Google

ⓘ
Google LLC (/ˈɡuːɡəl/ , GOO-gəl) is an American multinational corporation and technology
company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer
software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI).[9]
It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" by the BBC[10] and is one of the
world's most valuable brands.[11][12][13] Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc., is one of the five Big
Tech companies alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.

Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by American computer scientists Larry Page and
Sergey Brin. Together, they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its
stockholder voting power through super-voting stock. The company went public via an initial public
offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet
Inc. Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a holding company for Alphabet's internet
properties and interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google on October 24, 2015,
replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. On December 3, 2019, Pichai also became
the CEO of Alphabet.[14]

After the success of its original service, Google Search (often known simply as "Google"), the
company has rapidly grown to offer a multitude of products and services. These products address a
wide range of use cases, including email (Gmail), navigation and mapping (Waze, Maps, and Earth),
cloud computing (Cloud), web navigation (Chrome), video sharing (YouTube), productivity
(Workspace), operating systems (Android and ChromeOS), cloud storage (Drive), language
translation (Translate), photo storage (Photos), videotelephony (Meet), smart home (Nest),
smartphones (Pixel), wearable technology (Pixel Watch and Fitbit), music streaming (YouTube
Music), video on demand (YouTube TV), AI (Google Assistant and Gemini), machine learning APIs
(TensorFlow), AI chips (TPU), and more. Many of these products and services are dominant in their
respective industries, as is Google Search. Discontinued Google products include gaming
(Stadia),[15] Glass, Google+, Reader, Play Music, Nexus, Hangouts, and Inbox by Gmail.[16][17]
Google's other ventures outside of internet services and consumer electronics include quantum
computing (Sycamore), self-driving cars (Waymo), smart cities (Sidewalk Labs), and transformer
models (Google DeepMind).[18]

Google Search and YouTube are the two most-visited websites worldwide, followed by Facebook
and Twitter (now known as X). Google is also the largest search engine, mapping and navigation
application, email provider, office suite, online video platform, photo and cloud storage provider,
mobile operating system, web browser, machine learning framework, and AI virtual assistant
provider in the world as measured by market
share.[19] On the list of most valuable brands, Google LLC

Google is ranked second by Forbes as of January

2022[20] and fourth by Interbrand as of February
2022.[21] The company has received significant
criticism involving issues such as privacy
The Google logo used since 2015
concerns, tax avoidance, censorship, search
neutrality, antitrust, and abuse of its monopoly
position.[22]

History

Early years

Google's headquarters, the Googleplex

Formerly Google Inc. (1998–

2017)

Company type Subsidiary

Traded as Nasdaq: GOOGL

Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 Nasdaq: GOOG

Google began in January 1996 as a research Industry Internet

Cloud computing
project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they Computer software
were both PhD students at Stanford University in Computer hardware
California, USA. [23][24][25]
The project initially Artificial intelligence
Advertising
involved an unofficial "third founder", Scott
Hassan, the original lead programmer who wrote Founded September 4, 1998[a]
in Menlo Park,
much of the code for the original Google Search California, United
engine, but he left before Google was officially States

founded as a company;[26][27] Hassan went on to

Founders Larry Page
pursue a career in robotics and founded the Sergey Brin
company Willow Garage in 2006.[28][29]
Headquarters Googleplex, Mountain
View, California, U.S.

Area served Worldwide

Key people Sundar Pichai (CEO)

 Ruth Porat (President
and CIO)
Anat Ashkenazi
(CFO)
Thomas Kurian (CEO
of Google Cloud)

Products Google Search

Android
Nest
Then Chairman and CEO Eric Schmidt (left)
Pixel
with co-founders Sergey Brin (center) and
Workspace

Larry Page (right) in 2008

Fitbit
Waze
YouTube
Gemini
Full list

Number of 53,861 (2012)

employees

Parent Alphabet Inc.

Google's original homepage had a simplistic Subsidiaries Adscape

design because the company founders had little Cameyo
experience in HTML, the markup language used Charleston Road
for designing web pages[30] Registry
DeepMind
While conventional search engines ranked results Endoxon
by counting how many times the search terms FeedBurner
ImageAmerica
appeared on the page, they theorized about a
Kaltix
better system that analyzed the relationships Nest Labs
among websites.[31] They called this algorithm reCAPTCHA
YouTube
PageRank; it determined a website's relevance by
ZipDash
the number of pages, and the importance of
those pages that linked back to the original
ASN 15169 (https://bgp.to
site.[32][31] Page told his ideas to Hassan, who ols/as/15169)
began writing the code to implement Page's
Website about.google (http
ideas.[26] Page and Brin would also use their s://about.google/)
friend Susan Wojcicki's garage as their office
Footnotes / references
when the search engine was set up in 1998.[33] [5][6][7][8]

Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new

search engine "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a
site.[23][34][35] Hassan, as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the
development of Google. Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd later co-authored with Page and Brin
the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search
engine, published in 1998. Héctor García-Molina and Jeffrey Ullman were also cited as contributors
to the project.[36] PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm
earlier used for RankDex, developed by Robin Li in 1996, with Larry Page's PageRank patent
including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search
engine Baidu.[37][38]

Eventually, they changed the name to Google; the name of the search engine was a misspelling of
the word googol,[23][39][40] a very large number written 10100 (1 followed by 100 zeros), picked to
signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[41]

Google was initially funded by an August 1998 investment of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim,[23]
co-founder of Sun Microsystems. This initial investment served as a motivation to incorporate the
company to be able to use the funds.[42][43] Page and Brin initially approached David Cheriton for
advice because he had a nearby office in Stanford, and they knew he had startup experience, having
recently sold the company he co-founded, Granite Systems, to Cisco for $220 million. David
arranged a meeting with Page and Brin and his Granite co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim. The meeting
was set for 8 a.m. at the front porch of David's home in Palo Alto and it had to be brief because
Andy had another meeting at Cisco, where he now worked after the acquisition, at 9 a.m. Andy
briefly tested a demo of the website, liked what he saw, and then went back to his car to grab the
check. David Cheriton later also joined in with a $250,000 investment.[44][45]

Google received money from two other angel investors in 1998: Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos,
and entrepreneur Ram Shriram.[46] Page and Brin had first approached Shriram, who was a venture
capitalist, for funding and counsel, and Shriram invested $250,000 in Google in February 1998.
Shriram knew Bezos because Amazon had acquired Junglee, at which Shriram was the president. It
was Shriram who told Bezos about Google. Bezos asked Shriram to meet Google's founders and
they met six months after Shriram had made his investment when Bezos and his wife were on a
vacation trip to the Bay Area. Google's initial funding round had already formally closed but Bezos'
status as CEO of Amazon was enough to persuade Page and Brin to extend the round and accept
his investment.[47][48]

Between these initial investors, friends and family Google raised around $1,000,000, which is what
allowed them to open up their original shop in Menlo Park, California.[49] Craig Silverstein, a fellow
PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.[25][50][51]

After some additional, small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999,[46] a new $25
million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,[52] with major investors including the
venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital.[43] Both firms were initially hesitant about
investing jointly in Google, as each wanted to retain a larger percentage of control over the company
to themselves. Larry and Sergey however insisted on taking investments from both. Both venture
companies finally agreed to investing jointly $12.5 million each due to their belief in Google's great
potential and through the mediation of earlier angel investors Ron Conway and Ram Shriram who
had contacts in the venture companies.[53]

Growth

In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,[54] which is home to several
prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.[55] The next year, Google began selling
advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward
an advertising-funded search engine.[56][25] To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements
were solely text-based.[57] In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default
search engine provider for Yahoo!, one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing
Inktomi.[58][59]

Google's first production

server[60]

In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon
Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.[61] The complex became
known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol of
zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[62] By that time, the
name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to be added to
the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as: "to use the
Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".[63][64] The first use of the verb on
television appeared in an October 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[65]

Additionally, in 2001 Google's investors felt the need to have a strong internal management, and
they agreed to hire Eric Schmidt as the chairman and CEO of Google.[49] Eric was proposed by John
Doerr from Kleiner Perkins. He had been trying to find a CEO that Sergey and Larry would accept for
several months, but they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the
company. Michael Moritz from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced requesting Google to
immediately pay back Sequoia's $12.5m investment if they did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief
executive officer, which had been made verbally during investment negotiations. Eric was not
initially enthusiastic about joining Google either, as the company's full potential had not yet been
widely recognized at the time, and as he was occupied with his responsibilities at Novell where he
was CEO. As part of him joining, Eric agreed to buy $1 million of Google preferred stocks as a way to
show his commitment and to provide funds Google needed.[66]

Initial public offering

On August 19, 2004, Google became a public company via an initial public offering. At that time
Page, Brin and Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[67] The
company opened on the NASDAQ National Market under the ticker symbol GOOGL with an offering
of 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[68][69] Shares were sold in an online auction format
using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal.[70][71] The sale
of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[72]

Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google

from 2001 to 2011
On October 9, 2006, Google acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock,[73][74][75][76] On July
20, 2007, Google bids $4.6 billion for the wireless-spectrum auction by the FCC.[77] On March 11,
2008, Google acquired DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, transferring to Google valuable relationships that
DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.[78][79] By 2011, Google was handling
approximately 3 billion searches per day. To handle this workload, Google built 11 data centers
around the world with several thousand servers in each. These data centers allowed Google to
handle the ever-changing workload more efficiently.[49]

In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first
time.[80][81] In May 2012, Google acquired Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion, in its largest
acquisition to date.[82][83][84] This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's
considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help protect Google in
its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,[85] mainly Apple and Microsoft,[86] and to allow it
to continue to freely offer Android.[87]

2012 onwards

In June 2013, Google acquired Waze for $966 million.[88] While Waze would remain an independent
entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, were reportedly valuable
integrations between Waze and Google Maps, Google's own mapping service.[89] Google announced
the launch of a new company, called Calico, on September 19, 2013, to be led by Apple Inc.
chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public statement, Page explained that the "health and well-
being" company would focus on "the challenge of ageing and associated diseases".[90]

Entrance of building where

Google and its subsidiary Deep
Mind are located at 6 Pancras
Square, London
On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies, a
privately held AI company from London.[91] Technology news website Recode reported that the
company was purchased for $400 million, yet the source of the information was not disclosed. A
Google spokesperson declined to comment on the price.[92][93] The purchase of DeepMind aids in
Google's recent growth in the AI and robotics community.[94] In 2015, DeepMind's AlphaGo became
the first computer program to defeat a top human pro at the game of Go.

According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the second most
valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,[95] 2014,[96] 2015,[97] and 2016, with a
valuation of $133 billion.[98]

On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate
named Alphabet Inc. Google became Alphabet's largest subsidiary and the umbrella company for
Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructuring, Sundar Pichai became CEO of
Google, replacing Larry Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.[99][100][101]

Current CEO, Sundar Pichai, with Prime

Minister of India, Narendra Modi

On August 8, 2017, Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a memo throughout
the company that argued bias and "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber" clouded their thinking about
diversity and inclusion, and that it is also biological factors, not discrimination alone, that cause the
average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions.[102] Google CEO Sundar Pichai
accused Damore of violating company policy by "advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our
workplace", and he was fired on the same day.[103][104][105]

Between 2018 and 2019, tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated as
staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, Dragonfly, a censored Chinese
search engine, and Project Maven, a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as
areas of revenue growth for the company.[106][107] On October 25, 2018, The New York Times
published the exposé, "How Google Protected Andy Rubin, the 'Father of Android'". The company
subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual
misconduct.[108] On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google employees and contractors staged
a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints.[109][110] CEO
Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the protests.[111] Later in 2019, some workers
accused the company of retaliating against internal activists.[107]

On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a cloud
gaming platform called Google Stadia.[112]

On June 3, 2019, the United States Department of Justice reported that it would investigate Google
for antitrust violations.[113] This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the
grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the search and search advertising
markets.[114]

In December 2019, former PayPal chief operating officer Bill Ready became Google's new
commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with Google Pay.[115]

In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Google announced several cost-cutting measures.
Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number
of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and
machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.[116] Most employees were also working
from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the success of it even led to Google announcing that
they would be permanently converting some of their jobs to work from home [117]

The 2020 Google services outages disrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google
Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the
entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.[118][119][120]

In 2021, the Alphabet Workers Union was founded, composed mostly of Google employees.[121]

In January 2021, the Australian Government proposed legislation that would require Google and
Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened
to close off access to its search engine in Australia.[122]

In March 2021, Google reportedly paid $20 million for Ubisoft ports on Google Stadia.[123] Google
spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such as Ubisoft and Take-Two to bring
some of their biggest games to Stadia.[124]

In April 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Google ran a years-long program called "Project
Bernanke" that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing for ad
services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states
against Google in December.[125]
In September 2021, the Australian government announced plans to curb Google's capability to sell
targeted ads, claiming that the company has a monopoly on the market harming publishers,
advertisers, and consumers.[126]

In 2022, Google began accepting requests for the removal of phone numbers, physical addresses
and email addresses from its search results. It had previously accepted requests for removing
confidential data only, such as Social Security numbers, bank account and credit card numbers,
personal signatures, and medical records. Even with the new policy, Google may remove information
from only certain but not all search queries. It would not remove content that is "broadly useful",
such as news articles, or already part of the public record.[127]

In May 2022, Google announced that the company had acquired California based, MicroLED display
technology development and manufacturing Start-up company Raxium. Raxium is set to join
Google's Devices and Services team to aid in the development of micro-optics, monolithic
integration, and system integration.[128][129]

In December 2022, Google debuted OSV-Scanner,[130][131] a Go tool for finding security holes in open
source software, which pulls from the largest open source vulnerability database of its kind to
defend against supply chain attacks.

Following the success of ChatGPT and concerns that Google was falling behind in the AI race,
Google's senior management issued a "code red"[132] and a "directive that all of its most important
products—those with more than a billion users—must incorporate generative AI within months".[133]
In March 2023, in direct response to the rapid rise of ChatGPT, Google released Bard (now Gemini), a
generative artificial intelligence chatbot.[134]

In early May 2023, Google announced its plans to build two additional data centers in Ohio. These
centers, which will be built in Columbus and Lancaster, will power up the company's tools, including
AI technology. The said data hub will add to the already operational center near Columbus, bringing
Google's total investment in Ohio to over $2 billion.[135]

In August 2024, Google would lose a lawsuit which started in 2020 in lower court, as it was found
that the company had an illegal monopoly over Internet search.[136] D.C. Circuit Court Judge Amit
Mehta held that this monopoly was in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act.[137] In September
2024, the EU Court of Justice, based in Europe, would also find that Google held an illegal monopoly,
in this case with regards to its shopping search, and could not avoid paying a €2.4 billion fine.[138]
The EU Court of Justice found that Google's treatment of rival shopping searches, which the court
referred to as "discriminatory", was in violation of the Digital Markets Act.[138]
In October 2024, Google was fined by a local Russian court a symbolic 2.5 decillion dollars for
allegedly blocking pro-Kremlin propaganda. No payment was made.[139]

In November 2024, Google announced the establishment of a new AI hub in Saudi Arabia, aiming to
support the Kingdom's economic growth and technological development as part of its Vision 2030
initiative. This AI hub is projected to contribute up to $71 billion to Saudi Arabia's economy by
advancing AI-driven solutions tailored to the region's specific needs and training local talent.[140]

The partnership between Google and Saudi Arabia includes collaboration with key stakeholders,
such as the Public Investment Fund (PIF), to develop AI applications that will benefit sectors like
healthcare, finance, oil and gas, and logistics. The initiative focuses on creating localized AI
technologies, with an emphasis on integrating Arabic language capabilities and enabling
widespread cloud adoption.[141]

In March 2025, Google agreed to acquire Wiz, a New York-based cybersecurity startup focusing on
cloud computing, for US$32 billion. This cash deal would be Google's biggest ever, as well as it
currently being the most expensive deal of 2025. Alphabet reportedly tried to close a deal for only
$23 billion in 2024, but this fell apart after concerns about regulatory hurdles, among other issues.
Wiz, a company located in the U.S. and Israel, was cofounded in 2020 by Assaf Rappaport. The
company is backed by a number of Silicon Valley venture capitalists, as well as notably being
partnered with Amazon and Microsoft, as listed in their website. Google reportedly said "the deal
would help artificial-intelligence companies get better security and use more than one cloud
service."[142]

In July 2025, the United States Department of Defense announced that Google had received a $200
million contract for AI in the military, along with Anthropic, OpenAI, and xAI.[143]

Products and services

Search engine

Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire
through the use of keywords and operators.[144] According to comScore market research from
November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a
market share of 65.6%.[145] In May 2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search,
letting users search for content in their Google accounts' various services, including email
messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.[146][147]
Google launched its Google News service in 2002, an automated service which summarizes news
articles from various websites.[148] Google also hosts Google Books, a service which searches the
text found in books in its database and shows limited previews or and the full book where
allowed.[149]

Google expanded its search services to include shopping (launched originally as Froogle in
2002),[150] finance (launched 2006),[151] and flights (launched 2011).[152]

Advertising

Google at ad-tech London, 2010

Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps, purchases
made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube, Android and licensing and service
fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. Forty-six percent of this profit was from
clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal
methods, namely AdMob, AdSense (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and
DoubleClick AdExchange.[153] In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests,
Google uses technology from its acquisition of DoubleClick, to project user interest and target
advertising to the search context and the user history.[154][155] In 2007, Google launched "AdSense
for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.[156]

Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for
example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.[157] Google advertisements can be
placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google Ads allows advertisers to display their
advertisements in the Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.[158] The sister
service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website
and earn money every time ads are clicked.[159] One of the criticisms of this program is the
possibility of click fraud, which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements
without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly.
Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or
invalid.[160] Google Search Console (rebranded from Google Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows
webmasters to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security issues of their websites, as well as
optimize their website's visibility.

Generative artificial intelligence

Google had previously used virtual assistants and chatbots, such as Google Bard, prior to the
announcement of Gemini in March 2024. None of them, however, had been seen as legitimate
competitors to ChatGPT, unlike Gemini.[161] An AI training program for Google employees was also
introduced in April 2024.[162]

Google has created the text-to-image model Imagen,[163] and the text-to-video model Veo.[164] In
2025, Google announced SynthID Detector, a tool that uses watermarking to identify whether
content such as text, images, audio, or video was generated using Google products.[165]

In 2023, Google released NotebookLM, an online tool for synthesizing documents using Gemini. In
September 2024, it gained attention for its "Audio Overview" feature, which generates podcast-like
summaries of documents.[166][167] Google also developed LearnLM, a family of language models
serving as personal AI tutors.[168]

Consumer services

Web-based services

Google offers Gmail for email,[169] Google Calendar for time-management and scheduling,[170]
Google Maps and Google Earth for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery,[171] Google Drive for
cloud storage of files,[172] Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for productivity,[172] Google Photos for
photo storage and sharing,[173] Google Keep for note-taking,[174] Google Translate for language
translation,[175] YouTube for video viewing and sharing,[176] Google My Business for managing public
business information,[177] Google Classroom for managing assignments and communication in
education,[178] and Duo for social interaction.[179] A job search product has also existed since before
2017,[180][181][182] Google for Jobs is an enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from job
boards and career sites.[183] Google Earth, launched in 2005, allows users to see high-definition
satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a client software downloaded to their
computers.[184]
Software

Google develops the Android mobile operating system,[185] as well as its smartwatch,[186]
television,[187] car,[188] and Internet of things-enabled smart devices variations.[189] It also develops
the Google Chrome web browser,[190] and ChromeOS, an operating system based on Chrome.[191]

Hardware

Google Pixel smartphones on

display in a store

In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone under its own brand.[192] It
spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "Nexus" branding[193] until its eventual
discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called Pixel.[194]

In 2011, the Chromebook was introduced, which runs on ChromeOS.[195]

In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, which allows users to stream content from
their smartphones to televisions.[196][197]

In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple cardboard viewer that lets the user
place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual reality (VR) media.[198]

In October 2016, Google announced Daydream View, a lightweight VR viewer which lets the user
place their smartphone in the front hinge to view VR media.[199][200]

Other hardware products include:

Nest, a series of voice assistant smart speakers that can answer voice queries, play music, find
information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-party smart home appliances
(users can tell it to turn on the lights, for example). The Google Nest line includes the original
Google Home[201] (later succeeded by the Nest Audio), the Google Home Mini (later succeeded by
the Nest Mini), the Google Home Max, the Google Home Hub (later rebranded as the Nest Hub),
and the Nest Hub Max.
 Nest Wifi (originally Google Wifi), a connected set of Wi-Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage
of home Wi-Fi.[202]

Enterprise services

Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020[203]) is a monthly subscription offering for
organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google's services, including Gmail,
Google Drive and Google Docs, Google Sheets and Google Slides, with additional administrative
tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.[204]

On September 24, 2012,[205] Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a largely not-for-profit
business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as Campuses, with assistance
to startup founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships.[206] Presently, there
are seven Campus locations: Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, São Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.

On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of
integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-
class marketers" which can be integrated with BigQuery on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other
things, the suite is designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete customer
journey", generate "useful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences to the right people".[207] Jack
Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud
offerings by companies including Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.[208]

Internet services

In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with experimental plans to build an
ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American
cities.[209][210] Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company,
Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet's Access division.[211][212]

In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi
and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless
connectivity and fast Internet signal.[213][214]

Financial services

In August 2023, Google became the first major tech company to join the OpenWallet Foundation,
launched earlier in the year, whose goal was creating open-source software for interoperable digital
wallets.[215]

Corporate affairs

Business trends

From the financial year of 2015, figures are published for Alphabet Inc. Until 2014, the key trends of
Google were (as at the financial year ending December 31):[216][217]

Revenue Net income Employees

FY [218][219]
References
in million USD
[220]
1999 0.22 −6.0
[221]
2000 19.1 −14.6
[221]
2001 86.4 6.9 284
[221]
2002 439 99.6 682

in billion USD
[221]
2003 1.4 0.10 1,628
[221]
2004 3.1 0.39 3,021

2005 6.1 1.4 5,680

2006 10.6 3.0 10,674

2007 16.5 4.2 16,805

2008 21.8 4.2 20,222

2009 23.6 6.5 19,835

2010 29,3 8.5 24,400

2011 37.9 9.7 32,467

2012 46.0 10.7 53,861

2013 55.5 12.7 47,756

2014 66.0 14.1 53,600

Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO, the company offered
19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[68][69] The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market
capitalization of more than $23 billion.[72] The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting
$350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[222] primarily because of strong sales and earnings in
the online advertising market.[223] The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors,
as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[223] GOOG shares split into GOOG
class C shares and GOOGL class A shares.[224] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock
exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under
the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding
company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.[225]

In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely due to large
companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the
Internet.[226][227][228]

For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only
$112 million in licensing and other revenues.[229] In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from
its advertising programs.[230]

Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012, generating $38 billion the
previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong
quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in
revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."[231]

Google's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as
$14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.[232] Google's Internet
business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users'
clicks on advertisements.[233] By January 2014, Google's market capitalization had grown to $397
billion.[234]

Tax avoidance strategies

Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. On the list of largest technology companies by
revenue, it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google between 2007
and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through Ireland and the
Netherlands and then to Bermuda. Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while
normally the corporate tax rate in, for instance, the UK is 28 per cent.[235] This reportedly sparked a
French investigation into Google's transfer pricing practices in 2012.[236]

In 2020, Google said it had overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of
its intellectual property holdings back to the U.S.[237]

Google Vice-president Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of
Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.[238] In
January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher
taxes in future.[239] In 2017, Google channeled $22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to
reduce its tax bill.[240]

In 2013, Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the company
ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections.[241]

Corporate identity

Google's logo from 2013 to 2015.

The logo had been used with
minor changes since 1999.

The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol",[242][243] which refers to the number
represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on
PageRank:[36] "We chose our system name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or
10100[,] and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." Having found its way
increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate
Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to
obtain information on the Internet."[244][64] Google's mission statement, from the outset, was "to
organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",[245] and its unofficial
slogan is "Don't be evil".[246] In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate
code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".[247] The original motto was retained in the code
of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.

The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.[248] Since 1998, Google has been designing
special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays,
events, achievements and people. The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival
of 1998.[249][250] The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their
absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside
contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day
in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees
termed "Doodlers".[251]

Google has a tradition of creating April Fools' Day jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000, was Google
MentalPlex which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.[252] In 2007, Google
announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained
a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet.[253]

Google's services contain easter eggs, such as the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork", Pig Latin,
"Hacker" or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as language selections for its search
engine.[254] When searching for the word "anagram", meaning a rearrangement of letters from one
word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a
ram?"[255] Since 2019, Google runs free online courses to help engineers learn how to plan and
author technical documentation better.[256]

Workplace culture

Google employees marching in the Pride in

London parade in 2016

On Fortune magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and
2012,[257][258][259] and fourth in 2009 and 2010.[260][261] Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the
world's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent
attraction index.[262] Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as "you can make
money without doing evil", "you can be serious without a suit", and "work should be challenging and
the challenge should be fun".[263]

As of September 30, 2020, Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees,[264] of which more than 100,000
worked for Google.[8] Google's 2020 diversity report states that 32 percent of its workforce are
women and 68 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white
(51.7%) and Asian (41.9%).[265] Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were women; and 26.7 percent of
leadership roles were held by women.[266] In addition to its 100,000+ full-time employees, Google
used about 121,000 temporary workers and contractors, as of March 2019.[8]

Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into six
hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center workers at level one to
managers and experienced engineers at level six".[267] As a motivation technique, Google uses a
policy known as Innovation Time Off, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their
work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, Google News,
Orkut, and AdSense, originated from these independent endeavors.[268] In a talk at Stanford
University, Marissa Mayer, Google's vice-president of Search Products and User Experience until July
2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from
the Innovation Time Off.[269]

In 2005, articles in The New York Times[270] and other sources began suggesting that Google had
lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[271][272][273] In an effort to maintain the company's unique
culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the
culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.[274]
Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.[275][276] In 2013, a
class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no
cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[277] In a lawsuit filed
January 8, 2018, multiple employees and job applicants alleged Google discriminated against a
class defined by their "conservative political views[,] male gender[,] and/or [...] Caucasian or Asian
race".[278]

On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international workers union of Google employees, Alpha
Global, was announced.[279] The coalition is made up of "13 different unions representing workers in
10 countries, including the United States, [the] United Kingdom, and Switzerland".[280] The group is
affiliated with the UNI Global Union, which represents nearly 20 million international workers from
various unions and federations. The formation of the union is in response to persistent allegations
of mistreatment of Google employees and a toxic workplace culture.[280][281][278] Google had
previously been accused of surveilling and firing employees who were suspected of organizing a
workers union.[282] In 2021, court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020, Google ran an
anti-union campaign called Project Vivian to "convince them (employees) that unions suck".[283]

In February 2025, Google dropped their commitment to make "diversity, equity, and inclusion part of
everything we do" from their annual investor report. This action followed Meta, Amazon, Pepsi,
McDonald's, Walmart and others who all have rolled back their DEI programmes.[284]
Office locations

Google's New York City office building

houses its largest advertising sales team.

Google's Toronto office

Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as "the Googleplex", a play on

words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings.
Internationally, Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries.[285]

In 2006, Google moved into about 300,000 square feet (27,900 m2) of office space at 111 Eighth
Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. The office houses its largest advertising sales team.[286] In
2010, Google bought the building housing the headquarter, in a deal that valued the property at
around $1.9 billion.[287][288] In March 2018, Google's parent company Alphabet bought the nearby
Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate
transactions for a single building in the history of New York.[289][290][291][292] In November 2018,
Google announced its plan to expand its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.[293]
The same December, it was announced that a $1 billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2)
headquarters for Google would be built in Manhattan's Hudson Square neighborhood.[294][295] Called
Google Hudson Square, the new campus is projected to more than double the number of Google
employees working in New York City.[296]

By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor,
Michigan.[297] In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon's campus in Pittsburgh,
focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding and smartphone applications and
programs.[298][299] Other office locations in the U.S. include Atlanta; Austin; Boulder, Colorado;
Cambridge, Massachusetts; San Francisco; Seattle and Kirkland, Washington; Birmingham,
Michigan; Reston, Virginia, Washington, D.C.,[300] and Madison, Wisconsin.[301]

Google's Dublin Ireland office,

headquarters of Google Ads for Europe

It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world, namely Sydney
(birthplace location of Google Maps)[302] and London (part of Android development).[303] In
November 2013, Google announced plans for a new London headquarter, a 1 million square foot
office able to accommodate 4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial
property acquisitions at the time of the deal's announcement in January,[304] Google submitted
plans for the new headquarter to the Camden Council in June 2017.[305][306] In May 2015, Google
announced its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad, India. The new campus, reported to
be the company's largest outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.[307][308]

Google's Global Offices sum a total of 86 locations worldwide,[309] with 32 offices in North America,
three of them in Canada and 29 in United States Territory, California being the state with the most
Google's offices with 9 in total including the Googleplex. In the Latin America Region Google counts
with 6 offices, in Europe 24 (3 of them in UK). The Asia Pacific region counts with 26 offices
principally five in India and three in Australia, three in China, and the Africa Middle East region
counts five offices.
North America

SN City Country or US State

1. Ann Arbor Michigan

2. Atlanta Georgia

3. Austin Texas

4. Boulder Colorado

5. Boulder – Pearl Place Colorado

6. Boulder – Walnut Colorado

7. Cambridge Massachusetts

8. Chapel Hill North Carolina

9. Chicago – Carpenter Illinois

10. Chicago – Fulton Market Illinois

11. Chicago – Loop (2026)[310] Illinois

12. Detroit Michigan

13. Irvine California

14. Kirkland Washington

15. Kitchener Canada

16. Los Angeles California

17. Madison Wisconsin

18. Miami Florida

19. Montreal Canada

20. Mountain View – HQ California

21. New York New York

22. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania

23. Playa Vista California

24. Portland Oregon

25. Redwood City California

26. Reston Virginia

27. San Bruno California

28. San Diego California

29. San Francisco California

30. Seattle Washington

31. Sunnyvale California

SN City Country or US State

32. Toronto Canada

33. Washington DC District of Columbia

Latin America

SN City Country

1. Belo Horizonte Brazil

2. Bogotá Colombia

3. Buenos Aires Argentina

4. Mexico City Mexico

5. San Salvador El Salvador

6. Santiago Chile

7. São Paulo Brazil

Europe

SN City Country

1. Aarhus Denmark

2. Amsterdam Netherlands

3. Athens Greece

4. Berlin Germany

5. Brussels Belgium

6. Bucharest Romania

7. Copenhagen Denmark

8. Dublin Ireland

9. Hamburg Germany

10. Kraków Poland

11. Lisbon Portugal

12. London – 6PS United Kingdom

13. London – BEL United Kingdom

14. London – CSG United Kingdom

15. Madrid Spain

16. Milan Italy

17. Munich Germany

18. Oslo Norway

19. Paris France

20. Prague Czech Republic

21. Stockholm Sweden

22. Vienna Austria

23. Vilnius Lithuania

24. Warsaw Poland

25. Wrocław Poland

26. Zürich – BRA Switzerland

27. Zürich – EUR Switzerland

Asia–Pacific

SN City Country

1. Auckland New Zealand

2. Bangkok Thailand

3. Beijing China

4. Bengaluru – Kyoto Campus India

5. Bengaluru – OMR India

6. Gurgaon India

7. Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

8. Hong Kong Hong Kong

9. Hyderabad India

10. Jakarta Indonesia

11. Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

12. Manila Philippines

13. Melbourne Australia

14. Mumbai India

15. New Taipei City Taiwan

16. Pune India

17. Seoul South Korea

18. Shanghai China

19. Shenzhen China

20. Singapore Singapore

21. Sydney – ODR Australia

22. Sydney – PIR Australia

23. Taipei Taiwan

24. Tokyo – RPG Japan

25. Tokyo – STRM Japan

26. Zhubei Taiwan

Africa and the Middle East

SN City Country

1. Accra Ghana

2. Doha Qatar

3. Dubai United Arab Emirates

4. Haifa Israel

5. Istanbul Turkey

6. Johannesburg South Africa

7. Lagos Nigeria

8. Tel Aviv Israel

Infrastructure

Google has data centers in North and South America, Asia, and Europe.[311] There is no official data
on the number of servers in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm Gartner
estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.[312] Traditionally,
Google relied on parallel computing on commodity hardware like mainstream x86 computers
(similar to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.[313][314][315] In 2005, it started developing its own
designs, which were only revealed in 2009.[315]

Google has built its own private submarine communications cables. The first cable, named Curie,
connects California with Chile and was completed on November 15, 2019.[316][317] The second fully
Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is
planned to begin operation in 2020.[318] Google's third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect Lisbon
(Portugal) with Lagos (Nigeria) and Cape Town (South Africa).[319] The company's fourth cable,
named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in New York (US), Bude (UK) and Bilbao (Spain), and
is expected to become operational in 2022.[320]

Environment

In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to
1.6 Megawatt of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy
needs.[321][322] The system is the largest rooftop photovoltaic power station constructed on a U.S.
corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.[321] Since 2007, Google
has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its operations.[323]
In Spring 2009, Google hired a herd of 200 goats for a week from California Grazing to mow their
lawn. It was apparently more eco-friendly.[324]

Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000
homes", almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a nuclear power plant. Total
carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that
provide electricity for the data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by
renewable fuels in 2010. An average search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global
searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the total electricity consumption by Google.[325]

In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project, putting $38.8 million
into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate
169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes.[326] In February 2010, the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market
rates.[327] The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it
would purchase all the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind
farm.[328]

In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of power
for 20 years.[329]

In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it would purchase enough renewable
energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers and offices. The commitment will
make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching
2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy".[330][331][332]

In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made the firm
reach 100% renewable energy. The wind energy comes from two power plants in South Dakota, one
in Iowa and one in Oklahoma.[333] In September 2019, Google's chief executive announced plans for
a $2 billion wind and solar investment, the biggest renewable energy deal in corporate history. This
will grow their green energy profile by 40%, giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of clean energy, the
company said.[334]

In September 2020, Google announced it had retroactively offset all of its carbon emissions since
the company's foundation in 1998.[335] It also stated that it is committed to operating its data
centers and offices using only carbon-free energy by 2030.[336] In October 2020, the company
pledged to make the packaging for its hardware products 100% plastic-free and 100% recyclable by
2025. It also said that all its final assembly manufacturing sites will achieve a UL 2799 Zero Waste
to Landfill certification by 2022 by ensuring that the vast majority of waste from the manufacturing
process is recycled instead of ending up in a landfill.[337]

In 2023 Google consumed 24 TWh of electricity, more than countries such as Iceland, Ghana, the
Dominican Republic, or Tunisia.[338]

Climate change denial and misinformation

Google donates to climate change denial political groups including the State Policy Network and the
Competitive Enterprise Institute.[339][340] The company also actively funds and profits from climate
disinformation by monetizing ad spaces on most of the largest climate disinformation sites.[341]
Google continued to monetize and profit from sites propagating climate disinformation even after
the company updated their policy to prohibit placing their ads on similar sites.[342]

Philanthropy

In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of
$1 billion.[343] The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global
public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired Larry Brilliant as the program's
executive director in 2004[344] and Megan Smith has since replaced him as director.[345]

In March 2007, in partnership with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), Google
hosted the first Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at its headquarters in Mountain View.[346] In
2011, Google donated €1 million to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five
annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).[347][348] In July 2012, Google launched a
"Legalize Love" campaign in support of gay rights.[349]

In 2008, Google announced its "project 10100", which accepted ideas for how to help the community
and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.[350] After two years of no update, during
which many wondered what had happened to the program,[351] Google revealed the winners of the
project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations
that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.[352]

Responding to the humanitarian crisis after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Google
announced a $15 million donation to support Ukrainian citizens.[353] The company also decided to
transform its office in Warsaw into a help center for refugees.[354]
Also in February 2022, Google announced a $100 million fund to expand skills training and job
placement for low-income Americans, in conjunction with non-profits Year Up, Social Finance, and
Merit America.[355]

Criticism and controversies

San Francisco activists protest privately

owned shuttle buses that transport
workers for tech companies such as
Google from their homes in San Francisco
and Oakland to corporate campuses in
Silicon Valley.

Google has had criticism over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance,[356] search neutrality,
copyright, censorship of search results and content,[357] and privacy.[358][359]

Other criticisms are alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, its use of other people's
intellectual property, concerns that its compilation of data may violate people's privacy, and the
energy consumption of its servers, as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as
monopoly, restraint of trade, anti-competitive practices, and patent infringement.

Political controversy

United States

In a 2022 National Labor Relations Board ruling, court documents suggested that Google sponsored
a secretive project—Project Vivian—to counsel its employees and to discourage them from forming
unions.[283]

Brazil

On May 1, 2023, Google placed an ad against anti-disinformation Brazilian Congressional Bill No.
2630, which was about to be approved, on its search homepage in Brazil, calling on its users to ask
congressional representatives to oppose the legislation. The country's government and judiciary
accused the company of undue interference in the congressional debate, saying it could amount to
abuse of economic power and ordering the company to change the ad within two hours of
notification or face fines of R$1 million (2023) (US$185,528.76) per non-compliance hour. The
company then promptly removed the ad.[360][361]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Google is also part of Project Nimbus, a $1.2 billion deal in which the technology companies Google
and Amazon provide Israel and its military with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other
cloud computing services, including building local cloud sites that will "keep information within
Israel's borders under strict security guidelines."[362][363][364] The contract has been criticized by
shareholders and employees over concerns that the project could lead to human rights abuses
against Palestinians, in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the disputed status of
Palestinian territories.[365][366] Ariel Koren, a former marketing manager for Google's educational
products and an outspoken critic of the project, wrote that Google "systematically silences
Palestinian, Jewish, Arab and Muslim voices concerned about Google's complicity in violations of
Palestinian human rights—to the point of formally retaliating against workers and creating an
environment of fear", and said she was retaliated against for organizing against the project.[362][367]

In March 2024, The New York Times reported that Google Photos was being used in a facial
recognition program by Unit 8200, a surveillance unit of the Israeli Defense Forces, to surveil
Palestinians in the Gaza Strip amid the Gaza war. A Google spokesman commented that the service
"does not provide identities for unknown people in photographs".[368]

On April 18, 2024, Google dismissed 28 employees who participated in protests against the
company's involvement in Project Nimbus, which the employees argued should not be used for
military or intelligence services. The protesting employees, part of the group No Tech For Apartheid,
staged sit-ins at Google's offices in New York and Sunnyvale, California,[369] leading to disruptions
and blockages within the company facilities.[370][371] This had followed reports of Israeli forces
killing large numbers of Palestinian civilians while using own Lavender AI system to identify
targets.[372][373]

On July 2025, Sergey Brin said in response to a UN report that used the term "the genocide in Gaza"
and that claimed Google profited from it: "throwing around the term genocide in relation to Gaza is
deeply offensive to many Jewish people who have suffered actual genocides. I would also be
careful citing transparently antisemitic organizations like the UN in relation to these issues".[374][375]
Russia

On October 31, 2024, the Russian government imposed a "symbolic" fine of $20 decillion on Google
for blocking pro-Russian YouTube channels. In 2022, during the invasion of Ukraine, a Russian court
had ordered Google to restore the channels, with penalties doubling every week according to
TASS.[376] This comes alongside other large fines against social media companies accused of
hosting content critical of the Kremlin or supportive of Ukraine.[377]

Antitrust

In July 2018, Mozilla program manager Chris Peterson accused Google of intentionally slowing
down YouTube performance on Firefox.[378][379] In April 2019, former Mozilla executive Jonathan
Nightingale accused Google of intentionally and systematically sabotaging the Firefox browser over
the past decade in order to boost adoption of Google Chrome.[379]

In 2019, a hub for critics of Google dedicated to abstaining from using Google products coalesced
in the Reddit online community /r/degoogle.[380] The DeGoogle grassroots campaign continues to
grow as privacy activists highlight information about Google products, and the associated incursion
on personal privacy rights by the company.

Google reportedly paid Apple $22 billion in 2022 to maintain its position as the default search
engine on Safari. It marks one of the largest payments between two tech giants in recent years.[381]

European Union

The European Commission, which imposed

three fines on Google in 2017, 2018, and
2019

On June 27, 2017, the company received a record fine of €2.42 billion from the European Union for
"promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results."[382]

On July 18, 2018,[383] the European Commission fined Google €4.34 billion for breaching EU antitrust
rules. The abuse of dominants position has been referred to as Google's constraint applied to
Android device manufacturers and network operators to ensure that traffic on Android devices goes
to the Google search engine. On October 9, 2018, Google confirmed[384] that it had appealed the fine
to the General Court of the European Union.[385]

On March 20, 2019, the European Commission imposed a €1.49 billion ($1.69 billion) fine on Google
for preventing rivals from being able to "compete and innovate fairly" in the online advertising
market. European Union competition commissioner Margrethe Vestager said Google had violated
EU antitrust rules by "imposing anti-competitive contractual restrictions on third-party websites" that
required them to exclude search results from Google's rivals.[386][387]

On September 14, 2022, Google lost the appeal of a €4.125 billion (£3.5 billion) fine, which was ruled
to be paid after it was proved by the European Commission that Google forced Android phone-
makers to carry Google's search and web browser apps. Since the initial accusations, Google has
changed its policy.[388]

In March 2024, a former Google software engineer and Chinese national, Linwei Ding, was accused
of stealing confidential artificial intelligence information from the company and handing it to
Chinese corporations.[389] Ding had allegedly stolen over 500 files from the company over the
course of 5 years, having been hired in 2019.[390] Upon discovering Ding had been in contact with
Chinese state-owned companies, Google notified the FBI, who carried on the investigation of the
data breach.[391]

On September 10, 2024, Europe's top court imposed a €2.4 billion fine on Google for abusing its
dominance in the shopping comparison market, marking the conclusion of a case that began in
2009 with a complaint from British firm Foundem.[392]

On September 18, 2024, Alphabet's Google won a €1.49 billion ($1.7 billion) antitrust fine from the
European Union, while Qualcomm's efforts to repeal a penalty were unsuccessful. The General Court
agreed with many of the European Commission's findings but annulled the Google fine, stating that
the Commission failed to consider all relevant factors and did not demonstrate harm to innovation
or consumers. Google noted that it had already changed its contract practices in 2016. Meanwhile,
Qualcomm saw its fine reduced slightly but failed to overturn the ruling regarding its predatory
pricing against Icera. Both companies have options to appeal further.[393]

United States

After U.S. Congressional hearings in July 2020,[394] and a report from the U.S. House of
Representatives' Antitrust Subcommittee released in early October,[395] the United States
Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against Google on October 20, 2020, asserting that
it has illegally maintained its monopoly position in web search and search advertising.[396][397] The
lawsuit alleged that Google engaged in anticompetitive behavior by paying Apple between $8 billion
and $12 billion to be the default search engine on iPhones.[398] Later that month, both Facebook and
Alphabet agreed to "cooperate and assist one another" in the face of investigation into their online
advertising practices.[399][400] Another suit was brought against Google in 2023 for illegally
monopolizing the advertising technology market.[401] In August 2024, District of Columbia U.S.
District Court Judge Amit Mehta ruled that Google held a monopoly in online search and text
advertising in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act.[402][403]

On October 8, 2024, The U.S. government suggested it could request Google to divest parts of its
business, such as the Chrome browser and Android, due to its alleged monopoly in online search.
The Justice Department aimed to limit Google's growing dominance in areas like AI. Google, which
intended to appeal, argued that the proposals were too extreme, while also dealing with other
antitrust cases involving its app store and advertising operations.[404]

In November 2024, the Justice Department proposed major changes to curb Google's online search
monopoly, including forcing the company to sell its Chrome browser, share search data with
competitors, and end exclusive agreements that make Google the default search engine on devices
like iPhones. The DoJ also sought a ban on Google re-entering the browser market for five years and
restrictions on its investments in rival search or AI technologies. Google called these proposals
excessive and harmful to consumers, pledging to appeal. A trial on the case was scheduled for April
2025, though the incoming administration and new DoJ leadership could potentially alter the course
of the proceedings.[405]

In September 2024, Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) provisionally found that Google
engaged in anti-competitive practices in the online advertising technology market, potentially
harming thousands of UK publishers and advertisers. The investigation claimed Google used its
market power to prevent rivals from competing fairly, affecting billions spent on digital ads. Google
rejected the findings as flawed, stating its ad tech benefits businesses. If found guilty, Google could
face penalties of up to 10% of its global turnover. Similar investigations are ongoing in the U.S. and
EU, where regulators have suggested that Google may need to sell part of its ad-tech business.[406]

It was ruled in 2025 by US Department of Justice alongside 17 other states that Google operates a
monopoly in online advertising technology. The case will now move to a remedies stage which may
lead to Alphabet, the owner of Google, being broken up.[407]
Gender discrimination lawsuit

In 2017, three women sued Google, accusing the company of violating California's Equal Pay Act by
underpaying its female employees. The lawsuit cited the wage gap was around $17,000 and that
Google locked women into lower career tracks, leading to smaller salaries and bonuses. In June
2022, Google agreed to pay a $118 million settlement to 15,550 female employees working in
California since 2013. As a part of the settlement, Google also agreed to hire a third party to analyze
its hiring and compensation practices.[408][409][410]

Censorship

According to Ryan Gallagher of The Intercept in August 2018, Google was developing for the
People's Republic of China a censored version of its search engine (known as Dragonfly) "that will
blacklist websites and search terms about human rights, democracy, religion, and peaceful
protest".[411] Google was grilled at a Senate committee hearing on the project one month
later.[412][413] The project was canceled in December following the backlash it garnered both
externally and internally within the company.[414][415]

Data loss

In May 2024, a misconfiguration in Google Cloud led to the accidental deletion of UniSuper's $135
billion Australian pension fund account, affecting over half a million members who were unable to
access their accounts for a week. The outage, attributed to a cloud service error and not a
cyberattack, prompted a joint apology from UniSuper and Google Cloud executives, who assured
members that no personal data was compromised and restoration efforts were underway.[416]

Data privacy

On October 8, 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet due to "non-
public" Google+ account data being exposed as a result of a bug that allowed app developers to
gain access to the private information of users. The litigation was settled in July 2020 for $7.5
million with a payout to claimants of at least $5 each, with a maximum of $12 each.[417][418][419]

On January 21, 2019, French data regulator CNIL imposed a record €50 million fine on Google for
breaching the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. The judgment claimed Google
had failed to sufficiently inform users of its methods for collecting data to personalize advertising.
Google issued a statement saying it was "deeply committed" to transparency and was "studying the
decision" before determining its response.[420]

In November 2019, the Office for Civil Rights of the United States Department of Health and Human
Services began investigation into Project Nightingale, to assess whether the "mass collection of
individuals' medical records" complied with HIPAA.[421] According to The Wall Street Journal, Google
secretively began the project in 2018, with St. Louis-based healthcare company Ascension.[422]

In early June 2020, a $5 billion class-action lawsuit was filed against Google by a group of
consumers, alleging that Chrome's Incognito browsing mode still collects their user history.[423][424]
The lawsuit became known in March 2021 when a federal judge denied Google's request to dismiss
the case, ruling that they must face the group's charges.[425][426] Reuters reported that the lawsuit
alleged that Google's CEO Sundar Pichai sought to keep the users unaware of this issue.[427] In April
2024, it was announced that Google agreed to settle this lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement
Google agreed to destroy billions of data records to settle a lawsuit claiming it secretly tracked the
internet use of people who thought they were browsing privately.[428]

On January 6, 2022, France's data privacy regulatory body CNIL fined Alphabet's Google 150 million
euros (US$169 million) for not allowing its Internet users an easy refusal of cookies along with
Facebook.[429]

In August 2024, Google sent an email to users informing them of its legal obligation to disclose
certain confidential information to U.S. government authorities. The company stated that when it
receives valid requests from government agencies to produce documents without redacting
confidential customer information, it may produce such documents even if they are confidential to
users. However, it will request confidential treatment of such information from the government.[430]

In January 2025, U.S. federal judge Richard Seeborg rejected Google's motion to dismiss a class-
action lawsuit. The lawsuit claims Google collected data from users who had specifically opted out
of tracking. The trial is scheduled for August 2025.[431]

Geolocation

Google has been criticized for continuing to collect location data from users who had turned off
location-sharing settings.[432] In 2020, the FBI used a geofence warrant to request data from Google
about Android devices near the Seattle Police Officers Guild building following an arson attempt
during Black Lives Matter protests. Google provided anonymized location data from devices in the
area, which raised privacy concerns due to the potential inclusion of unrelated protesters.[433]
Copyright infringement

On March 20, 2024, Google was fined approximately $270 million by French regulators for using
content from news outlets in France without proper disclosure to train its AI, Bard, now renamed
Gemini, violating a previous commitment to negotiate content use transparently and fairly.[434]

U.S. government contracts

Following media reports about PRISM, the NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in June
2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Google.[435]
According to unnamed sources, Google joined the PRISM program in 2009, as YouTube in 2010.[436]

Google has worked with the United States Department of Defense on drone software through the
2017 Project Maven that could be used to improve the accuracy of drone strikes.[437] In April 2018,
thousands of Google employees, including senior engineers, signed a letter urging Google CEO
Sundar Pichai to end this controversial contract with the Pentagon.[438] Google ultimately decided
not to renew this DoD contract, which was set to expire in 2019.[439]

In 2022 Google shared a $9 billion contract from the Pentagon for cloud computing with Amazon,
Microsoft, and Oracle.[440]

See also

Outline of Google Google ATAP

Googlization

Notes

a. Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998, however, since 2002, the company has
celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September
27.[1][2][3] The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem
with the birthday.[4]

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Further reading

Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld. Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization
(Princeton University Press, 2023) online book review (http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.ph
p?id=59892)

Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything. Perseus
Books/Vanguard Press. ISBN 978-1-59315-720-3.

Vaidhyanathan, Siya (2011). The Googlization of Everything: (And Why We Should Worry)
(Updated ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94869-3.
JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pn9z8 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pn9z8) .
OCLC 779828585 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779828585) .

Yeo, ShinJoung (2023). Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry. U of Illinois
Press. ISBN 0252087127. JSTOR 10.5406/jj.4116455 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jj.41
16455) .

External links

Official website (https://about.google/)

Official blog The Keyword (https://blog.google/)

Business data for Google, Inc.: Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/GOOG.O
Q) · SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=128877
6)

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