systems.
 Benefits:
1. Reduces electricity bills.
2. Improves productivity.
3. Reduces greenhouse gases.
4. Delays need for new power plants.

6. Energy Accounting
 Process of measuring, recording, and analyzing energy usage.
 Identifies areas of losses and inefficiencies.
 Helps in comparing energy input vs. useful output.
 Involves:
o Metering of electricity, steam, fuel, etc.
o Preparing energy balance sheet.
o Benchmarking against standards.
7. Monitoring and Control
 Monitoring = continuous measurement of energy consumption.
 Control = taking corrective action to optimize use.
 Tools used: SCADA systems, smart meters, automation.
 Example: Power factor correction, demand-side management.

8. Electricity Audit and Related Instruments

 Energy Audit = systematic study of energy usage to minimize
losses and costs.
 Types:
o Preliminary Audit → simple survey, quick savings.
o Detailed Audit → in-depth measurement and cost-benefit
analysis.
 Instruments Used:
o Power analyzer, data logger.
o Lux meter (lighting).
o Thermocouples/Infrared thermometer.
o Clamp-on meter.

9. Energy Consumption Models

 Mathematical/Statistical models used to predict energy use.
 Types:
o Input–output models.
 o Regression models (load vs. energy).
o End-use models (sector wise: residential, industrial).
 Helps in forecasting, planning, and policy making.

10. Specific Energy Consumption (SEC)

 Definition: Energy consumed per unit of output/product.
 Formula:
SEC=Total Energy ConsumedTotal ProductionSEC = \frac{\text{Total
Energy Consumed}}{\text{Total
Production}}SEC=Total ProductionTotal Energy Consumed
 Lower SEC → more efficient plant.
 Used as a benchmark to compare industries/plants.

11. Eco-Assessment and Evaluation Methods

 Assessment of environmental impact of energy usage.
 Methods:
o Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).
o Carbon footprint analysis.
o Cost-benefit analysis (economic + environmental).
 Helps in selecting eco-friendly technologies.

12. Energy Conservation Schemes

 Programs and initiatives to save energy.
 Examples:
 o Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme.
o Renewable Energy Development Programs.
o Appliance efficiency labeling (BEE star ratings).
o Time-of-day tariffs.

13. Investment in Energy-Saving Equipment

 High initial cost but gives long-term savings.
 Examples: VFDs (Variable Frequency Drives), energy-efficient
motors, LEDs, improved insulation.
 Investment justified through Payback Period and Return on
Investment (ROI) analysis.

14. Subsidies and Tax Rebates

 Government support to encourage energy efficiency and
renewable adoption.
 Subsidies: On solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles.
 Tax Rebates: Accelerated depreciation for energy-saving devices
under Income Tax Act.
 Reduces financial burden on industries and households.

15. Development of Energy Management System (EMS)

 EMS = structured framework to continuously improve energy
performance.
 Key Components:
1. Energy policy of organization.
 2. Planning (energy targets).
3. Implementation (installing efficient systems).
4. Monitoring & review (regular audits).
 ISO 50001 standard provides international framework.
 Benefits: cost reduction, environmental compliance,
competitive advantage.
nit 2 – Energy Conservation in Electrical Installations (Exam Notes)

1. Energy Conservation in Electrical Installations

 Aim: Reduce energy wastage and improve efficiency in
electrical systems.
 Methods:
o Use of energy-efficient motors and transformers.
o Proper conductor sizing to reduce I²R losses.
o Installing automatic power factor controllers.
o Load balancing across phases.
o Scheduled maintenance of equipment.

2. Electric Loads of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

 Major share of electricity in buildings & industries.
 Factors affecting load:
o Outside temperature & humidity.
o Insulation quality.
o Equipment efficiency (COP – Coefficient of Performance).
  Energy saving measures:
o Use of energy-efficient compressors and chillers.
o Proper thermostat setting (24–26°C).
o Periodic maintenance (cleaning filters, coils).
o Heat recovery systems.

3. Energy Conservation (General in Installations)

 Replacing old equipment with energy-efficient versions.
 Reducing idle running of machines.
 Using automatic controls (sensors, VFDs).
 Waste heat recovery in processes.
 Awareness and training for operators.

4. Power Consumption in Compressors

 Compressors consume ~60–70% of energy in refrigeration & AC
systems.
 Factors increasing consumption: leaks, overpressure, poor
lubrication.
 Energy saving methods:
o Maintain proper pressure settings.
o Use of variable speed drives.
o Avoid part-load running.
o Recover and reuse heat of compression.
5. Energy Conservation Measures
 General methods:
o Demand side management.
o High efficiency motors, pumps, and fans.
o Automatic shut-off controls.
o Load scheduling to avoid peak tariffs.
o Improved insulation and lighting systems.

6. Electrolytic Process
 Examples: electroplating, electrolysis, aluminum extraction.
 High energy intensive process.
 Conservation measures:
o Use of high-efficiency rectifiers.
o Improved electrode design.
o Reduce resistance of electrolyte by proper chemical
concentration.
o Heat recovery from process.

7. Electric Heating
 Methods: Resistance heating, Induction heating, Arc heating,
Dielectric heating.
 Advantages: Clean, precise, and fast heating.
 Energy conservation:
o Proper insulation of heating chambers.
 o Use of automatic temperature controllers.
o Operating at optimal load factor.
o Regular maintenance of electrodes/coils.

8. Furnace Operation and Scheduling

 Furnaces = major energy-consuming equipment in industries
(steel, cement, glass).
 Conservation measures:
o Load scheduling to ensure furnace runs at full capacity.
o Proper insulation and sealing.
o Waste heat recovery (using heat exchangers,
regenerators).
o Regular lining maintenance to avoid heat losses.

9. Transformer Loading
 Overloaded transformer → overheating & losses.
 Underloaded transformer → poor efficiency.
 Optimal loading range = 60–80% of rated capacity.
 Energy saving:
o Use of energy-efficient transformers.
o Load balancing.
o Regular maintenance of oil and insulation.

10. Efficiency Analysis

  Efficiency (η) = Output Power / Input Power × 100.
 Efficiency reduces due to copper losses (I²R), core losses, stray
losses.
 Improvement:
o Reduce load variations.
o Use proper conductor size.
o Operate near rated capacity.

11. Feeder Loss Evaluation

 Feeder losses = I²R losses in distribution lines.
 Evaluation requires: load current, resistance, length of feeder.
 Reduction:
o Increase conductor size.
o Use high-voltage transmission.
o Improve power factor.
o Use ring main systems instead of radial.

12. Reactive Power

 Power that does not perform useful work but is required to
maintain magnetic fields.
 Given by:
Q=VIsin⁡ϕQ = V I \sin \phiQ=VIsinϕ
 High reactive power → poor power factor → higher losses.
13. Power Factor and Its Improvement
 Power Factor (pf) = cos φ = Real Power / Apparent Power.
 Ideal = 1 (unity).
 Low PF causes: higher current, larger losses, penalties from
utilities.
 Improvement methods:
o Capacitor banks.
o Synchronous condensers.
o Phase advancers.
 Benefits: reduces losses, increases system capacity, lowers
electricity bills.

14. Capacitor Sizing

 Proper capacitor sizing crucial for PF correction.
 Required kVAR:
Qc=P(tan⁡ϕ1−tan⁡ϕ2)Q_c = P (\tan \phi_1 - \tan \phi_2)Qc=P(tanϕ1
−tanϕ2)
where φ1 = initial angle, φ2 = desired angle.
 Oversized → leading PF (can damage equipment).
 Undersized → insufficient correction.

15. Capacitor Losses

 Causes: dielectric loss, stray resistance, leakage current, poor
ventilation.
  Minimization: high-quality dielectric materials, proper cooling,
periodic testing.

16. Location of Capacitors

 Best Locations:
o At load centers (motors, industries).
o At distribution substations.
 Benefits:
o Reduces feeder current.
o Improves voltage profile.
o Minimizes line losses.

17. Placement and Maintenance of Capacitors

 Placement: close to inductive loads.
 Maintenance:
o Regular insulation resistance testing.
o Check for oil leakage/bulging.
o Keep away from moisture and overheating.
o Replace faulty units quickly.

18. Case Studies

 Example 1: A cement plant reduced electricity bill by 10% using
capacitor banks for PF improvement.
  Example 2: A steel industry saved 15% energy by installing
waste heat recovery in furnaces.
 Example 3: Textile mills improved motor efficiency by replacing
old motors with energy-efficient ones.
Unit 3 – Energy Efficient Motors and Drives (Exam Notes)

1. Energy Efficient Motors

 Specially designed motors to reduce electrical losses and
improve efficiency.
 Features:
o Better quality lamination (reduces core loss).
o Larger copper cross-section (reduces I²R loss).
o Improved cooling and bearings.
 Benefits: lower power bills, longer life, reduced maintenance.

2. Types and Operating Characteristics of Electric Motors

 Induction Motors: Rugged, widely used, ~85–95% efficiency.
 Synchronous Motors: High efficiency, can operate at leading PF
(used for PF correction).
 DC Motors: Good speed control, but less efficient and high
maintenance.
 Operating Characteristics:
o Torque–speed curve.
o Efficiency vs. load curve.
 o Power factor performance.

3. Energy Efficient Control and Starting

 Conventional starting (DOL, Star-Delta, Auto-transformer) →
high starting current.
 Energy efficient starting/control:
o Soft starters (reduce voltage at start, minimize losses).
o Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) for smooth start and
load matching.
o Programmable logic controllers (PLC) for automatic
control.

4. Load Matching
 Running a motor close to rated capacity → maximum efficiency.
 Overloaded → overheating, reduced life.
 Underloaded → low efficiency, higher SEC.
 Solution: select proper motor size or use VFD for variable loads.

5. Selection of Motors
 Criteria:
1. Type of load (constant torque, variable torque).
2. Duty cycle (continuous, intermittent).
3. Efficiency class (IE2, IE3, IE4).
4. Starting method available.
 5. Operating environment (temperature, dust, humidity).

6. Efficiency and Load Analysis

 Motor Efficiency = (Output Power ÷ Input Power) × 100.
 Losses: copper (I²R), iron/core, stray, mechanical.
 Efficiency is highest at 70–80% loading.
 Load analysis helps identify oversized or inefficient motors.

7. Energy Efficiency (General in Motors)

 Using high efficiency motors reduces energy cost by 5–10%.
 Maintenance (lubrication, rewinding quality, alignment)
improves life and reduces losses.
 Proper voltage balance → reduces unbalanced currents.

8. High Efficiency Motors

 Typically save 3–7% energy compared to standard motors.
 Design features:
o High-grade silicon steel laminations.
o Lower flux density.
o Better insulation class.
 Payback period usually 2–3 years due to energy savings.

9. Industrial Drives
  Systems that control the operation of motors for industrial
applications.
 Types:
o DC drives (older, precise speed control).
o AC drives (VFDs) → widely used, efficient.
 Used in pumps, fans, compressors, conveyors, rolling mills.

10. Control Schemes

 Closed-loop control: feedback for precise operation.
 Open-loop control: simple, no feedback.
 Energy-saving control methods:
o Speed control with VFDs.
o Automatic load shedding during peak hours.
o Programmable controllers for batch processes.

11. Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) and Energy Conservation Schemes

 VSD (VFD) = adjusts motor speed according to load demand.
 Saves significant energy in variable torque loads (fans, pumps,
compressors).
 Energy savings ∝ (speed reduction)³ for fans and pumps.
 Schemes:
o Installing VFDs.
o Using soft starters.
o Optimizing motor rewinding.
12. Pumps and Fans
 Account for 20–30% of industrial electricity use.
 Conservation measures:
o Use of VFDs for flow control instead of
throttling/dampers.
o Proper impeller sizing and trimming.
o Regular maintenance (lubrication, alignment).
o Avoid over-pumping and leakage.

13. Efficient Control Strategies

 Match motor output to load demand.
 Use of automatic controllers and sensors.
 Group drives replaced with individual drives.
 Load scheduling and peak demand control.

14. Over-sizing
 A common issue in industries (motors purchased larger than
required).
 Consequences:
o Low load factor.
o Reduced efficiency.
o Higher energy bills.
  Solution: Replace oversized motors with right-sized or high-
efficiency motors.

15. Case Studies

 Cement industry: Replaced oversized motors → saved 8%
energy.
 Textile mills: Installed VFDs in fans → reduced power by 20%.
 Water pumping station: Trimming impellers + using efficient
motors → cut consumption by 15%.
Unit 4 – Energy Efficient Buildings & Lighting (Exam Notes)

1. Energy Efficient Building / Green Building

 Definition: Structures designed to minimize energy
consumption, reduce carbon footprint, and optimize natural
resources.
 Features:
o Efficient insulation, ventilation, and natural lighting.
o Renewable energy integration (solar PV, solar water
heating).
o Use of energy-efficient appliances and materials.
 Benefits:
o Lower operating cost.
o Improved comfort and air quality.
o Environmental sustainability.
 Green Rating Systems in India: GRIHA, LEED, IGBC.
2. Energy Conservation in Buildings – Air Conditioning
 AC systems consume 40–60% of total energy in buildings.
 Conservation measures:
o High efficiency chillers and compressors.
o Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems.
o Proper thermostat setting (24–26°C).
o Regular cleaning of filters & ducts.
o Use of natural ventilation and shading to reduce cooling
load.

3. Monitoring and Control Systems of Energy Efficient Buildings

 Building Management System (BMS): integrates HVAC, lighting,
and security for optimized energy use.
 Monitoring tools:
o Smart meters, motion sensors, CO₂ sensors.
o Automated shading devices.
 Controls:
o Occupancy-based lighting & AC control.
o Time-of-day scheduling.
o Demand-side management during peak load.

4. Principle of Energy Efficient Building Design – Water Heating

System
  Design Principles:
o Building orientation → maximize daylight, minimize heat
gain.
o Natural ventilation, thermal insulation.
o Use of reflective roofs and double-glazed windows.
 Water Heating Systems:
o Solar water heating (flat plate collectors, evacuated tube
collectors).
o Heat pump water heaters.
o Instantaneous (on-demand) heaters with high efficiency.

5. Photovoltaic Systems and Energy Conservation in Lighting

Schemes
 Photovoltaic (PV) systems:
o Convert solar radiation directly into electricity.
o Applications: rooftop solar, solar streetlights, building-
integrated PV.
 Lighting schemes for energy saving:
o Maximum use of daylighting (skylights, light shelves).
o Task lighting instead of general lighting.
o Use of LED fixtures.
o Automatic daylight sensors and dimming systems.

6. Energy Efficient Light Sources

  Traditional sources: Incandescent, fluorescent, CFL (low
efficiency).
 Modern sources:
o LEDs – 80–90% efficient, long life, low heat.
o Metal Halide Lamps – high intensity, used in industries.
o High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPSL) – efficient for street
lighting.
 Comparison: LEDs consume ~70% less power than
incandescent bulbs.

7. Domestic, Commercial, and Industrial Lighting

 Domestic: Focus on comfort & aesthetics → LED bulbs, CFLs,
task lights.
 Commercial: Offices, malls, hospitals → efficient lighting +
occupancy sensors.
 Industrial: High-intensity discharge lamps, LEDs, efficient
reflectors, and daylight utilization.
 Conservation techniques:
o Use of natural daylight.
o Lighting zoning and controls.
o Periodic maintenance (dust reduces illumination by 20–
30%).

8. Lighting Controls
 Types of controls:
 o Occupancy sensors (turn lights off when room is empty).
o Daylight sensors (adjust brightness based on sunlight).
o Timer-based controls.
o Dimming controls for variable illumination.
 Benefits: saves 20–40% of lighting energy.

9. Luminaries
 Definition: Complete lighting unit consisting of lamp, reflector,
housing, and controls.
 Types:
o Direct, Indirect, Semi-direct, Diffused.
 Energy efficient luminaries:
o Designed for high light output with minimum loss.
o Use of reflective coatings and efficient optical design.
 Proper selection improves lighting efficiency by 10–20%.