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Analyzing Politics
An Introduction to Political Science
SIXTH EDITION

ELLEN GRIGSBY
University of New Mexico

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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Analyzing Politics: © 2015, 2012, 2009 Cengage Learning
An Introduction to Political
WCN: 02-200-203
Science, Sixth Edition
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BRIEF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS
IN STUDYING POLITICS 12
3 KEY CONCEPTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE 45
4 POLITICAL THEORY: EXAMINING THE ETHICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICS 78
5 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES I: LIBERALISM
CONSERVATISM, AND SOCIALISM 102
6 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES II: FASCISM 133
7 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES III: FEMINISM,
ENVIRONMENTALISM, AND
POSTMODERNISM 151
8 COMPARATIVE POLITICS I: GOVERNMENTAL
SYSTEMS: DEMOCRACY AND
NONDEMOCRACY 173
9 COMPARATIVE POLITICS II: INTEREST GROUPS,
POLITICAL PARTIES, AND ELECTIONS 203
10 COMPARATIVE POLITICS III: GOVERNING
DEMOCRACIES: EXECUTIVES, LEGISLATURES,
AND JUDICIARIES 243
11 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS I: 266
12 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS II:
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES 289

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 CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

1 Introduction 1
ANALYZING POLITICS AS A STUDY OF PUZZLES 11

2 Political Science and Scientific Methods in

Studying Politics 12
THE RANGE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 15
Historical Developments 15
Traditionalism, Behavioralism, and Postbehavioralism 15
THINKING SCIENTIFICALLY: SOME FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC
INQUIRY 20
THINKING SCIENTIFICALLY ABOUT POLITICS 24
Case Studies 24
Survey Research 27
Experiments and Quasi-Experiments 31
Quantitative Analysis 32
SCIENCE: LIMITATIONS 34
How Can We Have a Science of Human Behavior if Human Behavior Is
Potentially Unique? 34
How Do We Know Our Findings Are Correct? 35
Does the Pursuit of Science Lead Us to Ignore Important Questions? 36
Does Science Sometimes Contradict Its Own Logic? 36
Can Science Avoid Coming into Conflict with Ethics? 38
SUMMING UP 42
ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF SENATOR RUBIO’S RESPONSE 43
STUDY QUESTIONS 43
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 44

3 Key Concepts in Political Science 45

POWER 46
Types of Power 47
Debates in the Study of Power 61
iv
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 CONTENTS v

STATES 61
STATES: STATE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND CHANGE 64
Debates in the Study of States 65
NATIONS 72
States and Nations: Relations and Interactions 72
Debates in the Study of Nations 75
SUMMING UP 75
ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF PROJECT PREVENTION 76
STUDY QUESTIONS 77
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 77

4 Political Theory 78
ANALYZING POLITICAL THEORY: PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE
CAVE 80
SOME FUNDAMENTAL ETHICAL QUESTIONS IN POLITICS 82
What Purpose Should the State Serve? 83
Should States Promote Equality? 86
Should States Be Organized to Maximize Their Own Power or Organized to
Restrain This Power? 91
Should States Try to Help Us Be Ethical? 94
SUMMING UP 98
ANALYZING THE ETHICAL PUZZLES OF DRONES 99
STUDY QUESTIONS 100
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 100

5 Political Ideologies I 102

LIBERALISM 103
Classical Liberalism 103
Modern Liberalism 108
Classical and Modern Liberalism Today 111
CONSERVATISM 112
Traditional Conservatism 112
Traditional Conservatism Today 116
Traditional Conservatism and Classical Liberal Conservatism in Conflict 117
Socialism 120
Marxism 122
Marxism–Leninism 126
Social Democracy 128
SUMMING UP 130
ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF PRESIDENT OBAMA’S IDEOLOGY 130
STUDY QUESTIONS 131
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 131
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vi CONTENTS

6 Political Ideologies II 133

THE FASCISM OF MUSSOLINI AND HITLER 134
Fascism: Origins and Attacks on Other Ideologies 134
Fascism and Totalitarianism 139
The Nazi State 143
NEOFASCISM 146
SUMMING UP 148
ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF
GERMANY’S PERPETUAL OBLIGATION 149
STUDY QUESTIONS 149
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 150

7 Political Ideologies III 151

FEMINISM 152
Liberal Feminism 157
Radical Challenges to Liberal Feminism 158
ENVIRONMENTALISM 162
Basic Principles 163
Diversity within Environmentalist Ideology 167
A NOTE ON POSTMODERNISM 169
SUMMING UP 170
ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF CLIMATE DISPLACEMENT AND ITS
GENDER DIMENSIONS 171
STUDY QUESTIONS 171
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 172

8 Comparative Politics I 173

DEMOCRACY AS A FLUID AND VARIED GOVERNING PROCESS 174
Components of Democracy 174
Complexities Associated with the Five Components of Democracy 177
DEMOCRACIES COMPARED 179
Participation: The United States and Switzerland 179
Pluralism: The United States and Germany 182
Developmentalism: The United States and Argentina 185
Protection: The United States and Great Britain 188
Performance: The United States and India 190
NONDEMOCRACY: A FLUID AND VARIED GOVERNING PROCESS 192
Questions about China 197
SUMMING UP 199

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 CONTENTS vii

ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF COMPETING VOICES FROM THE ARAB

SPRING 201
STUDY QUESTIONS 201
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 202

9 Comparative Politics II 203

INTEREST GROUPS 204
Interest Groups in the United States 205
Interest Groups Compared: Democracies 214
Interest Groups Compared: Nondemocracies 217
POLITICAL PARTIES 218
Political Parties in the United States 219
Political Parties Compared: Democracies 223
Political Parties Compared: Nondemocratic and Transitional Systems 226
ELECTIONS 227
Elections in the United States 227
Presidential Elections in the 1990s 228
Presidential Elections: 2000–2012 230
Elections Compared: Democracies 237
Elections Compared: Nondemocracies 239
SUMMING UP 240
ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF HOW REPUBLICANS CAN WIN IN THE
2016 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 241
STUDY QUESTIONS 242
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 242

10 Comparative Politics III 243

EXECUTIVE–LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS: PRESIDENTIAL AND
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS 244
The U.S. Presidential System: The Executive 245
President Bush and the Department of Homeland Security 245
President Obama and Health Care Reform 246
Presidential Powers, Persuasion, and Effectiveness 248
The British Parliamentary System: The Executive 252
Other Examples of Executive–Legislative Relations 254
The U.S. Presidential System: The Legislature 254
The British Parliamentary System: The Legislature 259
JUDICIAL REVIEW VERSUS PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY 261
SUMMING UP 263

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viii CONTENTS

ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF PRESIDENTIAL–CONGRESSIONAL

INTERACTIONS AFTER THE SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
KILLINGS 264
STUDY QUESTIONS 264
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 265

11 International Relations I 266

MODELS OF ANALYSIS 269
Liberalism 269
REALISM 271
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: OUT OF BIPOLARISM AND INTO THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 274
Bipolar Politics 274
After Bipolarism 276
International Security Questions 277
SUMMING UP 287
ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF U.S. RESPONSES TO 2011 BAHRAIN
PROTESTS DURING THE ARAB SPRING 287
STUDY QUESTIONS 288
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 288

12 International Relations II 289

LESSONS FROM 9/11 291
MEDIA AND POLITICS 293
Is Global News Really Global? 293
Patterns in Broadcast Media Ownership and Funding Differ across
Countries 294
Reporting News or Making News 295
Whom You Watch Affects What You Know 296
Changing Perceptions of Journalists and Journalism 297
ECONOMICS AND POLITICS 299
SUMMING UP 306
ANALYZING THE PUZZLE OF MEDIA COVERAGE AND THE BOSTON
MARATHON BOMBING OF 2013 307
STUDY QUESTIONS 307
GO BEYOND CLASS: RESOURCES FOR DEBATE AND ACTION 308

NOTES 309
GLOSSARY 358
INDEX 364

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 PREFACE

I believe that among the most satisfying moments in teaching are those when we help students
realize that the more complex we allow questions to be, the more exciting it is to study those
questions. As I enter my third decade of teaching undergraduates, I find myself increasingly con-
vinced of the importance of helping students understand that analytical approaches to the study of
politics have many practical and immediate uses, whether in clarifying the logic behind divergent
perspectives on international security questions or in identifying the shared ontological assump-
tions of individualist conservatism and classical liberalism. In fact, I believe that introductory
students—no less than graduate students—need to begin to see that academic disciplines are con-
stituted by the scholarly debates that they themselves unleash.
To this end, the sixth edition incorporates a new theme: It introduces the reader to some ways in
which political science evaluates and seeks to unravel some of the complexities of twenty-first-century
politics. Because politics is rarely straightforward, students of political science need to be prepared for
surprises—surprises so multilayered that they can be conceptualized as puzzles or riddles. The new
edition confronts these complexities directly and brings them into every chapter of the book. Indeed,
an image of the Egyptian sphinx—an iconic memorial of the centuries-old importance of riddles and
puzzles in human societies—is used in each chapter as a visual guide for students as they are chal-
lenged to analyze some of the ways in which political questions defy quick and easy answers.
The new theme is carried out pedagogically throughout the text, serving as an explicit intel-
lectual framework: Each chapter begins with a contemporary puzzle that relates to the chapter’s
topic and poses questions that will be examined throughout the chapter. These puzzles include
the following: the discrepancy between what people have the potential to know regarding political
issues and what they do, in fact, know (Chapter 1); Senator Marco Rubio’s 2012 response to a
question about the Earth’s age (Chapter 2); Project Prevention, a controversial California organiza-
tion that pays people to get sterilized (Chapter 3); the use of drones (Chapter 4); the disagreement
surrounding President Obama’s ideological identity (Chapter 5); Chancellor Merkel’s statement
about Germany’s special and perpetual obligation to make ever present knowledge of the Holo-
caust while taking measures to ensure the absence of Nazism itself (Chapter 6); climate displace-
ment and its gender dimensions (Chapter 7); competing voices of the Arab Spring (Chapter 8); the
Republican Party’s Growth and Opportunity Project, about how they can win in 2016 (Chapter 9);
presidential–congressional interactions after the Sandy Hook Elementary School killings (Chap-
ter 10); comparatively muted U.S. support for 2011 Arab Spring protests in Bahrain (Chapter 11);
and media coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing as a case study pointing to patterns in
media coverage of international politics (Chapter 12).
Sphinx puzzle icons appear in the margins within the chapter to identify explicitly concepts or
details that are especially relevant to the opening puzzle. These icons also draw students’ attention to
key evidence in analyzing the opening puzzle within the larger context of the chapter’s themes. “Ana-
lyzing the Puzzle” sections at the end of each chapter address the questions posed at the start.
I have revised this edition also by creating new “Controversies In” boxes to highlight issues
that reviewers identified as especially interesting to their students and to themes that I find, in my
own teaching, to be particularly intriguing to students. Examples include Controversies in Science,
which discusses DNA testing procedures in newborns (Chapter 2), Controversies in States and
Power: Is the U.S. Playing Terrorball? (Chapter 3), Controversies in Presidential–Congressional

ix
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some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
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x PREFACE

Relations: Presidential Signing Statements (Chapter 10); and Controversies in Media Coverage of
Political Topics: What Makes Someone an Expert? (Chapter 12).
The goal of encouraging students to think critically about political science topics has also moti-
vated every decision made about this text. Analyzing Politics is written not only to instruct but also to
challenge and sometimes to unsettle readers. Furthermore, I hope the text invites students to explore
a broader range of perspectives and sources than those traditionally incorporated into introductory
political science textbooks. I have thus included more advanced topics, such as postmodernism, mit-
igation versus adaptation policy approaches in environmental politics, and a discussion of the
Taliban’s Islamic fundamentalism within the context of larger questions relating to the ethical founda-
tions of politics. Included also in this edition is new attention given to the topic of accuracy in political
science forecasting, new data on nongovernmental organizations and transnational advocacy net-
works, a discussion of the implications of the work of Philip Tetlock and Nate Silver on political sci-
ence expertise for media studies, and analyses of 2012 presidential campaign and election data.
The major organizational features of this text reflect the logic of trying to balance
(1) acknowledgment of the breadth of the discipline of political science with (2) awareness of the
benefits of keeping the length of the text manageable. The historical development of political sci-
ence as a science is discussed in Chapter 2, a chapter in which students are also asked to reflect on
controversies relating to both the practice and philosophy of science. Key concepts in political sci-
ence analysis are presented in Chapter 3 but are also integrated into later chapters, as those con-
cepts relate to elections, parties, and transnational issues. Chapter 4 explores how ethical
frameworks for evaluating politics can be informed by Socratic, Platonic, Aristotelian, Machiavellian,
Hobbesian, Madisonian, Millian, and Nietzschean insights. Chapters 5 through 7 introduce students
to liberal, conservative, socialist, fascist, feminist, environmentalist, and postmodern theory.
Chapters 8 through 10 discuss U.S. and comparative politics, with attention given to democratic–
nondemocratic analytical frameworks (Chapter 8); comparative electoral, political party, and interest
group strategies and patterns (Chapter 9); and comparative executive, legislative, and judicial institu-
tions (Chapter 10). Chapters 11 and 12 close the text by introducing students to models of analysis
as well as contemporary media and global poverty controversies in international relations.
Due to the superb work of Development Editor Jennifer Jacobson, this edition also has a new
reader-friendly format with a larger font, easier-to-read design format and shading, more accessible
headings and subheadings, better writing, more logically organized boxes, and brighter photo-
graphs. As an instructor, I know the challenges involved in encouraging students to read texts
closely, and I understand that art, design, and copy decisions have profound pedagogical effects.
Ms. Jacobson’s editorial direction turned this into a text wherein the visuals, organization, content,
and fonts serve to help students with reading and learning, not distract from it.
Numerous individuals have helped in the production of this text. I owe many thanks to
Executive Editor Carolyn O. Merrill, Senior Content Project Manager Joshua Allen, Editorial
Assistant Eireann Aspell, and PreMediaGlobal Senior Project Manager Rathi Thirumalai. I wish to
thank the following individuals for reviewing the text and offering thoughtful suggestions for
improvement: Jody Neathery-Castro, University of Nebraska at Omaha, and Willie Fowler, Park-
land College. I thank also the many students who, through e-mail or in person in my own classes,
have shared questions and offered insights about the topics covered in the text. My most enduring
thanks go to Tracie Bartlett. Despite all the help and support, I find the process of writing an
introductory text challenging and humbling, and all errors I failed to identify and correct are my
responsibility alone.
I think that political science is analyzed most effectively and enjoyably within the context of
community, live or virtual. I invite both instructors and students to e-mail me at egrigsby@unm
.edu to raise comments and questions beyond those I include in these pages.

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some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 PREFACE xi

SUPPLEMENTS FOR STUDENTS

AND INSTRUCTORS
Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank Online for Grigsby’s Analyzing
Politics, 6th Edition
ISBN-13: 9781285781426
A revised Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank offers suggestions for class discussions, writing assign-
ments, Internet and research projects, and exam questions to make course preparation easier. The
instructor’s manual and test bank have been updated with new material to reflect changes in the
new edition.

Free Companion Web Site for Grigsby’s Analyzing Politics,

6th Edition
ISBN-13: 9781285855554
Students will find open access to learning objectives, tutorial quizzes, chapter glossaries, flash-
cards, and crossword puzzles, all correlated by chapter. Instructors also have access to the Instruc-
tor’s Manual. All content, including learning objectives, tutorial quizzes, chapter glossaries,
flashcards, and crossword puzzles, has been updated for the new edition. This is a free, password-
protected website. Access your resources by logging into your account at www.cengage.com/login.

CourseReader 0–30: Introduction to Political Science

PAC ISBN: 9781133232162
IAC ISBN: 9781133232155
CourseReader: Introduction to Political Science allows you to create your reader, your way, in just
minutes. This affordable, fully customizable online reader provides access to thousands of permis-
sions-cleared readings, articles, primary sources, and audio and video selections from the regu-
larly-updated Gale research library database. This easy-to-use solution allows you to search for
and select just the material you want for your courses. Each selection opens with a descriptive
introduction to provide context, and concludes with critical-thinking and multiple-choice ques-
tions to reinforce key points. CourseReader is loaded with convenient tools like highlighting,
printing, note-taking, and downloadable PDFs and MP3 audio files for each reading. CourseReader
is the perfect complement to any Political Science course. It can be bundled with your current
textbook, sold alone, or integrated into your learning management system. CourseReader 0–30
allows access to up to 30 selections in the reader. Please contact your Cengage sales representative
for details.

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some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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