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Corpus Linguistics for Online
Communication

Corpus Linguistics for Online Communication provides an instructive and practical guide
to conducting research using methods in corpus linguistics in studies of various
forms of online communication. Offering practical exercises and drawing on orig-
inal data taken from online interactions, this book:

•• introduces the basics of corpus linguistics, including what is involved in


designing and building a corpus;
•• reviews cutting-edge studies of online communication using corpus linguis-
tics, foregrounding different analytical components to facilitate studies in pro-
fessional discourse, online learning, public understanding of health issues and
dating apps;
•• showcases both freely-available corpora and the innovative tools that students
and researchers can access to carry out their own research.

Corpus Linguistics for Online Communication supports researchers and students in gen-
erating high quality, applied research and is essential reading for those studying
and researching in this area.

Luke Curtis Collins is a Senior Research Associate at Lancaster


University, U.K.
Routledge Corpus Linguistics Guides provide accessible and practical introductions to
using corpus linguistic methods in key sub-fields within linguistics. Corpus lin-
guistics is one of the most dynamic and rapidly developing areas in the field of
language studies, and use of corpora is an important part of modern linguistic
research. Books in this series provide the ideal guide for students and researchers
using corpus data for research and study in a variety of subject areas.
Series consultant: Michael McCarthy
Michael McCarthy is Emeritus Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University
of Nottingham, UK, Adjunct Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University
of Limerick, Ireland and Visiting Professor in Applied Linguistics at Newcastle
University, UK. He is co-editor of the Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics,
editor of the Routledge Domains of Discourse series and co-editor of the Routledge
Applied Corpus Linguistics series.
Series consultant: Anne O’Keeffe
Anne O’Keeffe is Senior Lecturer in Applied Linguistics and Director of the Inter-
Varietal Applied Corpus Studies (IVACS) Research Centre at Mary Immaculate
College, University of Limerick, Ireland. She is co-editor of the Routledge
Handbook of Corpus Linguistics and co-editor of the Routledge Applied Corpus
Linguistics series.
Series co-founder: Ronald Carter
Ronald Carter (1947–2018) was Research Professor of Modern English Language in
the School of English at the University of Nottingham, UK. He was also the co-editor
of the Routledge Applied Corpus Linguistics series, Routledge Introductions to
Applied Linguistics series and Routledge English Language Introductions series.

Other titles in this series


Corpus Linguistics for Grammar
Christian Jones and Daniel Waller
Corpus Linguistics for ELT
Ivor Timmis
Corpus Linguistics for Translation and Contrastive Studies
Mikhail Mikhailov and Robert Cooper
Corpus Linguistics for Vocabulary
Pawel Szudarski
Corpus Linguistics for Pragmatics
Christoph Rühlemann
Corpus Linguistics for Online Communication
Luke Curtis Collins

More information about this series can be found at www.routledge.com/series/RCLG


Corpus Linguistics for Online
Communication

A Guide for Research

Luke Curtis Collins


First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Luke Curtis Collins
The right of Luke Curtis Collins to be identified as author of this work
has been asserted by him in accordance with Sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Collins, Luke, author.
Title: Corpus linguistics for online communication: a guide
for research/Luke Curtis Collins.
Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. |
Series: Routledge corpus linguistics guides |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018048756 | ISBN 9781138718838 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781138718968 (pbk) | ISBN 9780429057090 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Communication–Data processing.
Classification: LCC P96.D36 C65 2019 | DDC 410.1/88–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048756
ISBN: 978-1-138-71883-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-71896-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-05709-0 (ebk)
Typeset in Baskerville
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents

List of figures vi
List of tables vii
Abbreviations viii
Acknowledgements x

Introduction 1

1 What is corpus linguistics? 8

2 Designing and building corpora 29

3 Analysing corpora 51

4 Online communication: Corpus approaches 76

5 Business and organisational communication online:


The Dukki Facebook corpus 97

6 Online learning platforms: The Nottingham Online Business


Learner English (NOBLE) corpus 122

7 Online user comments: A corpus of the responses to news on


antimicrobial resistance (AMR) 149

8 Dating apps: A Tinder corpus 170

9 Corpus linguistics in perspective 189

Appendix 195
Glossary 196
Task commentaries 200
Index 204
Figures

1.1 Corpora available at corpus.byu.edu 17


2.1 Features of a webpage for boilerplate removal (Author’s own) 40
3.1 The collocation network for ‘table’ and ‘tennis’ displayed
in GraphColl 60
4.1 A rendering of the ‘distracted boyfriend’ meme 85
4.2 Labelling strategies of the ‘distracted boyfriend’ meme 86
5.1 Distribution of Dukki Facebook posts across 2017 105
5.2 Categories of images posted on the Dukki Facebook page 107
5.3 Collocates of ‘we’ in the Dukki Facebook corpus 112
6.1 Learner comments that have been copied and pasted
to a word processor 130
6.2 Number of comments per unit by year across the NOBLE corpus 133
6.3 Number of words in the comments data per unit by year
across the NOBLE corpus 133
6.4 Relative frequency of ‘face’ by learning unit and year 138
6.5 Relative frequency of ‘social face’ by learning unit and year 139
6.6 Collocation network for ‘social’ as extended from ‘face’ 139
6.7 Collocation network for ‘social face’ 140
Tables

3.1 Categories of pronouns in CLAWS 57


3.2 Most frequent words across texts 67
3.3 Keywords in Harry Potter when compared with BNC1994 67
5.1 Examples of studies of ‘enregisterment’ 104
52 The most-frequently used non-standard words in the Dukki
Facebook corpus 108
5.3 Keywords in the Dukki Facebook corpus compared with BNC1994 111
5.4 Concordance lines for ‘me’ followed by ‘ducks’ in the Dukki
Facebook corpus 114
6.1 Number of comments and number of words in the NOBLE corpus 132
6.2 Keyword list for the NOBLE corpus 134
6.3 Keyword lists for the NOBLE corpus by year 135
6.4 Collocates of ‘face’ in the NOBLE corpus 137
6.5 ‘Face’ terms across the BNC1994, COCA and the NOBLE corpus 138
6.6 Concordances of ‘social (identity) face’ that include
‘distinction’/‘difference’ 141
6.7 Learner activity in terms of number of comments 143
6.8 Keywords for new comments (Level 1) and replies (Level 2)
compared with the BNC1994 Written Sampler 143
6.9 A comparison of keywords for Level 1 and Level 2 comments 144
7.1 Highest number of articles including the search terms
‘AMR’/‘antibiotic resistant’/‘antibiotic resistance’ by publication 155
7.2 ‘AMR’ articles with the highest number of user comments 156
7.3 Key semantic categories and constituent tokens for
the MailOnline article 157
7.4 Key semantic categories and constituent tokens for
The Guardian article 158
7.5 Top semantic categories for the MailOnline comments thread 161
7.6 Top semantic categories for The Guardian comments thread 163
8.1 Respondents by gender and sexual orientation 179
8.2 Most frequent 3-grams in the Tinder corpus 182
Abbreviations

ACE Australian Corpus of English


AMR Antimicrobial Resistance
ANC American National Corpus
API Application Programming Interface
BE06 British English 2006 Corpus
BNC1994 British National Corpus (original)
BNC2014 British National Corpus (data collected 2012–2016)
BYU Brigham Young University
CA Conversation Analysis
CADS Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies
CAMDA Corpus-Assisted Multimodal Discourse Analysis
CANBEC Cambridge and Nottingham Business English Corpus
CANELC Cambridge and Nottingham E-Language Corpus
CDA Critical Discourse Analysis. Also, CDS: Critical Discourse Studies
CLAWS Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System
CLiC Corpus Linguistics in Context
CMC Computer-Mediated Communication
CMD Computer-Mediated Discourse
COCA Corpus of Contemporary American English
COHA Corpus of Historical American English
CorCenCC Corpws Cenedlaethol Cymraeg Cyfoes, the National Corpus of
Contemporary Welsh
CORE Corpus of Online Registers of English
FLOB Freiburg-LOB Corpus of British English
FROWN Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English
GDPR General Data Protection Regulation
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
GloWBE Corpus of Global Web-Based English
HERMES 100-million-word Twitter Corpus
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
ICAME International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English
Abbreviations  ix

ICE International Corpus of English


KWIC Key Word in Context
LBRTD Location-Based Real-Time Dating
LiPP Linguistic Profiling for Professionals
LL Log-likelihood
LOB Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus
MD Multi-Dimensional (analysis)
MICASE Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English
MOOC Massive Open Online Course
NLP Natural Language Processing
NOBLE Nottingham Online Business Learner English Corpus
PII Personally Identifiable Information
SMS Short Messaging Service: colloquially known as text messaging
UCREL University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language
URI/URL Uniform Resource Identifier/Uniform Resource Locator
USAS UCREL Semantic Analysis System
VARD Variant Detection tool
WaC Web as Corpus
WHO World Health Organization
XML eXtensible Markup Language
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