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Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010
Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA
Society 1st Edition A. V. Samsonovich Digital Instant
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Author(s): A. V. Samsonovich; K. R. Jóhannsdóttir; A. Chella
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 BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED COGNITIVE
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Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010 : Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, edited by A. V.
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Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010 : Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, edited by A. V.
 Biologically Inspired Cognitive
Architectures 2010
Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA Society

Edited by
Alexei V. Samsonovich
George Mason University, USA

Kamilla R. Jóhannsdóttir
University of Akureyri, Iceland

Antonio Chella
University of Palermo, Italy
and
Ben Goertzel
Novamente LLC, USA
Copyright © 2010. IOS Press, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

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Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010 : Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, edited by A. V.
 © 2010 The authors and IOS Press.

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Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010 : Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, edited by A. V.
 Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010 v
A.V. Samsonovich et al. (Eds.)
IOS Press, 2010
© 2010 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Preface
This volume documents the proceedings of the First International Conference on Bio-
logically Inspired Cognitive Architectures (BICA 2010), which is also the First Annual
Meeting of the BICA Society. This conference was preceded by 2008 and 2009 AAAI
Fall Symposia on BICA that were similar in content (indeed, the special issue of the
International Journal of Machine Consciousness1 is composed of a selection of papers
and abstracts from all three events, and it is an official complement of this Proceedings
volume). The 2008–2009 BICA symposia in turn were preceded by a sequence of the
DARPA BICA meetings in 2005–2006 (see below). However, BICA 2010 is the first
independent event in the BICA series: it has the status of the first annual meeting of the
just established BICA society (further information is available at http://bicasociety.org).
Like the 2008 and 2009 BICA Symposia, the present BICA 2010 conference con-
tains a wide variety of ideas and approaches, all centered around the theme of under-
standing how to create general-purpose humanlike artificial intelligence using inspira-
tions from studies of the brain and the mind. BICA is no modest pursuit: the long-term
goals are no less than understanding how human and animal brains work, and creating
artificial intelligences with comparable or greater functionality. But, in addition to
these long-term goals, BICA research is also yielding interesting and practical research
results right now.
A cognitive architecture, broadly speaking, is a computational framework for the
design of intelligent and even conscious agents. Cognitive architectures may draw their
inspiration from many sources, including pure mathematics or physics or abstract theo-
ries of cognition. A biologically inspired cognitive architecture (BICA), in particular, is
one that incorporates formal mechanisms from computational models of human and
animal cognition, drawn from cognitive science or neuroscience. The appeal of the
BICA approach should be obvious: currently human and animal brains provide the only
Copyright © 2010. IOS Press, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

physical examples of the level of robustness, flexibility, scalability and consciousness

that we want to achieve in artificial intelligence. So it makes sense to learn from them
regarding cognitive architectures: both for research aimed at closely replicating human
or animal intelligence, and also for research aimed at creating and using human-level
artificial intelligence more broadly.
Research on the BICA approach to intelligent agents has focused on several differ-
ent goals. Some BICA projects have a primary goal of accurately simulating human
behavior, either for purely scientific reasons – to understand how the human mind
works – or for applications in domains such as entertainment, education, military train-
ing, and the like. Others are concerned with even deeper correspondence between mod-
els and the human brain, going down to neuronal and sub-neuronal level. The goal in
this approach is to understand how the brain works. Yet another approach is concerned
with designing artificial systems that are successful, efficient, and robust at performing

1
A.V. Samsonovich (guest editor): International Journal of Machine Consciousness, special issue on Bio-
logically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2010.

Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010 : Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, edited by A. V.
 vi

cognitive tasks that today only humans can perform, tasks that are important for practi-
cal applications in the human society and require interaction with humans. Finally,
there are BICA projects aimed broadly at creating generally intelligent software sys-
tems, without focus on any one application area, but also without a goal of closely
simulating human behavior. All four of these goals are represented in the various pa-
pers contained in this volume.
The term BICA was coined in 2005 by Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA), when it was used as the name of a DARPA program administered
by the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO). The DARPA BICA program
was terminated in 2006 (more details are available at the DARPA BICA web page at
http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/programs/bica/bica.asp). Our usage of the term “BICA” is
similar to its usage in the DARPA program; however, the specific ideas and theoretical
paradigms presented in the papers here include many directions not encompassed by
DARPA’s vision at that time. Moreover, there is no connection between DARPA and
the BICA Society.
One of the more notable aspects of the BICA approach is its cross-disciplinary na-
ture. The human mind and brain are not architected based on the disciplinary bounda-
ries of modern science, and to understand them almost surely requires rich integration
of ideas from multiple fields including computer science, biology, psychology and
mathematics. The papers in this volume reflect this cross-disciplinarity in many ways.
Another notable aspect of BICA is its integrative nature. A well-thought BICA has
a certain holistic integrity to it, but also generally contains multiple subsystems, which
may in some cases be incorporated into different BICAs, or used in different ways than
the subsystem’s creator envisioned. Thus, the reader who is developing their own ap-
proach to cognitive architectures may find many insights in the papers contained here
useful for inspiring their own work or even importing into their own architecture, di-
rectly or in modified form.
Finally we would like to call attention to the relationship between cognition, em-
bodiment and development. In our view, to create a BICA with human-level general
intelligence, it may not be necessary to engineer all the relevant subsystems in their
mature and complete form. Rather, it may be sufficient to understand the mechanisms
of cognitive growth in a relatively simple form, and then let the mature forms arise via
Copyright © 2010. IOS Press, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

an adaptive developmental process. In this approach, one key goal of BICA research
becomes understanding what the key cognitive subsystems are, how do they develop,
and how they become adaptively integrated in a physical or virtual situated agent able
to perform tight interactions within its own body, the other entities and the surrounding
environment. With this sort of understanding in hand, it might well be possible to cre-
ate a BICA with human-level general learning capability, and teach it like a child. Po-
tentially, a population of such learners could ignite a cognitive chain reaction of learn-
ing from each other and from common resources, such as human instructors or the
Internet.
Currently BICA research is still at an early stage, and the practical capabilities of
BICA systems are relatively undeveloped. Furthermore, the relationships between the
ideas of various researchers in the field are not always clear; and there is considerable
knowledge in relevant disciplines that is not yet fully incorporated into our concrete
BICA designs. But BICA research is also rapidly developing, with each year bringing
significant new insights, moving us closer to our ambitious goals. In this sense, the
newborn BICA society, according to the intentions of the Founding Members, will be a
main vehicle for the growth and dissemination of breakthrough research in the field of

Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010 : Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, edited by A. V.
 vii

BICA systems. The papers presented in this volume form part of this ongoing process,
as will the papers in the ongoing BICA conferences to follow.

Alexei V. Samsonovich, Kamilla R. Jóhannsdóttir,

Antonio Chella and Ben Goertzel
Editors
Copyright © 2010. IOS Press, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2010 : Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, edited by A. V.
 This page intentionally left blank
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Learning Objective 1: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 7: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 12: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 18: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 19: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 3: Experimental procedures and results
Example 20: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 21: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 22: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 23: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 25: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 4: Literature review and discussion
Practice Problem 30: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 35: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 5: Current trends and future directions
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 6: Critical analysis and evaluation
Example 50: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 52: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 56: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 7: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 61: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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