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Synthesis Lectures on
Engineering, Science, and Technology

Rajan Chattamvelli
Ramalingam Shanmugam

Generating Functions
in Engineering and
the Applied Sciences
Second Edition
Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science,
and Technology
The focus of this series is general topics, and applications about, and for, engineers
and scientists on a wide array of applications, methods and advances. Most titles cover
subjects such as professional development, education, and study skills, as well as basic
introductory undergraduate material and other topics appropriate for a broader and less
technical audience.
Rajan Chattamvelli · Ramalingam Shanmugam

Generating Functions
in Engineering
and the Applied Sciences
Second Edition
Rajan Chattamvelli Ramalingam Shanmugam
School of Advanced Sciences School of Health Administration
Vellore Institute of Technology Texas State University
Tamil Nadu, India San Marcos, TX, USA

ISSN 2690-0300 ISSN 2690-0327 (electronic)

Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology
ISBN 978-3-031-21142-3 ISBN 978-3-031-21143-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21143-0

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
2019, 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole
or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage
and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or
hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does
not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are
believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give
a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that
may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

This is an introductory book on generating functions (GFs) and their applications. It dis-
cusses commonly encountered GFs in engineering and applied sciences, such as ordinary
generating functions (OGF), exponential generating functions (EGF), and probability gen-
erating functions (PGF). Some new GFs like Pochhammer GFs for both rising and falling
factorials, Dirichlet GF, Lambert GF, Hurwitz GF, Mittag-Lefler GF, etc. are introduced in
Chap. 1. Common operations on GFs like addition, scalar multiplication, shifting, linear
combinations, convolutions, differentiation and integration, etc. are discussed in Chap. 2.
Two novel GFs called “mean deviation generating function” (MDGF), and “survival func-
tion generating function” (SFGF) are introduced in Chap. 3. Chapter 4 discusses a large
number of applications in several areas including analysis of algorithms, bioinformatics,
combinatorics, genomics, geometry, graph theory, management, number theory, polymer
chemistry, reliability, statistics, structural engineering, etc.
Some background knowledge on GFs is often assumed for courses in analysis of algo-
rithms, advanced data structures, graph theory, etc. These are usually provided by either
a course on “discrete mathematics” or “introduction to combinatorics”. However, GFs are
also used in automata theory, bioinformatics, partial differential equations (PDE), digital
signal processing (DSP), number theory, polymer chemistry, structural engineering, and so
on. Students of these courses may not have exposure to discrete mathematics or combina-
torics. This book is written in such a way that even those who do not have prior knowledge
can easily follow through the chapters, and apply the lessons learned in their respective
disciplines. The purpose is to give a broad exposure to commonly used techniques of
combinatorial mathematics, highlighting applications in a variety of disciplines.
Any suggestions for improvement will be highly appreciated. Please send your
comments to [email protected], and will be incorporated promptly.

Tamil Nadu, India Rajan Chattamvelli

San Marcos, USA Ramalingam Shanmugam

v
Contents

1 Types of Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Origin of Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Existence of Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Notations and Nomenclatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Rising and Falling Factorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Dummy Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Ordinary Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Recurrence Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Types of Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 OGF for Partial Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Exponential Generating Functions (EGF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Pochhammer Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5.1 Rising Pochhammer GF (RPGF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5.2 Falling Pochhammer GF (FPGF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6 Dirichlet Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.7 Other Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.7.1 Lambert Generating Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.7.2 Exponentio-Ordinary GF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.7.3 Logarithmic GF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.7.4 Special Functions as Generating Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.7.5 Auto-covariance Generating Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.7.6 Information Generating Function (IGF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.8 Generating Functions in Number Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.8.1 Lah Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.8.2 Rook Polynomial Generating Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.8.3 Stirling Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

vii
viii Contents

2 Operations on Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.1 Basic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.1 Extracting Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.2 Addition and Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.3 Multiplication by Non-Zero Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.4 Linear Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.5 Shifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.1.6 Functions of Dummy Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.7 Convolutions and Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.8 Differentiation and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2 Multiplicative Inverse Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3 Composition of Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 Generating Functions in Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1 Uses of Generating Functions in Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1.1 Types of Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 Probability Generating Functions (PGF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.1 Properties of PGF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 Generating Functions for CDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.1 Properties of CDFGF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 Generating Function for Survival Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5 Generating Functions for Mean Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.5.1 Properties of MDGF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.6 MD of Some Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.6.1 MD of Geometric Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.6.2 MD of Binomial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6.3 MD of Poisson Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6.4 MD of Negative Binomial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6.5 MD of Logarithmic Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7 Moment Generating Functions (MGF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7.1 Properties of Moment Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.8 Characteristic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.8.1 Properties of Characteristic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.9 Cumulant Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.9.1 Relations Among Moments and Cumulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.10 Factorial Moment Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.11 Conditional Moment Generating Functions (CMGF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Contents ix

3.12 Generating Functions of Truncated Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.13 Convergence of Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.14 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4 Applications of Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1 Applications in Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1.1 Series Involving Integer Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.2 Permutation Inversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1.3 Generating Function of Strided Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.2 Applications in Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3 Applications in Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.3.1 Well-Formed Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.3.2 Merge-Sort Algorithm Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3.3 Quick-Sort Algorithm Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3.4 Binary-Search Algorithm Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3.5 Formal Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.4 Applications in Combinatorics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.4.1 Combinatorial Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.4.2 New Generating Functions from Old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4.3 Recurrence Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4.4 Towers of Hanoi Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.5 Applications in Structural Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.6 Applications in Graph Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.6.1 Graph Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.6.2 Tree Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.7 Applications in Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.7.1 Polymer Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.7.2 Counting Isomers of Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.7.3 Modeling Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.8 Applications in Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.9 Applications in Number Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.10 Applications in Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.10.1 Sums of IID Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.10.2 Infinite Divisibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.10.3 Applications in Stochastic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.11 Applications in Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.11.1 Series-Parallel Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.12 Applications in Bioinformatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.12.1 Lifetime of Cellular Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.12.2 Sequence Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.13 Applications in Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
x Contents

4.14 Applications in Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.14.1 Annuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.15 Applications in Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.16 Miscellaneous Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.17 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
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