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Problem Books in Mathematics

Răzvan Gelca
Ionuţ Onişor
Carlos Yuzo Shine

Geometric
Transformations
Problem Books in Mathematics

Series Editor
Peter Winkler
Department of Mathematics
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH
USA
Books in this series are devoted exclusively to problems - challenging, difficult, but
accessible problems. They are intended to help at all levels - in college, in graduate
school, and in the profession. Arthur Engels "Problem-Solving Strategies" is good
for elementary students and Richard Guys "Unsolved Problems in Number Theory"
is the classical advanced prototype. The series also features a number of successful
titles that prepare students for problem-solving competitions.

More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/714

Răzvan Gelca • Ionuţ Onişor • Carlos Yuzo Shine

Geometric Transformations
Răzvan Gelca Ionuţ Onişor
Mathematics and Statistics Colegiul National de Informatica Tudor
Texas Tech University Vianu
Lubbock Bucharest, Romania
TX, USA

Carlos Yuzo Shine

Colégio Etapa
São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil

ISSN 0941-3502 ISSN 2197-8506 (electronic)

Problem Books in Mathematics
ISBN 978-3-030-89116-9 ISBN 978-3-030-89117-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89117-6

Mathematics Subject Classification: 97G50, 97U40, 54H15, 51M04

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland
AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
In memory of Rodica Gelca
Preface

There is a true geometry which is not [. . . ] intended to be merely an illustrative form of

more abstract investigation. Its problem is to grasp the full reality of the figures of space,
and to interpret—and this is the mathematical side of the question—the relations holding
for them as evident results of the axioms of space-perception.

This thought was penned by Felix Klein in his notes on the Erlangen Program.
The Erlangen Program proposed a view of geometry that shifts the focus from
geometric objects to groups of transformations that act upon them. The accent
is placed on understanding the transformations and the properties of space they
preserve. Our book does embrace this perspective, but is more of a hybrid between
the old Euclidean geometry and Klein’s ideas. We let transformations act on the
entire configuration or just part of it, then exercise our intuition on the result, or we
recognize a geometric transformation hidden inside the configuration itself.
We have selected mostly Olympiad problems, because in mathematical
Olympiads the geometry of lines and circles is still alive. Elementary geometry
is a valuable instrument for building space-perception and offers probably the best
introduction to the concept of a group: a set of transformations that contains the
compositions and inverses of all of its elements. And familiarity with groups of
geometric transformations is nowadays a must, since they play a central role in
physics, both classical and quantum, and with it in geometry. With this book, we
want to shape the reader’s mind into thinking about geometry in motion as opposed
to the static view of Euclid’s Elements.
As for the method of proof, we use both the synthetic and the analytic, where
appropriate, though we put the accent on the first. To motivate this, we refer to
another quote from the Erlangen Program:
The distinction between modern synthesis and modern analytical geometry must no longer
be regarded as essential, inasmuch as both subject-matter and methods of reasoning have
gradually taken a similar form in both. [. . . ] Although the synthetic method has more to
do with space-perception and thereby imparts a rare charm to its first simple developments,
the realm of space-perception is nevertheless not closed to the analytic method, and the
formulae of analytic geometry can be looked upon as a precise and perspicuous statement
of geometrical relations.

vii
viii Preface

It is the “rare charm” of the synthetic method that we aim to reveal with most of
the problems; it is also unimaginable to practice geometry without a good spatial
intuition, and that is why we favor the synthetic method. However, the coordinate-
based approach is easier to generalize to other realms of geometry and to relate to
other areas of mathematics. Thus, in many problems we have included analytic and
synthetic solutions side by side, so that the reader can see how numbers and figures
interact. And many a time we integrate the analytic and the synthetic in the same
argument.
Besides building good geometric intuition, this text opens a window towards
other parts of mathematics, giving thus a mild introduction to groups of trans-
formations and illustrating how symmetry groups appear in combinatorics and
number theory. There is a description of circular transformations; they are useful
at elementary level in inversive geometry, and are an essential tool in contemporary
research on hyperbolic geometry in two and three dimensions. It is important to
point out that some groups of transformations present in the book, and their three-
dimensional counterparts, are the simplest examples of Lie groups, and have proved
essential in modeling classical and quantum physics.
There is a vast body of mathematics related to geometric transformations, too
voluminous to be enclosed in the confines of a single book. We had to be selective, so
we have decided to reduce our scope to just the Euclidean plane, and there, to those
transformations that can be modeled with complex coordinates. All transformations
appearing in this book can be placed within the framework of complex affine
transformations and complex linear fractional transformations, and their conjugates.
There is no discussion of two-dimensional real projective geometry (such as conics)
or of two-dimensional real affine geometry.
To teach the tools and tricks of geometric transformations, we apply the following
structure to each of the first three chapters (“Isometries,” “Homotheties and Spiral
Similarities,” and “Inversions”). We begin with a discussion of theoretical results,
followed by a few theoretical questions. Next, several applications of the methods
are explained in detail, including some classical theorems in Euclidean geometry.
This is followed by what you, the reader, await with excitement: problems to
solve. The problems are listed in some increasing order of difficulty, but to keep
the element of surprise and to stimulate ingenuity, there is no grouping based on
common ideas. If the challenge is too big, hints for all problems can be found
in the middle of the book. Additionally, to help with the learning, all problems
have detailed solutions at the end of the book, often multiple solutions, some
of which have been discovered by experienced problem solvers. Even if you are
successful in solving a problem, and it would be good if you could explore and find
more approaches, you should always read the solutions from the end of the book.
Not only because they might teach you new tricks, but also because they contain
commentaries about the method, and for problems whose authors and sources are
known, these are mentioned there. The last chapter, “A Synthesis,” shorter but more
challenging than the others, puts all transformations from this book on common
ground, and contains problems that can be tackled with diverse techniques.
Preface ix

Geometric Transformations was carefully crafted by three experienced mathe-

matical Olympiad coaches on three continents. Răzvan Gelca has trained the United
States International Mathematical Olympiad Team for many years, and has also
served as deputy leader of this team, as well as leader of the team that represented
the United States at the Romanian Master of Mathematics. He has helped organize
the USA Mathematical Olympiad. Ionuţ Onişor has coached Romanian students
for the International Mathematical Olympiad and has taken Romanian teams to
international mathematics competitions. Carlos Yuzo Shine has been the head
coach of the Brazilian International Mathematical Olympiad Team as well as the
academic chair of the Brazilian Mathematical Olympiad, and has taken several times
the Brazilian team to the International Mathematical Olympiad. The authors have
benefited from the support, encouragement, and advice of their parents and of their
colleagues, as well as of Georgiana Onişor and Titu Andreescu, for which they are
deeply grateful. They have authored books on mathematical Olympiads in the past,
and they have now come together to write a book on geometry. As for the need of
such a book, Johannes Kepler once said: At ubi materia, ibi Geometria.1

Lubbock, TX, USA Răzvan Gelca

Bucharest, Romania Ionuţ Onişor

São Paulo, Brazil Carlos Yuzo Shine

1 Where there is matter, there is geometry.

Contents

Part I Problems
1 Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Theoretical Results About Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Definition and Basic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.2 Translations, Rotations, Reflections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 Isometries as Composition of Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.4 Compositions of Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.5 Discrete Groups of Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.1.6 Theoretical Questions About Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.2 Isometries in Euclidean Geometry Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.1 Some Constructions and Classical Results in
Euclidean Geometry That Use Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.2 Examples of Problems Solved Using Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.2.3 Problems in Euclidean Geometry to be Solved
Using Isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.3 Isometries Throughout Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.3.1 Geometry with Combinatorial Flavor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.3.2 Combinatorics of Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.3.3 Number Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.3.4 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2 Homotheties and Spiral Similarities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.1 A Theoretical Introduction to Homotheties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.1.1 Definition and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.1.2 Groups Generated by Homotheties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.1.3 Problems About Properties of Homotheties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.2 Problems in Euclidean Geometry That Use Homothety . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.2.1 Theorems in Euclidean Geometry Proved Using
Homothety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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