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THE CPEC-SOVEREIGNTY DILEMMA BETWEEN PROSPERITY AND

AUTONOMY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

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 Pakistan Islamicus
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TOPIC
THE CPEC-SOVEREIGNTY DILEMMA BETWEEN PROSPERITY AND
AUTONOMY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

AUTHORS
Said Ali
School of International and Public Affairs, Jilin University Changchun China.
[email protected]
Muhammad Hamza Zakir
LLM, Scholar
Department of LAW, AWKUM, KPK, Pakistan.
[email protected]
Muhammad Arif
MPhil Scholar
International Relations, AWKUM, KPK, Pakistan.
[email protected]
Syed Hammad
Advocate
District Courts Mardan, KPK, Pakistan.
[email protected]

How to Cite
Ali, S., Zakir, M. H., Arif, M., & Hammad, S. 2023.
“THE CPEC-SOVEREIGNTY DILEMMA BETWEEN PROSPERITY AND AUTONOMY:

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY.”

PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic & Social Sciences) 3 (2): 442-459.

Retrieved from:

https://pakistanislamicus.com/index.php/home/article/view/75.
 PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic and Social Sciences)
Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 442

THE CPEC-SOVEREIGNTY DILEMMA BETWEEN

PROSPERITY AND AUTONOMY: AN
EXPLORATORY STUDY
Said Ali
School of International and Public Affairs, Jilin University Changchun China.
[email protected]
Muhammad Hamza Zakir
LLM, Scholar
Department of LAW, AWKUM, KPK, Pakistan.
[email protected]
Muhammad Arif
MPhil Scholar
International Relations, AWKUM, KPK, Pakistan.
[email protected]
Syed Hammad
Advocate
District Courts Mardan, KPK, Pakistan.
[email protected]
Abstract
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) stands as a monumental endeavour within the
matrix of infrastructural projects, connecting China's Xinjiang region to Pakistan's Gwadar
port. While the economic ramifications and potential benefits of CPEC are extensively studied,
its intricate ties with the concept of state sovereignty remain in the shadows of academic
discourse. This research paper aims to unravel the multifaceted relationship between CPEC
and the sovereignty of participating states, primarily Pakistan. With an intertwined web of
economic dependence, potential military and security concerns, infrastructure ownership
ambiguities, and the looming specter of debt diplomacy, CPEC presents a complex paradigm
that challenges traditional notions of state sovereignty. Furthermore, within the broader
tapestry of regional geopolitics, CPEC holds profound implications for surrounding nations,
especially within the context of the India-Pakistan-China trilateral dynamics. By dissecting
these dimensions, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how mega
infrastructure projects like CPEC shape, redefine, and, at times, challenge the very tenets of
state sovereignty in the contemporary geopolitical landscape.
Keywords: CPEC, Sovereignty Dilemma, Prosperity, Autonomy, Exploratory Study
Introduction:
The confluence of economic development and political sovereignty forms a critical nexus in
the discourse of international relations and geopolitics. At the forefront of this dynamic stands
 The CPEC-Sovereignty Dilemma Between Prosperity aand Autonomy:
An Exploratory Study 443

the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a multi-billion-dollar infrastructure project

initiated as a part of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Envisioned to bridge the gap
between China's western region and the Arabian Sea via Pakistan, CPEC is more than a mere
economic endeavour; it is a symbol of burgeoning Sino-Pak relations and a strategic pivot in
South Asia's geopolitical matrix (Ahmed & Zhao, 2021).
CPEC, while promising economic dividends for Pakistan and facilitating China's strategic
access to the Arabian Sea, brings with it a plethora of concerns and questions, especially in the
realm of state sovereignty. For Pakistan, the corridors of power in Islamabad are abuzz with
both optimism about the potential economic windfall and apprehension regarding the nation's
autonomy in decision-making processes. China views CPEC as an integral component of its
global outreach, ensuring shorter trade routes and a strategic foothold in the region.
This paper seeks to delve deep into the intricacies of CPEC and its implications for state
sovereignty. While economic corridors are not novel in their conception, the magnitude of
CPEC and its geopolitical positioning make it an ideal case study to understand the broader
dynamics of state sovereignty in an era of globalisation and interconnected economies(Malik,
2019). How does a state balance its economic aspirations with the preservation of its autonomy
and decision-making powers? How does a mega-infrastructure project, deeply embedded with
foreign interests, influence the traditional tenets of sovereignty? These are some of the pressing
questions that this research aims to address, setting the stage for a comprehensive exploration
of CPEC within the framework of state sovereignty(Khan, 2020).
Historical Context
Understanding the implications of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on state
sovereignty necessitates a deep dive into the historical tapestry that has woven the geopolitical
narratives of the region. The historical context provides not just a backdrop but a lens through
which the evolution and strategic importance of CPEC can be discerned.
Antecedents of Sino-Pak Relations:
The foundation of CPEC lies in the longstanding bilateral relationship between China and
Pakistan. Emerging in the 1950s, Sino-Pak relations have been characterised by mutual trust,
cooperation, and shared interests, often termed as an "all-weather friendship." Their
camaraderie was solidified during the 1960s and 1970s, particularly against the backdrop of
the Cold War and shared apprehensions about India. This history provides an insight into why
Pakistan was chosen as a primary partner for such an ambitious endeavour by China (Wu &
Ali, 2021).
 PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic and Social Sciences)
Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 444

The Genesis of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI):

Launched in 2013 by Chinese President Xi Jinping, the BRI represents China's vision of
enhanced global connectivity and economic cooperation. As an ambitious global infrastructure
development strategy, BRI aims to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime
networks. CPEC, as the "crown jewel" of BRI, cannot be fully comprehended without
understanding the broader ambitions and motivations behind the BRI.
Previous Infrastructural Endeavors:
Before CPEC, both China and Pakistan had engaged in numerous infrastructural projects,
though not of the same magnitude. Projects like the Karakoram Highway, which was completed
in the 1970s, serve as precursors to CPEC. These ventures provide a template to assess the
potential challenges and benefits of mega-infrastructure projects and their implications for state
sovereignty.
The Geopolitical Significance of Gwadar:
The port city of Gwadar, a linchpin in the CPEC project, has its own historical significance.
From its acquisition by Pakistan in 1958 to its envisioned transformation into a global trade
hub, Gwadar's history is intertwined with regional geopolitics, offering insights into its
selection as the terminal point of CPEC (Iqbal, 2019).
Historical Concerns on Sovereignty:
Over the decades, infrastructural projects, foreign investments, and strategic alliances have
raised sovereignty concerns in various countries. Drawing parallels from past instances, such
as the Suez Canal in Egypt or the Panama Canal, can shed light on the potential sovereignty
implications for Pakistan in the CPEC context. The historical context is paramount in grasping
the multi-layered dynamics of CPEC. The corridor is not an isolated project but a culmination
of decades of strategic planning, geopolitical manoeuvring, and bilateral trust-building. By
tracing its historical roots, we can better understand the challenges and opportunities it presents
in the realm of state sovereignty (Raza & Chen, 2020).
Sovereignty Implications:
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is more than a mere infrastructural project; it
is emblematic of the multifarious intersections between economic ambitions and state
sovereignty in an age characterised by globalised interdependencies. To comprehend the full
range of sovereignty implications posed by CPEC, it is crucial to dissect the myriad dimensions
of the project and their potential influence on the traditional tenets of statehood and autonomy.
 The CPEC-Sovereignty Dilemma Between Prosperity aand Autonomy:
An Exploratory Study 445

Economic Dependence and Autonomy:

CPEC promises a windfall of economic opportunities for Pakistan, from energy projects to
industrial zones. However, with vast investments come potential strings attached. The extent
to which Pakistan's economic policies and decisions may be influenced or even dictated by
Chinese interests is a concern. Heavy reliance on one nation for economic resurgence can
inadvertently lead to compromises in policy autonomy, especially if debt obligations become
untenable (Farooq & Huang, 2018).
Military and Security Dynamics:
The strategic importance of CPEC cannot be understated, especially for China. To secure its
investments and ensure the smooth operation of the corridor, there's potential for an increased
Chinese security presence in Pakistan. This raises questions about Pakistan's territorial integrity
and sovereignty, especially if foreign troops are perceived to have a significant footprint.
Infrastructure Ownership and Control:
One of the central tenets of sovereignty is control over one's territory and its assets. With CPEC,
a substantial amount of infrastructure, from highways to ports, will be developed with Chinese
capital. Who retains ultimate control and ownership of these assets? If significant assets are
leased or controlled by foreign entities, it poses a direct challenge to traditional notions of state
sovereignty.
Debt Diplomacy and Financial Sovereignty:
There have been concerns about China's investment strategy being a form of "debt diplomacy,"
where nations are ensnared in unsustainable debt, leading to concessions in other areas. If
Pakistan's debt obligations under CPEC become unsustainable, it may be compelled to make
unfavourable concessions, potentially impinging on its financial sovereignty.
Legal Sovereignty and Dispute Resolution:
Contracts and agreements under CPEC will inevitably have clauses related to dispute
resolution. Where these disputes are adjudicated, whether in international courts, Chinese
courts, or Pakistani courts, has implications for legal sovereignty. Relinquishing jurisdiction to
foreign courts or arbitration panels can be perceived as a diminution of legal sovereignty
(Siddiqui & Ming, 2021).
Cultural and Social Impacts:
Sovereignty is not just a matter of political or economic control; it also encompasses cultural
and social dominion. The influx of foreign workers, businesses, and cultural influences
accompanying CPEC projects might lead to social changes. How these changes are perceived
 PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic and Social Sciences)
Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 446

by the local populace and whether they are viewed as an infringement on Pakistan's cultural
sovereignty is a dimension worth exploring. The sovereignty implications of CPEC are
multifaceted, transcending mere territorial concerns. They encapsulate economic, military,
legal, and even cultural dimensions. While CPEC heralds a new era of economic opportunities
for Pakistan, it also brings to the fore pressing questions about the nature and boundaries of
state sovereignty in a world of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence.
Regional Geopolitical Implications:
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is not merely a bilateral endeavour; its
geopolitical ripples extend far beyond the borders of China and Pakistan. In the crucible of
South Asian politics and international relations, CPEC has the potential to redefine regional
dynamics. The implications of this mega-infrastructure project on state sovereignty are
intimately tied to the broader geopolitical chessboard of the region.
India's Stance and Concerns:
India has consistently voiced concerns over CPEC, primarily because a portion of the corridor
passes through Pakistan-administered Kashmir, a territory claimed by India. New Delhi
perceives this as a violation of its territorial sovereignty. Moreover, CPEC strengthens the Sino-
Pak axis, potentially altering the strategic balance in the region and complicating India's
geopolitical calculus.
The Afghanistan Factor:
Afghanistan, with its strategic location, has always been a focal point in regional geopolitics.
The potential extension of CPEC to Afghanistan could play a pivotal role in the country's
reconstruction and development. However, it also raises questions about Afghanistan's
sovereignty, especially given the nation's complex relationship with Pakistan and its own
internal challenges.
Implications for Central Asia:
Central Asian republics, rich in energy resources and strategically located, stand to benefit from
CPEC as it provides them with a direct route to global markets. However, their increased
engagement with CPEC could also mean deeper entanglement in the geopolitical intricacies of
the region, with implications for their own sovereignty and autonomy in decision-making.
The U.S. and Western Interests:
The West, particularly the U.S., views China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with a degree of
scepticism, seeing it as a tool for Beijing's global ambitions. CPEC, being a flagship project of
BRI, inevitably falls under this scrutiny. The corridor's success or failure could influence U.S.
 The CPEC-Sovereignty Dilemma Between Prosperity aand Autonomy:
An Exploratory Study 447

policies in the region, especially in its strategic engagements with India and its approach
towards Pakistan (Afridi, 2020; Abdelrehim Hammad, A.A., Khan, A., & Soomro, N.E. 2021).
Maritime Dynamics in the Arabian Sea:
The Gwadar port, a centerpiece of CPEC, is strategically located near the Strait of Hormuz, a
critical chokepoint for global oil trade. The operationalisation of Gwadar and its potential use
by Chinese naval assets could shift maritime dynamics, impacting not just regional players like
Iran and the Gulf states but also extra-regional powers with interests in the Arabian Sea.
Broader Impacts on South Asian Stability:
CPEC has the potential to either be a catalyst for regional cooperation or a flashpoint for
tensions. The project's influence on state sovereignty, especially of Pakistan, could either
stabilise or destabilise the fragile balance of power in South Asia, with cascading effects on
regional peace and security.
The regional geopolitical implications of CPEC are profound and far-reaching. The corridor is
not just an economic project; it is a geopolitical lever that can recalibrate regional dynamics.
As states navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by CPEC, the concepts of
sovereignty, autonomy, and regional cooperation will be tested, reshaped, and redefined in the
crucible of South Asian geopolitics.
Case Study: The Gwadar Port:
Situated on the southwestern coast of Pakistan, the Gwadar port is often hailed as the crown
jewel of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Its strategic location, combined with
its economic potential, places it at the heart of discussions surrounding state sovereignty in the
context of CPEC. This case study delves into the nuances of the Gwadar port, analysing its
implications for Pakistan's sovereignty and its broader geopolitical significance.
Historical Overview and Development:
Originally a small fishing village, Gwadar's potential as a deep-water port was first identified
in the 1950s. Acquired from Oman in 1958, Pakistan's ambitions to develop Gwadar gained
traction in the early 2000s, culminating in its centerpiece status within CPEC. Understanding
this trajectory is vital to appreciate the significance of the port in Pakistan's strategic calculus.
Strategic Significance for China:
For China, Gwadar offers a direct maritime route to the Arabian Sea, bypassing the Malacca
Strait—a critical chokepoint. This not only shortens trade routes but also provides China with
a strategic foothold in a region of immense geopolitical importance (Khan, 2022).
 PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic and Social Sciences)
Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 448

Economic Potential and Challenges:

While Gwadar promises to transform Pakistan's economic landscape by becoming a bustling
trade hub, it also poses challenges. Issues such as water scarcity, lack of a skilled workforce,
and infrastructural bottlenecks could impede its full potential. How Pakistan navigates these
challenges will influence its economic sovereignty and autonomy (Kahn, A., & Wu, X. 2020).
Security Implications:
Given its significance, the security of Gwadar is paramount. The potential for an increased
Chinese military presence, either to secure its investments or protect the port, raises concerns
about Pakistan's territorial sovereignty. Moreover, local insurgencies and external threats
compound the security challenges.
Impacts on Local Communities:
The development of Gwadar has direct implications for local communities. While the port
promises employment and development, there are concerns about land acquisition,
displacement, and the dilution of local culture. The balance between national development and
the rights of local communities is a litmus test for state sovereignty.
Legal and Ownership Dynamics:
The terms of agreements related to the development and operation of Gwadar are crucial in the
discourse on sovereignty. Who controls the port? What are the terms of the lease? How are
revenues shared? These questions, often shrouded in opacity, have direct implications for
Pakistan's sovereignty.
Broader Geopolitical Ramifications:
Gwadar's emergence as a major port has broader regional implications. Its potential
competition with nearby ports, such as Chabahar in Iran, and its role in the maritime dynamics
of the Arabian Sea, especially vis-à-vis India, are aspects that extend beyond Pakistan's
sovereignty concerns. The Gwadar port, while emblematic of the promise and potential of
CPEC, encapsulates the complex interplay between development, sovereignty, and geopolitics.
Its evolution and trajectory will not only shape Pakistan's future but will also influence the
broader geopolitical dynamics of the region. Understanding Gwadar is pivotal to any discourse
on CPEC and state sovereignty(Patel & Zhang, 2019).
Socio-Cultural Impacts of CPEC:
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) transcends the realms of economics and
geopolitics, delving deep into the socio-cultural fabric of the regions it touches. As
infrastructure grows and people move, cultural landscapes shift, and societies adapt. This
 The CPEC-Sovereignty Dilemma Between Prosperity aand Autonomy:
An Exploratory Study 449

section aims to explore the multifaceted socio-cultural impacts of CPEC, revealing how this
mega-project is shaping identities, traditions, and social structures.
Cultural Exchange and Influence:
The intertwining of China and Pakistan through CPEC facilitates a vibrant exchange of cultural
elements. From cuisine to art, festivals to films, both nations are experiencing a melding of
traditions and values. While this promotes mutual understanding and appreciation, there's also
a potential for cultural dilution or dominance.
Impact on Indigenous Communities:
Regions traversed by CPEC, especially in Baluchistan and Gilgit-Baltistan, are home to
indigenous communities with unique cultures. As infrastructure development accelerates, these
communities face challenges from land acquisition, displacement, and cultural erosion.
Balancing development with the preservation of indigenous identities is a pressing concern.
Language and Education:
With increased Chinese investments and the influx of Chinese nationals, there's a burgeoning
interest in learning Mandarin in Pakistan. This linguistic shift has implications for education
systems, job markets, and cultural interactions. Conversely, there's also an opportunity for the
promotion of Urdu and regional languages in China.
Urbanisation and Social Dynamics:
CPEC's development projects, especially around Gwadar and other nodes, are spurring rapid
urbanisation. As rural populations migrate to urban centers seeking opportunities, this results
in shifts in social dynamics, challenges in urban planning, and potential strains on societal
structures.
Gender Perspectives:
The socio-economic transformations propelled by CPEC have gendered dimensions. Women's
roles in society, their access to the emerging job market, and their representation in decision-
making processes related to CPEC are areas warranting attention.
Religious and Ethical Implications:
China and Pakistan, while both diverse, have different dominant religious landscapes—
Buddhism and Confucianism in China and Islam in Pakistan. CPEC's cultural exchange might
lead to increased interfaith dialogue, but it also poses challenges regarding ethical business
practices, respect for religious traditions, and potential cultural insensitivities.
 PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic and Social Sciences)
Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 450

Media and Popular Culture:

CPEC, given its scale and significance, features prominently in media narratives in both
countries. The portrayal of CPEC in films, television, news, and social media influences public
perception and shapes the socio-cultural discourse around the project. The socio-cultural
ramifications of CPEC are as profound as their economic and geopolitical ones. The corridor,
while a symbol of shared ambitions and cooperation, also stands as a testament to the resilience
and adaptability of cultures and societies. As CPEC progresses, its socio-cultural footprint will
undoubtedly grow, raising pertinent questions about identity, tradition, and the fabric of society
in a rapidly changing world(Bashir & Liu, 2022).
Environmental Considerations:
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), while poised to transform the economic
landscape of the region, brings with it substantial environmental considerations. In an era where
sustainable development is not just a buzzword but an imperative, the environmental impacts
of mega-infrastructure projects like CPEC cannot be overlooked. This section delves into the
environmental facets of CPEC, examining both its potential consequences and the measures in
place to mitigate them (Khan, A., & Ximei, W. 2022).
Ecological Impact:
CPEC's vast infrastructure projects, spanning highways, railways, and energy plants, have
direct implications for the local ecology. Land acquisition and construction can disrupt habitats,
leading to potential loss of biodiversity and alteration of ecosystems, especially in ecologically
sensitive areas like Gilgit-Baltistan.
Carbon Footprint and Climate Change:
Given the significant focus on coal-powered projects within CPEC, there are concerns about
carbon emissions and their contribution to global climate change. While these projects promise
energy security for Pakistan, their long-term environmental costs must be weighed.
Water Resources and Management:
The development around the Gwadar port and other parts of Baluchistan raises concerns about
water scarcity. The influx of workers and the establishment of new industries demand
significant water resources in an already water-stressed region. Efficient water management
and the development of sustainable water sources are paramount.
 The CPEC-Sovereignty Dilemma Between Prosperity aand Autonomy:
An Exploratory Study 451

Land Degradation:
Large-scale construction activities, especially road networks through mountainous regions, can
lead to land degradation, soil erosion, and increased landslide vulnerability. Ensuring that
construction adheres to environmental best practices is crucial to prevent long-term damage.
Waste Management:
The urbanisation and industrialisation spurred by CPEC will inevitably lead to increased waste
generation. Effective waste management systems, both for industrial and domestic waste, are
essential to prevent pollution and ensure environmental sustainability.
Environmental Regulations and Oversight:
How are CPEC projects adhering to environmental regulations? Is there a robust framework
for environmental impact assessments, and how transparent are these processes? The role of
regulatory bodies in ensuring that CPEC projects align with environmental standards is a
critical area of focus.
Conservation Initiatives:
Despite the potential environmental challenges posed by CPEC, there are also opportunities
for conservation. Initiatives like afforestation, establishment of conservation parks, and
protection of endangered species can be integrated into the broader CPEC framework, ensuring
that development does not come at the expense of the environment. The environmental
considerations of CPEC underscore the delicate balance between development and
conservation. As the corridor progresses, its environmental legacy will be shaped by today's
decisions. The challenge lies in ensuring that CPEC not only stands as a beacon of economic
cooperation but also as a testament to sustainable and environmentally responsible
development (Noman & Yang, 2021).
Technological and Digital Sovereignty:
In an era defined by rapid technological advancements and the ubiquitous nature of digital
networks, the implications of projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
extend beyond brick and mortar. The digital components of CPEC, encompassing everything
from communication networks to data exchanges, are reshaping the discourse on sovereignty
in the 21st century. This section ventures into the nexus between CPEC and the evolving
concepts of technological and digital sovereignty (Khan, A., & Wu, X. 2021).
 PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic and Social Sciences)
Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 452

Digital Infrastructure Development:

A significant component of CPEC revolves around developing digital infrastructure, including
fibre optic cables, telecommunication networks, and smart city projects. While these
advancements promise to catapult Pakistan into the digital age, they also come with concerns
about control, access, and dependency on foreign technology.
Data Sovereignty and Privacy:
With enhanced digital connectivity comes the generation and exchange of vast amounts of data.
Where is this data stored? Who has access to it? The questions of data sovereignty, especially
in projects closely tied to foreign entities, are paramount. Issues of data privacy, surveillance,
and potential misuse are intertwined with the very fabric of digital sovereignty.
Technological Dependence:
Relying heavily on Chinese technology, from telecom equipment to software solutions, raises
questions about Pakistan's technological independence. The concerns range from potential
vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure to the broader implications of technological reliance on
a single foreign power (Khan, A., Jillani, M. A. H. S., Abdelrehim Hammad, A. A., & Soomro,
N. E. H. 2021).
Cybersecurity Concerns:
With increased digital integration, cybersecurity becomes a central concern. Protecting critical
infrastructure, government networks, and sensitive data from cyber threats is crucial for
maintaining digital sovereignty. Collaborations on cybersecurity while enhancing defences
also raise questions about access and control (Soomro, N. E., Butt, M. J., & Khan, A. 2021).
Digital Trade and E-commerce:
CPEC's digital components are poised to boost e-commerce and digital trade between China
and Pakistan. While this promises economic dividends, it also introduces concerns about digital
trade regulations, data flows, and the sovereignty implications of cross-border digital
transactions.
Role of Multinational Tech Corporations:
The involvement of multinational technology corporations, especially Chinese tech giants, in
CPEC's digital projects poses its own set of challenges. These corporations, often with global
ambitions and influence, can impact local digital landscapes, potentially challenging the state's
traditional notions of sovereignty.
 The CPEC-Sovereignty Dilemma Between Prosperity aand Autonomy:
An Exploratory Study 453

Policy Framework and Regulations:

To navigate the complex terrain of digital sovereignty, robust policy frameworks are essential.
How is Pakistan shaping its policies related to digital infrastructure, data protection,
cybersecurity, and technological collaborations under CPEC? The effectiveness and
transparency of these policies will play a pivotal role in safeguarding digital sovereignty. The
technological and digital facets of CPEC introduce a new dimension to the discourse on state
sovereignty. As the lines between the physical and digital blur, the challenges and opportunities
presented by CPEC serve as a microcosm of the broader global challenges of maintaining
sovereignty in the digital age. Ensuring that technological advancements bolster state
sovereignty rather than erode it will be a defining challenge for Pakistan in the CPEC era.
Future Projections:
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) stands at a critical juncture, with its initial
phases taking shape and its long-term implications starting to become evident. As with any
transformative initiative, the future of CPEC is fraught with both opportunities and challenges.
This section aims to project into the future, exploring potential trajectories, evolutions, and the
broader ramifications of CPEC on state sovereignty and regional dynamics.
Expansion of the Corridor:
As CPEC matures, there's potential for its expansion beyond the current projects. New trade
routes, industrial zones, and energy projects might be conceptualised, increasing the corridor's
scope and depth of influence.
Integration with Other BRI Projects:
CPEC might not remain isolated but could integrate more seamlessly with other Belt and Road
Initiative (BRI) projects. This interconnectivity could reshape trade and economic dynamics
across Asia and beyond.
Socio-Economic Transformations:
The full socio-economic impact of CPEC will unfold in the coming decades. Pakistan could
witness significant urbanisation, industrialisation, and technological advancements, altering its
socio-economic landscape.
Evolving Geopolitical Dynamics:
CPEC's long-term success could shift regional power balances. Pakistan's strategic importance
might increase, and its alliances and relationships, especially with major powers like the U.S.
and Russia, could undergo transformations.
 PAKISTAN ISLAMICUS (An International Journal of Islamic and Social Sciences)
Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 454

Addressing Sovereignty Concerns:

As CPEC evolves, Pakistan might renegotiate certain terms, bolster its policy frameworks, or
seek more balanced partnerships to address and mitigate sovereignty concerns that arise.
Technological Innovations:
Future phases of CPEC could focus on cutting-edge technologies, from 5G networks to
artificial intelligence-driven projects. This technological pivot could redefine CPEC's role in
the region.
Environmental Sustainability:
Given global trends towards sustainability, CPEC might witness a green transformation, with
increased emphasis on renewable energy projects, sustainable urban planning, and eco-friendly
infrastructure.
Response to Global Economic Shifts:
Global economic dynamics, such as recessions, trade wars, or shifts in global supply chains,
will influence CPEC's trajectory. The corridor might need to adapt and recalibrate based on
these global economic trends.
Cultural and Educational Exchanges:
Beyond infrastructure, the future might see a deeper cultural and educational exchange between
China and Pakistan, fostering mutual understanding and strengthening the socio-cultural ties
between the two nations.
Potential Challenges:
While the future holds promise, challenges such as local insurgencies, global economic
downturns, natural disasters, or geopolitical tensions could impede CPEC's progress. How both
nations navigate these challenges will shape CPEC's legacy. The future of CPEC is a mosaic
of opportunities and challenges. While its foundation has been laid, the edifice that rises will
be shaped by myriad factors, from global economic trends to local socio-political dynamics.
CPEC's journey, as it unfolds, will not only determine the fate of China-Pakistan relations but
will also have profound implications for state sovereignty, regional geopolitics, and the global
economic order.
Policy Recommendations:
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) presents a transformative opportunity for both
nations. Yet, to ensure that this initiative maximises benefits while addressing inherent
challenges, particularly concerns related to state sovereignty, it is imperative to adopt informed
 The CPEC-Sovereignty Dilemma Between Prosperity aand Autonomy:
An Exploratory Study 455

and proactive policies. The following recommendations aim to provide a framework to enhance
the effectiveness, sustainability, and mutual benefits of CPEC.
Strengthening Sovereignty Safeguards:
For the successful implementation and long-term viability of the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), it is essential to prioritise contractual clarity, ensuring that all related
agreements are transparent and have unambiguous terms that safeguard Pakistan's interests and
sovereignty. Alongside, it's pivotal that Pakistan retains primary ownership of strategic assets,
steering clear of extended lease agreements that could potentially jeopardise its control and
authority over these assets
Enhancing Regional Cooperation:
Within the scope of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), it's vital to integrate green
initiatives, including the adoption of renewable energy projects and the promotion of eco-
friendly infrastructure. Complementing this, rigorous Environmental Impact Assessments
(EIAs) should be mandated for all undertakings, incorporating structured mechanisms for
public input and oversight to ensure sustainable and responsible development.
Prioritising Environmental Sustainability:
Within the scope of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), it's vital to integrate green
initiatives, including the adoption of renewable energy projects and the promotion of eco-
friendly infrastructure. Complementing this, rigorous Environmental Impact Assessments
(EIAs) should be mandated for all undertakings, incorporating structured mechanisms for
public input and oversight to ensure sustainable and responsible development.
Technological and Digital Frameworks:
In the evolving landscape of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), it's paramount to
implement robust cybersecurity protocols, ensuring the safeguarding of critical infrastructure
and sensitive data. Alongside this, emphasising digital sovereignty through the development of
indigenous technological solutions and platforms is crucial to minimise dependency and bolster
self-reliance in the digital domain.
Socio-Cultural Integration:
To deepen the bonds between China and Pakistan within the framework of the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC), it's essential to promote cultural exchange programs,
encompassing student exchanges, cultural festivals, and joint media endeavours, fostering a
mutual understanding between the two nations. Parallelly, special attention must be given to
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Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 456

protecting the rights of indigenous communities, especially in regions directly affected by

CPEC, ensuring their traditions and rights remain uncompromised.
Economic and Financial Prudence:
Effective management of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) necessitates diligent
monitoring of debt levels and astute negotiations to secure favourable terms, mitigating the
risks of potential debt traps. Simultaneously, while recognising the centrality of Chinese
investments, it's imperative to pursue diversified investments from various global partners,
ensuring an economic equilibrium and reducing over-reliance on a single source.
Transparent Governance:
For the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) to achieve its desired outcomes and
maintain public trust, it is crucial to establish robust accountability mechanisms that provide
oversight for all associated projects. Concurrently, fostering public participation in the
decision-making processes related to CPEC is essential, ensuring that decisions are informed
by local perspectives and that the broader community's concerns and aspirations are addressed.
Security and Stability:
To effectively address potential security challenges related to the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), it is crucial to work in tandem with China to establish a collaborative security
framework. This cooperative approach should not only address potential threats but also respect
territorial integrity. Furthermore, the inclusion of local communities as pivotal stakeholders in
this security framework is essential, especially in regions of heightened sensitivity, to ensure
holistic security measures and foster local trust.
Capacity Building:
To optimise the benefits derived from the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), it is
imperative to prioritise skill development by investing in training programs that prepare the
Pakistani workforce for the multifaceted demands of CPEC projects. Simultaneously,
strengthening the institutional framework is essential to bolster the entities responsible for
CPEC's planning, implementation, and oversight, ensuring efficiency and sustainable growth.
Diplomatic Outreach:
Engage in diplomatic outreach to address global perceptions about CPEC, emphasising its
economic and development goals. While CPEC holds the promise of unprecedented growth
and development, its success lies in informed policy-making. Adopting these recommendations
can help navigate the complex terrain of state sovereignty, regional dynamics, and global
 The CPEC-Sovereignty Dilemma Between Prosperity aand Autonomy:
An Exploratory Study 457

geopolitics, ensuring that CPEC stands as a beacon of collaboration, sustainable development,

and shared prosperity.
Top of Form Public Perception and Civil Society:
The narrative surrounding the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) extends beyond
official discourses and is deeply rooted in public perception and civil society's involvement.
These elements offer insights into CPEC's societal acceptance and challenges.
Different segments of the Pakistani populace have varied perceptions of CPEC. While urban
centers may view it positively, sentiments might differ in rural areas or regions directly affected
by the projects. Media representations further shape these perceptions, influencing national
discourse.
Civil society organisations, including NGOs, have highlighted potential challenges and
advocated for inclusive development. Environmental concerns, particularly about CPEC's
ecological impact, have also been emphasised by activists.
Economic outcomes, particularly job creation and infrastructure improvements, play a critical
role in public sentiment. Disparities between expectations and reality can influence public
opinion. Regional variances in perception, especially in areas like Baluchistan and Gilgit-
Baltistan, highlight the need for balanced development.
Engagement platforms where the public can interact with policymakers are essential for
transparency and trust. Feedback integration ensures that CPEC aligns with broader societal
aspirations, which is crucial for its long-term success and integration.
Conclusion
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) stands at the crossroads of economic
aspirations and the intricate web of state sovereignty, painting a complex tapestry of
opportunities, challenges, and geopolitical recalibrations. As this research has elucidated,
CPEC is not merely an infrastructural endeavour; it is a manifestation of the changing contours
of state sovereignty in an age of global interdependencies.
Pakistan, poised to reap substantial economic benefits, grapples with the simultaneous
challenges of maintaining its autonomy and decision-making prowess. The questions
surrounding economic dependence, military and security dynamics, infrastructure control, and
the potential pitfalls of debt diplomacy serve as a testament to the multifaceted nature of
sovereignty implications embedded within CPEC.
Beyond the bilateral realm, the regional geopolitical landscape is also in flux, influenced by
CPEC's sprawling footprint. From India's territorial concerns to the strategic calculations of
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Vol 03, Issue 02 (July-December 2023 458

Central Asia and the United States, CPEC has reshaped the geopolitical chessboard of South
Asia.
The case study of the Gwadar port encapsulates the microcosm of CPEC's broader implications.
As a focal point of the project, Gwadar's development trajectory, its challenges, and its potential
ramifications underscore the delicate balance nations must strike between development and
sovereignty.
In summation, CPEC serves as a lens through which the evolving concept of state sovereignty
can be understood and analysed. As nations increasingly intertwine in a globalised world,
mega-infrastructure projects like CPEC will continue to challenge, redefine, and reshape the
traditional tenets of state sovereignty. The lessons gleaned from CPEC's unfolding story will
undoubtedly inform and guide future endeavours in similar geopolitical contexts. The corridor,
while emblematic of the promise of shared prosperity, also serves as a reminder of the
intricacies and nuances that define the relationship between economic development and state
sovereignty in the 21st century.
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