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MODERN HISTORY
 Civic Center New Books
11101
952.03 McClain
McClain, James L., 1944-
Japan, a modern history
31111021774177

DATE DUE

DEMCO, INC. 38-2931

Japan: A Modern History
Also by James L. McClain

Kanazawa: A Seventeenth-Century Japanese Castle Town

Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era
Osaka: The Merchants' Capital of Early Modern Japan
JAMES L. McCLAIN
A MODERN
HISTORY

Ii W.W. NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON

Copyright © 2002 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

All rights reseived

Printed in the United States of America
First Edition

The text of this book is composed in Weiss

with the display set in Ruach.
Composition by Matrix Publishing Seivices
Manufacturing by Maple-Vail Book Group
Book design by Martin Lubin
Copy editoL Pearl Hanig

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

McClain, James L., 1 944-

Japan, a modern history I by James L. McClain.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-393-04 1 56-5
I. Japan-History- 1 868 2 . Japan-History-Tokugawa period, 1 600- 1 868.
I. Title.
DS88t.9 .M34 200 1
952.03-dc2I 200I034545

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. I 0 I I0
www.wwnorton.com

W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London WIT 3QT

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
To Anne and Katie
Contents

MAPS xiii

PREFACE xv

READER'S GUIDE xxi

I TRADITIONAL JAPAN

i The Tokugawa Polity 5

The Origins of the Japanese State and the Appearance of the Samurai 1 1
C Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Office of Shogun 1 6 C Securing the
Realm 20 C Extending Authority Vertically 28 C Legitimations of
Power 30 C Symbols and the Substance of Power 36 C Japan and the
World 39

2 Cities, Commerce, and Lifestyles 48

An Urban Revolution 50 C Cities and Commerce 54 C Commercial

Agriculture and Protoindustrialization 60 C Foreign Trade 64 C Class,
Status, and Standards of Living 69

3 Self and Society 76

Bushido and Samurai Ethics 77 C Merchant Reflections on

Neo-Confucianism 83 C Parallel Ways: Merchant Codes and Peasant
Sages 89 C Genders and Realities 93 C Self and Community 98
C The Shared Sense of Being Japanese 1 03

C ix
x D CONTENTS /

II JAPAN IN REVOLUTIONARY TIMES

4 The Meiji Restoration 119

Economic Woes, Social Dissidence 1 20 D New Discourses, New

Religions 1 24 D Failed Reform, Failed Expectations 1 28 D Troubles from
Without 1 29 D America Precipitates a Crisis 1 34 D 1 854- 1 860: Concessions
to Foreigners, a Hard Line at Home 1 37 D 1 860- 1 864: The Union of Court
and Camp 1 42 D 1 864- 1 868: The Final Showdown 1 47 D Conceptualizing
the Meiji ishin 1 5 3

5 "New Beginnings" 155

The Revolutionary Settlement 1 57 D Beating Back the Opposition 1 63

D Learning about the West 1 69 D The lwakura Mission 1 7 1
D Intellectuals and Educators 1 75 D Fostering Civilization and
Enlightenment 1 78

6 Crafting a Constitutional Polity 18 3

The Oligarchs Contemplate a Constitution and Representative

�overnment 1 84 D Opposing Paradigms, Contentious Debate 1 87
D Mr. Ito Writes a Constitution 1 9 1 D Civic Virtue and State
Ideology 1 97 D The Constitution of the Empire of Japan 203

7 Toward an Industrial Future 207

State Intervention and the Economic Infrastructure 208 D The Matsukata

Deflation and New Economic Directions 2 1 4 D Private Entrepreneurs and the
Growth of Light Industry 2 1 8 D Contributions from the Rural Sector 2 2 1
D King Cotton and Japan's Industrial Pioneers 225 D Big Business, Heavy
Industry, and the Zaibatsu 230 D "Sacrificed on the Altar of Industrial
Progress" 2 3 7 D The Emergence of a Modern Economy 240

8 Living the Meiji Dream 2 46

Factory Workers 248 D Husbands and Wives 256 D Children and

Schools 260 D Clerics and Converts 267 D Peering Ahead 272
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