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THE BEGINNINGS OF
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
THE BEGINNINGS OF
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH

by
HANS LIETZMANN

Translated by
BERTRAM LEE WOOLF

L U T T E R W O R T H PRESS
LONDON
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
First published in 1937
Translated and revised throughout and reset 1949

Printed in Great Britain by


The Camelot Press Ltd., London and Southampton
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

H ANS LIETZMANN WAS BORN IN DUSSELDORF IN 1875,


spent the formative years of his youth at Luther's town
o f Wittenberg. T h e father having died before the boy was ten
BUT

years old, the family was very poor. O n l y the heroic self-
sacrificing ambition of his mother made it possible for the boy
t o remain at school, even when helped by a scholarship. Here
his interests were mainly concentrated on the classics, in which
h e showed great ability, but his eager mind was almost equally
attracted to the physical sciences. Indeed, practical astronomy
w a s one of his most cherished relaxations.
After studying a short time at the University of Jena, he
transferred to Bonn and made classical philology and ancient
history his main interests. In 1896 he published a prize essay
on the term "Son of M a n " , in which the young scholar tried
t o show that its technical sense was due not to Jesus Himself,
b u t to its strangeness when translated into Greek. Needless to
say, discussion of the matter still proceeds.
After some experience as an assistant schoolmaster, in 1900
h e became Lecturer in Church History in the University of
Bonn. During this period, he conceived the plan of the Kleine
Texte now known throughout the world as reliable critical
editions of important, and often otherwise inaccessible, source-
material. In 1905, he became Assistant Professor of Church
History in Jena, and about the same time issued the first
volumes of the Handbuch zum Neuen Testament, a commentary
which, in continually renewed editions, represents the finest
scholarship of our day. Here Professor Lietzmann is himself
responsible for the major Pauline Epistles, which he has dealt
with in masterly fashion.
In 1908, he was raised to the rank of full professor, and, in
lecturing on Church History, made it his ideal to show with
what good reason history has followed its course, and to main-
tain that we should use the present as a preparation for the
future, and that a Christian should view everything sub specie
aternitatis. Meanwhile, his interests in paleography deepened,
and resulted in many volumes of the greatest value to both
6 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

young students and ripe scholars. His publications in this field


are based on numerous first-hand researches in the Mediter-
ranean lands, and these researches have brought forth some of
their ripest fruit in his writings on the liturgies, the history of
the sacraments, textual criticism and many other studies.
Particularly important are his monographs on Peter and Paul
in Rome, and on the Mass as related to the Lord's Supper.
In 1924, Professor Lietzmann succeeded to Harnack's famous
chair in Berlin, an honour which was indeed his due. His
labours became more diverse and important than ever. He
was the editor-in-chief of numerous, learned journals and book-
series, a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and
chairman of the section dealing with the Church Fathers. H e
was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy and of
the Gottingen Science Association.
His death took place in 1943, but no particulars are known
in England, up to the time of going to press. He was then, at
sixty-seven, in the full tide of his vigorous mind, and the
world has lost a scholar without rival to-day in the important
spheres he made his own.
T h e present work on the Beginnings of the Christian Church
is the first volume of a History of the Early Church. It represents the
result of over forty years' first-hand study of the source-material
by an unrivalled master. No scholar since Harnack has written
more largely or more acutely on the historical problems sur-
rounding the first centuries of the Christian era, and it would
be hard to mention one who possessed a profounder religious
insight, or who wrote in a clearer or more brilliant style.
From the beginning of the present century, there has been a
growing need for a first-hand re-examination and a re-interpre-
tation of the evidence available for the earliest and most forma-
tive period of the Christian Church. This period has hitherto
been very obscure. Floods of light have been thrown on it
during the last thirty years by epigraphical and other data,
and Dr. Lietzmann made full use of his unique knowledge of
this material in writing the present work. He tells a fascinating
story in a fascinating w a y and, for all his restraint of judgment,
presents a challenge to students on almost every page.
B. L . W.
TRANSLATOR'S NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION

I SHOULD LIKE TO THANK PROFESSOR LIETZMANN FOR


material he has willingly placed at my disposal in preparing
this volume. He very kindly read and corrected the typescript
THE

in detail until it now accurately represents what he wished to


write. At the same time, he took the opportunity of making
minor corrections in, and additions to, his own text and sup-
plied a Chronological Table. I am also under a deep obligation
to Rev. Sydney Myers, B.A., of Bath, and to my wife, for their
kind help in reading the proofs and preparing the Index. I
hope readers will please bear with me in finding it impossible
to devise any fully consistent system in the use of capitals when
referring to intermediate deities, or in the Anglicized forms of
ancient names.
B. L. W.
T R A N S L A T O R ' S N O T E T O T H E SECOND E D I T I O N

T HE decision to reset the present volume for the Second


Edition afforded me a most welcome opportunity to make
a thorough revision of the text, which now amounts, indeed,
virtually to a new translation. Numerous critics, reviewers,
and other readers, have drawn my attention to desirable
amendments, for all of which suggestions I wish hereby to
express my gratitude.
I am under very special obligations to certain persons in
particular: Mr. Harry Cowlishaw, of Beaconsfield, has placed
his rare sense of English style freely at my disposal; the Rev.
H. Chadwick, M.A., Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge,
has used his extensive knowledge of the original authorities,
cited in the footnotes and discussed in the text, to confirm
numberless references, correct many errors, and draw attention
to editions accessible to English scholars; and the Rev. Gordon
Hewitt, Editor of the Lutterworth Press, has revised the English
readers' Bibliography, and has been unfailing in interest and
courtesy. I wish to express to all of them my profound thanks.
My wife has read the revision in all its stages and every detail;
the thanks due to her cannot be told.
So much skilful, painstaking, and kindly labour having been
given, I hope my friend Hans Lietzmann's greatest work will
be found in its English form, not only invaluable to theological
students, but also a delight to non-technical readers seeking
to know the facts of the early history of the Christian Church.
B. L. W.
BEACONSFIELD.
Easter, IQ4Q.
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 5
TRANSLATOR S NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION 7
TRANSLATOR S NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS . 9
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 15
I. PALESTINE AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE 17
The Roman Conquest, 17. The Hellenistic period,
18. The Hasmonaeans, 20. Antipater, 20. Herod the
Great, 21. The Sons of Herod, 23. The Procurators,
2
3-

2. JUDAISM IN PALESTINE 24
Religion as a cohesive force, 24. Daniel and history,
25. The Kingdom of God, 25. The Messianic hope
in the Psalms of Solomon, 26. The quality of reli-
gion, 29. Chasidim and Pharisees, 29. Sadducees,
32. A m ha-Arez, 33. Essenes, 34. The Books of
Enoch, 36. The peaceable in the land, 38.

3. JOHN THE BAPTIST . . . . . . 39


The popular tradition, 39. Baptism and repentance,
41. Fasting and prayer, 42. The death of John, 43.
The disciples of John, 43.

4. JESUS . . . . . . . . 45

The sources, 45. Methods of research, 46. The begin-


nings, 48. Requirement of complete surrender, 49.
Miracles, 50. The Kingdom of God, 51. The right-
eousness of God, 53. Tax-gatherers and sinners, 54.
The Messiah, 55. The road to death, 56. Disturb-
ance in Jerusalem, 58. The Passion, 60.
10 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
5 . T H E FIRST CHURCH . . . . 6l
The Resurrection of Jesus, 61. The origin of the
first church in Jerusalem, 62. The "poor" and the
"saints", 63. Their Judaism, 63. The breaking of
bread, 63. Baptism, 64. The Lord's Prayer, 65. Fast-
ing and the Sabbath, 65. James the Righteous, 66.
Elders and apostles, 67. Observation of Sunday, 68.
New ordering of the week, 69. The Hellenists, 70.
Stephen, 71. The first persecution, 71. Beginnings
of missionary work, 72. The first church in Jerusa-
lem as leader, 73.

6. THE JEWISH DIASPORA . . . . - 7 5


Poverty of sources, 75. Distribution of the Jews, 76.
The diaspora as a unity, 77. Legal position of Jews
in the diaspora, 78. Their occupations, 79. Mis-
sionary efforts, 80. Propaganda literature, 81.
Proselytes, 83. Anti-Semitism, 84. Insurrections
in Alexandria under Caligula and Claudius, 85.
Syria, 86. The spirit of Judaism in the diaspora: the
Greek language, 87. The Septuagint, 89. Greek as
the language of public worship, 90. The Alexan-
drian School of exegetes, 91. Philo, 92. The epistle
of Aristeas, 97. The Wisdom of Solomon, 99. The
fourth book of Maccabees, 100. Third book of Mac-
cabees, 101. Prayers of the Greek synagogues, 101.

7. PAUL . . . . . . . .104
Parentage and youth, 104. The persecutor of
Christians, 105. Conversion, 105. Damascus and
Jerusalem, 105. First activity as a missionary, 106.
The problem of the ceremonial law, 107. The
"Apostolic Council", 107. The conflict in Antioch,
108. The "Apostolic Decree", 108. Struggle against
the Judaizers, 109. Second and third missionary
journeys, n o . Arrest and trial, i n . His illness, 113.
Preaching and letters, 113. Doctrine of God, 114.
Righteousness of God, 114. Predestination, 117.
TABLE OF CONTENTS II
CH1AP. PAGE
Redemption through Christ, 117. Faith, 118. Flesh
and spirit; Union with Christ, 119. Baptism and
salvation, 120. Life in the spirit as obligation, 122.
Lord's Supper, 124. Enthusiasm, 125. The second
Adam, 126. Law and Judaism, 127.

8. T H E CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY CHURCHES . . - 1 3 1

The earliest missionary churches, 131. Rome, 132.


Egypt, 132. Ranks in the churches, 133. The ques-
tion of slavery, 134. Marriage problems, 135. Pun-
ishments, 137. Civil law, 138. Sacrificial meat, 139.
Sacramental mysticism, 140. Constitution: Charis-
matic offices, 142. Bishops and Deacons, 145.
Women, 146. Order of public worship, 147. Anti-
theses in the church, 151.

(y. T H E ROMAN EMPIRE AND ITS RELIGIOUS LIFE . 154

The Latin genius, 154. Religious restoration by


Augustus, 155. Religious life in the East, 155.
Western Asia Minor, 156. Artemis of Ephesus, 157.
The Mysteries, 159. Sabazios, 161. Isis and Sarapis,
162. Ruler worship, 163. The Goddess Roma, 165.
Emperor worship, 166. Mystery religions, 168.
Moral elements, 172. Epictetus, 172. Poseidonios,
174. The writing "Concerning the World", 176.

HO. T H E F A T E OF JEWISH CHRISTIANITY . . - 1 7 7

Persecutions in Jerusalem, 177. The Jewish War,


178. Barkochba, 181. The Christians in Pella, 181.
The Jewish Christians as heretics, 183. Reports from
the fourth century, 184. The Prophet Elxai, 185.
Survivals in Cyprus, 189.

II. T H E SUB-APOSTOLIC PERIOD . . . . igi

The Neronian persecution, 191. Disturbances in


Corinth, 192. The first epistle of Clement, 192. Doc-
trine of church offices, 193. The Old Testament,
195. Paul, 198. Liturgy, 199. The Christianity of the
12 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
church at Rome, 199. The second epistle of
Clement, 201. The epistle of James, 202. T h e
Didache, 203. Paulinist Christianity: The epistle to
the Hebrews, 206. First epistle of Peter, 211.
"Ephesians", 214. The "Pastoral Epistles", 215. The
epistle of Barnabas, 217. Sub-apostolic Writings,
221

1 2 . JOHN . . . . . . . . 222
The Johannine Corpus, 222. The Gospel: integrity?
222. Miracles, 223. Christ as the Logos, 224. Data
of time and place, 226. Misunderstandings as a
literary device, 226. The disciples of John. The
Jews, 227. Birth from above, 229. Faith and love,
229. Truth, light, and life, 230. The parousia: The
Paraclete, 231. Judgment and resurrection, 232.
The sons of Zebedee and John of Ephesus, 233.
The problem for the history of religion, 233.

13. ignatius . . . . . . . . 236


The collection of epistles, 236. Martyrdom of
Ignatius, 237. Public worship and Lord's Supper,
238. Immortality and longings for a martyr's death,
239. Faith and love, 240. Christology, 241. Father
and Son, 242. Theology of redemption, 243. The
myth of the star, 244. Gnostic opponents, 247.
Clergy and monarchical episcopacy, 247.

14. marcion . . . . . . . . 249


Allegorization of the Old Testament, 249. The
course of Marcion's life, 249. Sources of his teaching,
250. Hostility to the Old Testament, 251. The right-
eous God, 251. Jesus and the Law, 252. The two
Gods, 253. Paul as authority, 254. Falsification of
tradition by the Judaizers, 254. Marcion's redaction
of the gospel, 255, and of the Pauline letters, 255.
The new canon, 256. The "Antitheses": the strange
TABLE OF CONTENTS 13
CHAP. PAGE
god and the creator of the world, 257. Christ, 258.
Descent into hell, 259. Ethics, 260. Distribution of
the Marcionite church, 260. The disciples of
Marcion, 261. Apelles, 262.

15. GNOSTICISM 264


A Persian myth in Dio Chrysostom, 264. Syncre-
tism, 265. Plutarch, 266. The Leyden cosmogony,
267. The Preaching of the Naassenes, 270. Justin's
book of Baruch, 272. Gnosticism and Christianity,
276. Christian systems: Basilides, 279. Isidor, 282.
Valentine, 287. Heracleon, 292. Ptolemy, 292. The
God of Gnosticism, 294.
LITERATURE . . . . . . . 297

A SHORT B I B L I O G R A P H Y FOR ENGLISH READERS . 299

INDEX 3OI
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
40-4 B.C. Herod the Great.
31 B.C.-A.D. 14. Augustus.
A.D. 6/7 Census of Quirinus.
A.D. 14-37. Tiberius.
About A.D. 30. Crucifixion of Jesus.
A.D. 37-41. Caligula.
Agrippa I.
41-44. Philo of Alexandria.
Claudius.
41-54- Paul's Missionary Journeys.
The Apostolic Council.
About
54-68. 48. Nero.
64. Persecution of Christians in Rome.
Death of Paul and Peter.
68. Galba, Otho, and Vitellius.
T h e Flavians.
69-79- Vespasian.
70. Destruction of Jerusalem.
79-81. Titus.
Josephus (died before a.d. 100).
81-96. Domitian.
T h e House of Nerva.
96-98. Nerva.
98-117. Trajan.
101-106. Dacian War.
114-116. Parthian War.
"5- Jewish Rebellion in Egypt.
Tacitus, Dio Chrysostom, Epictetus.
117-138. Hadrian.
132. Rebellion of Barkochba.
T h e Antonines.
138-161. Antoninus Pius.
Marcion.
The Gnosticism of Basilides and Valentine.
About 150. Justin Martyr.
156. Death of Polycarp.
161-180. Marcus Aurelius.
177. Persecution in Lyons.
Irenaeus.
180. Scillitan Martyrs.
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