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 Snakes in
American Culture
This page intentionally left blank
 Snakes in
American Culture
A Hisstory
Jesse C. Donahue and
Conor Shaw-Draves

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers

Jefferson, North Carolina
 AlSo of IntereSt
by JeSSe
C. D onAhue AnD
erIk k. trump

American Zoos During the Depression:

A New Deal for Animals (2010)

lIbrAry of CongreSS C AtAloguIng-In-publICAtIon DAtA

names: Donahue, Jesse, author.
title: Snakes in American culture : a hisstory /
Jesse C. Donahue and Conor Shaw-Draves.
Description: Jefferson, nC : mcfarland & Company, Inc.,

♾
2019 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: lCCn 2018058333 | ISbn 9781476662657
(softcover : acid free paper)
Subjects: lCSh: Snakes—united States—history. |
human-animal relationships. | Animals and history.
Classification: lCC Ql666.o6 D5974 2019 | DDC 597.96—dc23
lC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018058333

brItISh lIbrAry CAtAloguIng DAtA Are AvAIlAble

ISBN (print) 978-1-4766-6265-7
ISBN (ebook) 978-1-4766-3453-1

© 2019 Jesse C. Donahue and Conor Shaw-Draves. All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.

front cover images © 2019 iStock

printed in the united States of America

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers

Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640
www.mcfarlandpub.com
 Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge several people and institu-

tions for their help with this book. marget Dykens, the
archivist at the San Diego natural history museum, was
a wonderful help during the two trips that one of us made
to read through the laurence klauber collection. ellen
Alers from the Smithsonian Institution Archives helped
us with the William and lucille mann papers and gregory
raml facilitated our use of the roger Conant papers at
the American natural history museum in new york.
John Caltabiano, ellen palm, and matt lanier at the
Staten Island Zoo were of help; and we thank Doris Wes-
ley and kenn thomas for help with the Western histor-
ical manuscript Collection at the university of St. louis,
missouri; thomas Donahue for his translation of Afranio
do Amaral’s work; and thomas Zantow, our interlibrary
loan librarian, who cheerfully tracked down hard to find
sources that our library did not own. We also wish to
thank the anonymous peer reviewers secured by mcfar-
land who pointed out errors in our scientific writing
about snakes. Any biological mistakes about these amaz-
ing creatures are our own.

v
This page intentionally left blank
 table of Contents

Acknowledgments v
Preface: Dangerous Neighbors by Jesse C. Donahue 1

1. bitten: poor Americans and Snakes 13

2. Cures: the Strange and often painful treatment
for Snakebite before American Antivenin 43
3. Antivenin: bringing the real Cure to the united States 72
4. on Stage: traveling Acts, Circuses and Zoos 98
5. on Screen: Snakes in the movies, reality television
and Documentaries 122
6. In Jesus’ name: holiness and the handling of Serpents 153

Conclusion: Has Anything Changed? 174

Chapter Notes 191
Bibliography 208
Index 215

vii
This page intentionally left blank
 preface
Dangerous Neighbors
Jesse C. Donahue

As a child in the early 1970s, living on Storm king mountain near

Cornwall-on-hudson, new york, accidental visits with snakes were com-
mon. rock walls surrounding houses served as homes for snakes. these
animals and I sometimes literally ran into one another as I walked or rode
my bike by a wall and they darted out from the safety of their small caverns,
fearing the approach of a large animal. these were frightening encounters
for a small child, so I always ran home after them seeking comfort from
a parent. being good environmental stewards, my parents informed me
that I had nothing to fear from snakes and that they were more scared of
me than I was of them. but I was not so sure. there were times when the
black snakes, in particular, seemed aggressive, rearing up threateningly
and darting toward me. the snakes clearly perceived me much the same
way I saw them. from their perspective, I was a threatening giant near
their shelter and they wanted to defend themselves and seek safety. other
times, large black snakes scaled trees in our yard, making their way to a
sturdy limb to sun themselves.
the place we lived was aptly named because of lightning storms in
the summer that hit the mountain and sometimes hollowed out trees. We
had a couple of these lightning strikes on our property that split trees
down the middle, so previous home owners had placed metal rebars inside
one of the trees to preserve it, even though much of the center had been
gouged out by lightning. the rebars were placed in a step-like manner up
the center of the tree, and black snakes used them as a kind of staircase
to get to holes near branches and climb out onto limbs to sun themselves.
During one summer, we gathered together as a family on one of our lawns

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