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Metz 1944 Patton s fortified nemesis First Edition,
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METZ 1944
Patton’s fortified nemesis

STEVEN J ZALOGA ILLUSTRATED BY STEVE NOON

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CAMPAIGN • 242

METZ 1944
Patton’s fortified nemesis

STEVEN J ZALOGA ILLUSTRATED BY STEVE NOON

Series editor Marcus Cowper

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4

CHRONOLOGY 5

THE STRATEGIC SETTING 7

OPPOSING COMMANDERS 13
American commanders • German commanders

OPPOSING FORCES 18
US Army • German Army

OPPOSING PLANS 28
American plans • German plans

CAMPAIGN 34
Operation Thunderbolt: Fort Driant The October pause
Operation Madison begins: XII Corps Operation Madison begins: XX Corps
The battle for Metz On to the Saar: XII Corps XX Corps advances beyond Metz

THE CAMPAIGN IN RETROSPECT 87

THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 90

FURTHER READING 92

INDEX 95

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

INTRODUCTION

The Metz campaign by Patton’s Third US Army in the late autumn of 1944
is often forgotten or dismissed as a setback. Yet the task faced by his forces
in Lorraine in October–December 1944 was amongst his most daunting. The
Third US Army had shrunk to only two corps since its glory days in the race
to Paris in August 1944, and Patton’s units were short of both supplies and
fresh troops. Facing them was the most heavily fortified region along the
western German frontier, starting with the sturdy 19th-century German forts
along the Moselle, followed by a belt of Maginot Line forts, and finally the
Westwall pillboxes from the 1930s. In the autumn of 1944, the Wehrmacht
modernized and deepened these defensive belts as part of the West-Stellung
program. Patton’s original attempts to breach the Moselle River on the run
in September had mixed results. XII Corps had gained substantial
bridgeheads in the areas east of Nancy, but in the XX Corps area Patton had
only a small toehold near Metz. The river-crossing sites near Metz were well
protected by the neighboring forts and smothered with artillery fire. XX
Corps tried to capture Fort Driant in early October 1944, but the attacks
failed in the face of fierce resistance. Hitler declared Metz to be a “Festung”
(fortress) to be defended to the last bullet.
After a lull in the fighting through most of October dictated by logistics
problems, Eisenhower authorized a new round of offensives in early
November. Operation Madison aimed to reduce Festung Metz but, taking to
heart the lessons of the failed Fort Driant attack, intended to infiltrate past
the forts where possible and leave them to rot on the vine. The main
impediment during the November offensive proved to be the weather.
Unusually heavy rains flooded the Moselle Valley, making river-crossing
operations especially difficult. In the XII Corps sector, the sodden, muddy
conditions turned the battlefield into a quagmire that subverted Patton’s usual
finesse with tank warfare. In the XX Corps sector, the raging river swept
away many bridges, but in the end, the key forts around Thionville were
overcome or avoided, and two divisions enveloped Metz. Once the outer crust
of forts had been overcome, the city quickly fell on November 18.
In spite of the atrocious weather, Patton’s Third US Army managed to
overwhelm German forces in Lorraine. By early December, footholds had
been secured over the Saar River in the shadows of the Westwall. The ultimate
prize was the Rhine River and it seemed to be within their grasp. Operation
Tink was planned for December 19, 1944, to leap to the Rhine near Mainz
and Mannheim in anticipation of a drive on Frankfurt. Days before the
launch of this bold winter offensive, the Wehrmacht struck in the Ardennes,
diverting Patton’s Third US Army northward on its legendary campaign to
4 relieve Bastogne.
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CHRONOLOGY

1944

September 5 General der Panzertruppen Otto von Knobelsdorff takes over

command of AOK 1 from General der Infanterie Kurt von
Chevallerie.

September 7 The 5th Division attempts to cross the Moselle at Dornot, but the
bridgehead is overwhelmed by artillery and counterattacks.

September 10 Another 5th Division river crossing at Arnaville proves more

successful once a vehicle bridge is erected.

September 21 General der Panzertruppen Hermann Balck takes over command of

Heeresgruppe G from Johannes Blaskowitz.

September 22 Eisenhower orders a moratorium on major operations in the Third

US Army sector which lasts for six weeks.

September 27 First attack on Fort Driant is repulsed.

October 3 Second attack is launched against Fort Driant, and a toehold secured
inside the fort.

October 9 US commanders decide to call off attack on Fort Driant.

October 12–13 Last US troops withdraw from Fort Driant during the night.

October 15 Heeresgruppe G loses 5. Panzerarmee, reducing it to only two field

armies for Alsace and Lorraine.

October 20 The 90th Division finally captures the Hôtel de Ville in Maizières-les-
Metz.

November 8 Operation Madison begins in XII Corps’ sector.

November 9 Operation Madison begins in XX Corps’ sector, starting with a

“demonstration” by the 95th Division at Uckange.

5
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
 November 11 AOK 1 orders the evacuation of non-essential personnel from Metz.
Hitler declares the city “Festung Metz” so the city will “fight to the
last bullet.”

November 14 The 379th Infantry captures three of the “Seven Dwarves” forts:
Jussy Nord, Jussy Sud and Saint-Hubert.

November 15 The 378th Infantry captures the Feves Ridge on the night of
November 14–15.

November 16 The 11th Infantry pushes into the Luftwaffe’s Frescaty airbase near
Fort Saint-Privat.

November 17 The last of the Nazi party functionaries leave Metz and French FFI
resistance groups begin attacking isolated German troops. At
1900hrs, Generalleutnant Heinrich Kittel orders the demolition of
the remaining bridges over the Moselle and Seille rivers.

November 18 US units began entering Metz from numerous directions on

November 18. The US divisions began mopping up last pockets of
resistance.

November 22 Strasbourg is captured by the Seventh US Army; Heeresgruppe G’s

two field armies are about to be split apart.

December 3 In a night raid, a battalion of the 95th Division secures a bridge over
the Saar in Saarlautern.

December 5 Fort Saint-Quentin surrenders.

December 6 XII Corps wins a toehold in the border town of Sarreguemines.

December 7 Fort Plappeville surrenders.

December 8 Fort Driant surrenders.

December 13 Fort Jeanne d’Arc surrenders.

December 16 German Ardennes offensive begins.

December 17–18 XII Corps operations come to a halt when Third US Army is assigned
to relieve Bastogne in the Ardennes.

6
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
THE STRATEGIC SETTING

By September 1944, neither Patton’s Third US Army, nor its German

opponent, 1. Armee, was fighting in the region that their high commands had
planned earlier in the summer. The Third US Army had been the follow-on
wave after Bradley’s First US Army had executed Operation Cobra, the
breakout from Normandy. Instead of following Bradley’s units eastward
towards Germany, Patton’s forces had been directed westward towards
Brittany to seize ports such as Quiberon Bay and Brest. It was a futile mission
resulting from the failure of senior Allied commanders to reassess pre-
invasion plans. The Germans recognized the Allies’ insatiable need for port
facilities, and the Wehrmacht demolished ports before their surrender such as
Cherbourg in June 1944; there was no reason to expect otherwise at Brest.
Furthermore, Brest was hundreds of miles further west of the advancing
Allied armies, detracting from its logistical value. Third US Army conducted
the Brittany campaign in a speedy fashion, but by mid-August, its futility was
evident. Patton convinced Bradley and Eisenhower to redirect his forces
eastward towards Paris on Bradley’s right flank. It was an ideal mission for

Metz has been fortified since

ancient times. The last remnant
of the fortified medieval city
was the Porte des Allemands
(Deutsches Tor) built on the
Seille River starting in 1230,
and seen here shortly after
the end of the fighting in
November 1944. (NARA)

7
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
The strategic situation, September 25, 1944

Front line
Maginot line
West wall
0 5 miles
Arlon B X
T XX S T Grevenmacher XX
H X
X IR
XX G 0 5km
D
F

IR

Luxembourg Saarburg
XX
XX 48
83 (+)
Remich

Merzig
Sierck-
les-Bains

er
Thionville

Riv
XX
559

es
VG (-)

Bli
Bouzonville Saarlautern
Mo
selle

Saarbrücken
er

XX
River

Nied Riv

Maizières-
XX les-Metz
XX
90 462 Les Étangs Boulay-Moselle
Conflans VG

Sarreguemines
Metz Saint-Avold
XX
XX
17 SS Faulquemont
Amanvillers
XX Sarralbe
5
XX
3 Sarre-Union
Seill Morhange
XX Pont-à- Nomény Delma 559
XX
eR

XXX VG (-)
Mousson t XX
iver

XII XX X Firs X
553 X
XX
VG (-) 106 XX PZ
River

h
80 Dieulouard Fift
Château-Salins
Sarre

Dieuze
XX
XX XX
35
35 XX 11 (-)
River 6 (-) Moyenvic Donnelay Sarrebourg
le X
anal
35 Marne-Rhine C
sel

XX
X
111
XX
Mo

4 113

Nancy
Toul XX
15 Forêt
Saint-Nicolas de Parroy
Vezo
Lunéville Blâmont use R
X II

iver
X X
X
X
V

XX
79
XX

Me
urth XX Badonviller
2
XX eR 21 (-)
Bayon iver
Fr
Baccarat
Mor
tagn

Fifth PZ
e Riv

N
XXXX
er

Nineteenth
Charmes
X th
Six XX
XX welf

Rambervillers
th
T

Mirecourt Châtel
St Die

8
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
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[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Practice Problem 20: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Example 80: Current trends and future directions
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 82: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 83: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 84: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 86: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 87: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 89: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 10: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 91: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 92: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 94: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 97: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 98: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 11: Practical applications and examples
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 101: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 104: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 109: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 12: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 113: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 116: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 117: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 118: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 119: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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