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Multilingualism
 ALSO AVAILABLE FROM BLOOMSBURY

World Englishes: A Critical Analysis by Mario Saraceni

Multilingualism in Public Spaces, edited by Robert Blackwood and
Deirdre A. Dunlevy
Linguanomics by Gabrielle Hogan-Brun

Other books by John Edwards

The Irish Language
Linguistic Minorities, Policies and Pluralism
Language, Society and Identity
Language and Disadvantage
Multilingualism
Un mundo de lenguas
Language and Identity
Language Diversity in the Classroom
Minority Languages and Group Identity
Language in Canada
Challenges in the Social Life of Language
Sociolinguistics
Multilingualism
Understanding linguistic diversity

Second Edition

JOHN EDWARDS
 BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK
1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA
29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland

BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo

are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

First published in Great Britain 2012

This edition published 2023

Copyright © John Edwards, 2023

John Edwards has asserted his right under the Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.

Cover image © Cosmo Condina / Alamy Stock Photo

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or
retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.

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for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses
given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and
publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites
have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN: HB: 978-1-3501-9540-0

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­À la mémoire de Suzanne Aline Marie
DeLarichelière
vi
 ­Contents
List of figures viii
List of tables ix

Prologue 1

1 Language origins and language diversity 9

2 Interpreting language diversity 31
3 The emergence and measurement of multilingualism 43

4 Dialects and other language varieties 61

5 Multilingual abilities 75
6 The consequences of Babel: Lingua francas and
translation 93
7 Keeping languages pure 109
8 Languages and identities 123
9 Language decline and revival: Basic factors 137
10 Language decline and revival: Advocacy
and activism 149
11 Language planning and the ecology of language 165

12 Postmodern perspectives 183

Epilogue 197

Notes 200
References 220
Index 248
 List of figures
1.1 The Tower of Babel by Anton Joseph von Prenner (1683–1761) 10

1.2 Adam names the animals in the Garden of Eden 15

1.3 Sir William ‘Oriental’ Jones (1746–1794) 25

1.4 The global distribution of the major language families 26

1.5 The central branches of the Indo-European family tree 27

2.1 Dorothy (Dolly) Pentreath of Mousehole (1692–1777) 32

3.1 Taking the census (volkstelling) with the Theunisz family of caravan
dwellers, Amsterdam, 1925 51

3.2 Multilingual plaque at the entrance to the European Parliament,

Brussels 59

4.1 Cockney rhyming slang on an ATM in Hackney 73

5.1 Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890) 87

5.2 The Mortlake mausoleum of Sir Richard and Lady Burton 88

7.1 Dr Samuel Johnson and his Dictionary of the English Language

(6th edition, 1785) 116

7.2 Sir James Murray (1837–1915) 118

7.3 Noah Webster (1758–1843) 120

10.1 Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858–1922) working on his dictionary of Hebrew

(c. 1915) 151
 List of tables
1.1 The ten most widely spoken languages 28

3.1 Pronunciation of postvocalic /r/ in New York and Reading 57

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