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///VSP///
Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1995
VSP BV
P.O. Box 346
3700 AH Zeist
The Netherlands
© VSP BV 1995
ISBN 90-6764-187-1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-
ing, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
Computerized
Falaleev M . V .
Asymptotic expansions of continuous solutions of system of Volterra integral
equations of the first kind 155
Fokin M . V . , Skazka V . V .
On new methods for determining static time corrections from phase
velocities of surface waves 158
Fuchs G . , M i u r a Y . , M o r i M .
Soft A'-ray tomography on Tokamaks using flux coordinates 165
Goldin V.A.
Ray reflection tomography: review and comments 169
Golov V.I.
Tomographic methods for information processing in seismilogy. Nonlinear
version 188
G r y a z i n a G . Y u . , K a b a n i k h i n S.I.
Penalty method with internal prox-regularization for an inverse source problem. . . . 194
G u l l b e r g G . T . , Z e n g G.L., Clack R .
Inverse problems in single photon emission computed tomography 201
H a t t o r i K . , Y a m a g u c h i M . , I w a m a N . , Hayakawa M .
Application of GCV-aided Phillips-Tikhonov regularization to direction finding
of magnetospheric V L F / E L F radio waves 218
Isanov R . S h .
A problem of emission tomography for a domain of small diameter 229
Isanov R . S h . , Y a k h n o V . G .
Direct and inverse problems of thermoelasticity 232
I w a m a N . , Y o s i d a H . , T a k i m o t o H . , Teranishi M .
GCV-Aided regularizations in sparse-data computed tomography with
an application to plasma imaging 235
Izen S . H .
Frames on the range of the Radon transform 240
K a b a n i k h i n S.I., B a k a n o v G . B .
On the stability estimation of finite-difference and differential-difference
analogues of a two-dimensional integral geometry problem 246
K a n e k o A . , Takiguchi T.
Hyperfunctions and Radon transform 259
Kazantsev I.G.
Inversion of some projection matrices 264
K a z a r o v a A . Y u . , L y u b a v i n L.Ya., N e c h a e v A . G .
Interference tomography of the ocean bottom 270
K e r g a k o v B . V . , Fokin V . N . , Fokina M . S .
Determination of sea bottom characteristics using acoustic field spatial
dependence 274
iii
Klimenko O.A.
A n a l g o r i t h m for solving a p r o b l e m in e l a s t o - e l e c t r o d y n a m i c s 283
K u l a k o v I.Yu., K e s e l m a n S.I.
T h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l s t r u c t u r e of l a t e r a l h e t e r o g e n e i t i e s in p-velocities in t h e u p p e r
m a n t l e of t h e s o u t h e r n m a r g i n of S i b e r i a f r o m teleseismic d a t a 288
M e r a z h o v I.Z., Y a k h n o V . G .
Direct a n d inverse p r o b l e m s for s y s t e m of e l e c t r o m a g n e t o - e l a s t i c i t y e q u a t i o n s 332
N a t t e r e r F.
S a m p l i n g a n d r e s o l u t i o n in C T 343
Schwab A.A.
S o m e p r o b l e m s of c o m p u t e r i z e d t o m o g r a p h y in t h e s t a t i c p o t e n t i a l s fields 355
T a n a b e S.
O n a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r m u l a for ray t r a n s f o r m a f t e r d i s c r e t e i n c o m p l e t e d a t a
given on a line 363
Tushko T.A.
C o n s t r a c t i o n of a velocity m o d e l f r o m seismological d a t a 373
Voronin A.F.
Solution of c o n v o l u t i o n i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n s of t h e first k i n d on a s e g m e n t 377
This volume contains the Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Com-
puterized Tomography (CT-93) which was held in Novosibirsk (Russia) on 10-14 August,
1993. The CT-93 was managed and sponsored by
The Ct-93 was held under protection and in cooperation with the following associations:
A great interest to theoretical and numerical analysis of tomography problems and their
applications leads to sufficiently large amount of participants from Australia, Belorussia,
Canada, Estonia, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Russia,
The Netherlands, Ukraina, USA, Uzbekistan. The symposium had three plenary sessions
concerned with
Some lectures and talks presented to the CT-93 are included to this book. Regretfully
not all plenary lecturers prepared their lectures for publication and some limitations did
not allow all authors of communications to take part in this volume.
The Editorial Board refrained from changing the authors' terminology due to the wide
range of computerized tomography applications.
V
Acknowledgement
We wish to acknowledge with thanks all contributors and participants, who made the
CT-93 a success.
It is our pleasure to express our gratitude to the group at Institute of Mathematics
that has prepared these proceedings for publication. Of those people whose contribution
to this work was of particular importance we would like to mention T . V . Bugueva,
I. G. Kabanikhina, S. V . Martakov, D. V. Nechaev.
Professor S. I. Kabanikhin,
Editor.
Image Reconstruction of Celestial Objects from
a Few Strip-Integrated Projections by Lunar
Occultations
ABSTRACT
In this paper we consider the technique of image reconstruction based on iterative algorithms and
perform a numerical analysis of the solution convergence. We represent the results of numerical
experiments.
The brightness images of celestial objects are very important for studying physical pro-
cesses in astrophysics. In certain cases, usually for low frequencies, the angular resolution
of up-to-date radiotelescopes is not enough to get sufficiently accurate images. Neverthe-
less, observations of the objects in their Lunar occultations allow us to obtain integral
brightness profiles with a high angular resolution. One-dimensional (1 — D) projections
of several occultations may be used for the 2 — D image reconstruction. The Lunar limb
is approximated by a plane screen moving at different position angles.
A similar problem of image reconstruction arises in observing radiosources with the
knife diagram. The stretched beam of the plane reflector of RATAN-600 radiotelescope
can change its position in a limited range of position angles. The irregular distribution
of position angles such that a sector of about 100 degrees is not filled is typical both for
the case of Lunar occultations of radiosources and for the observations by the knife-beam
radiotelescopes.
We present here:
1. the technique of image reconstruction from a limited number of projections using
iterative algorithms with nonlinear constrains (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya, 1989,
1990);
2. the results of numerical experiments using the known iterative algorithms such as the
standard CLEAN (Hogbom, 1974) and the Trim Contour CLEAN (TC-CLEAN)
(Steer et al., 1984); the study of the solution convergence by minimizing the error of
initial and control profiles with variations of the loop gain (g) and the trim contour
level (TC);
is stable and prevents from image defects in the case of extended areas. The TC-CLEAN
gains an advantage in computational time. The reconstruction of a complicated object is
performed by the TC-CLEAN in 13-18 iterations but needs 400-600 iterations using the
standard CLEAN. Moreover, the parameters are chosen more easily in the TC-CLEAN
algorithm.
The minimum error of initial and control one-dimensional profiles for stable solutions
(in the CLEAN case it needs sometimes additional efforts (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya,
1989)) may be approximately the same for both of the algorithms. Then we prefer the
result reflecting the physical peculiarities of the object to a great extend or assume the
existence of the class of probable solutions ranged from "obtuse" (TC-CLEAN) to "sharp"
(CLEAN) variants. As is known, the CLEAN summarizes peaks in the solution, which
explains the result trend towards the sharpest variant (as far as it is possible for the fixed
constraints). The TC-CLEAN, on the contrary, accumulates the result by involving the
whole areas into the domain of the given constraints and beginning, as a rule, with the
most extended components. It is natural that in this case a more smoothed solution
should be expected.
Thus, the two methods are proposed to study the solution existence in complicated
cases and, in particular, for insufficient preliminary information. For simple objects,
the domain of the solution uncertainty narrows. The results obtained by both of the
algorithms coincide.
In the paper by Agafonov and Podvoiskaya (1990), the examples of typical different
structures are considered. The trivial object consisting of peaks may be successfully
restored by the standard CLEAN. The results obtained by the two methods practically
coincide for the simple object consisting of independent components of finite dimensions.
But the TC-CLEAN is more effective. A difference of the results is observed when
considering a more complicated object having strong components on an extended area.
The image reconstructed by the standard CLEAN has a grooved structure on extended
areas. For smoothed 1 — D profiles with small hillocks it was possible to get a solution
both from isolated, contrasting components (the CLEAN under stability conditions) and
from more smoothed components (the TC-CLEAN). Since the errors of initial and control
profiles had the same value, the preference was not given to one of these variants. The
standard CLEAN increased the contrast of small components, but the quality of the
extended background deteriorated considerably because of grooves. Thus, the pair of
solutions obtained in the complicated case by the two methods allows us to estimate
the range of possible change of the structure. As a result, the conclusions about the
components may be drawn. At the same time, the availability of preliminary information
on the object may indicate the solution in accordance to the physical peculiarities of the
object.
The questions as how to improve the reconstruction quality from a limited number of
projections are of great importance both in radioastronomy and tomography (Vishnyakov
et al., 1985). We hope that the presented technique based on the two above algorithms
will be useful for researchers.
Images Reconstruction
A detailed study of the Crab Nebula structure on the frequencies less than 1 GHz is
of great interest since good synthesis telescope maps are absent. The brightness profiles
of the Lunar occultations were obtained by means of the radiotelescope RT-70 (West
4 M. I. Agafonov and K. S. Stankevich
Crimea). Two images with a high angular resolution in this range were obtained on the
basis of these observations.
Maloney and Gottesman (1979) succeeded in restoring the Crab Nebula image on a
frequency of 114 MHz from four projections by the standard algorithm CLEAN. The
reconstruction of the structure on a frequency of 750 MHz with the angular resolution
of 20 x 35 arcsec was also made using the standard CLEAN in Agafonov et al. (1986).
It should be noted that the Nebula diameter is equal to about 6 arcmin. The images
presented in Maloney and Gottesman (1979) and Agafonov et al. (1986) have some defects
on extended areas which are typical for the standard CLEAN.
The results of numerical experiments (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya, 1989, 1990) which
have been briefly described above clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the T C - C L E A N
(Steer et al., 1984) as compared with the CLEAN. Using the T C - C L E A N yields high-
quality images of extended areas which are typical for the Nebula. Images on frequencies
of 178 and 750 MHz were reconstructed with the angular resolutions of 20 x 35 and
45 x 65 arcsec, respectively (Agafonov et al., 1984). Four profiles obtained in the Lunar
occultations of 1982 and 1983 years were used on every frequency. The numerical experi-
ments using the well-known image of the Nebula on a frequency of 1,4 GHz (Agafonov and
Podvoiskaya, 1989) allowed us to estimate beforehand possibilities of the object structure
restoration by a low UV-plane filling. The earlier restoration (Agafonov et al., 1986) by
the standard CLEAN sharpened the contrast of small components. This was useful for
establishing the correlation with the position of filaments in optics. However, the numeri-
cal experiments (Agafonov and Podvoiskaya, 1989, 1990) showed that the image obtained
by the T C - C L E A N reflect the physical features of the Nebula to a large extend.
The described technique may be used for the image reconstruction from the Lunar
occultations profiles and may be adapted for observations by the radiotelescope RATAN-
600 and for solution of tomographic problems.
REFERENCES
Agafonov M. I., Aslanyan A. M., Gulyan A. G., Ivanov V. P., et al.(1986), Pis'ma v
Astronom. zhurnal, vol. 12, 275.
Agafonov M. I., Ivanov V. P., Podvoiskaya 0 . A. (1984), Astronomicheskil zhurnal,
vol. 137, 159.
Agafonov M. I., Podvoiskaya 0 . A. (1989), Izvestiya Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Radiofizika,
vol. 32, 742.
Agafonov M. I., Podvoiskaya 0 . A. (1990), Izvestiya Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Radiofizika,
vol. 33, 1185.
Bracewell R. N., Riddle A. C. (1967), Astrophys. J., vol. 150, 427.
Cornwell T. J. (1988), Astron. Astrophys., vol. 202, 316.
Hogbom J. A. (1964), Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser., vol. 15, 417.
Maloney F. P., Gottesman S. T. (1979), Astrophys. J., vol. 234, 485.
Steer D. G, Dewdney P. E, Ito M. R. (1984), Astron. Astrophys., vol. 137, 159.
Vasilenko G. I., Taratorin A. M. (1986), Image Restoration, "Radio i svyaz", Moscow,
(in Russian)
Vishnyakov G. N., Gil'man G. A., Levin G. G. (1985), Opt. Spectroscopy, vol. 58, 406.
Image Reconstruction of Celestial Objects 5
FIGURE 1. The example of numerical modeling: a) TEST OBJECT (Crab Nebula map 1 . 4 GHz,
VLA); b) DIRTY MAP; c) standard CLEAN reconstruction; d) TC-CLEAN reconstruction
(TC-0.79, g-0.26, 16 iterations).
-2* O' 2'
b)
F I G U R E 2. The obtained results of the Crab Nebula reconstruction on a frequency of 750 MHz
from four profiles of Lunar occultations: a) CLEAN and optic image; b) TC-CLEAN.
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