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Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2298
Maria Fragoulopoulou
Atsushi Inoue
Martin Weigt
Ioannis Zarakas
Generalized
B*-Algebras and
Applications
Lecture Notes in Mathematics
Volume 2298
Editors-in-Chief
Jean-Michel Morel, CMLA, ENS, Cachan, France
Bernard Teissier, IMJ-PRG, Paris, France
Series Editors
Karin Baur, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Michel Brion, UGA, Grenoble, France
Alessio Figalli, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Annette Huber, Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany
Davar Khoshnevisan, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Ioannis Kontoyiannis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Angela Kunoth, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
László Székelyhidi , Institute of Mathematics, Leipzig University, Leipzig,
Germany
Ariane Mézard, IMJ-PRG, Paris, France
Mark Podolskij, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Sylvia Serfaty, NYU Courant, New York, NY, USA
Gabriele Vezzosi, UniFI, Florence, Italy
Anna Wienhard, Ruprecht Karl University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Maria Fragoulopoulou • Atsushi Inoue •
Martin Weigt • Ioannis Zarakas
Generalized B*-Algebras
and Applications
Maria Fragoulopoulou Atsushi Inoue
Department of Mathematics Department of Applied Mathematics
National and Kapodistrian Fukuoka University
University of Athens Fukuoka, Japan
Athens, Greece
Mathematics Subject Classification: 46H20, 46H35, 46K10, 47L60, 46H30, 46K05, 46L60
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland
AG 2022
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see [G.S. Kirk, J.E. Raven, The Presocratic
Philosophers (Cambridge Univ. Press,1957/
with corrections, Cambridge, 1973), pp.
236–237]
W. Jaeger (ed.)
Aristotelis Metaphysica
book 1, 985b 23-26
see [W. Jaeger (ed.), Aristotelis Metaphysica
(Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1957), pp. 13,14]
To the fond memory of the late Professor
G.R. ALLAN
and to Professor
P.G. DIXON
with much respect
Preface
In 1967, G.R. Allan initiated and studied a class of locally convex algebras with
continuous involution, called GB∗ -algebras (an abbreviation for “Generalized B ∗ -
algebras”). The structure of a GB∗ -algebra A[τ ] is defined by a certain collection
B∗A of subsets of the underlying locally convex ∗-algebra A[τ ], which, being
partially ordered by inclusion, attains a maximal member, denoted by B0 . Among
the first results, Allan showed an algebraic Gelfand–Naimark type theorem for
commutative GB∗ -algebras. Namely, he proved that a commutative GB∗ -algebra
A[τ ] is algebraically ∗-isomorphic to a ∗-algebra of extended-complex valued
continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space M0 . The latter is, in fact,
the Gelfand space of the C ∗ -subalgebra A[B0 ] := {λx : λ ∈ C, x ∈ B0 } of
A[τ ], endowed with the gauge function of B0 . This C ∗ -algebra is the key tool for
investigating the structure of a GB∗ -algebra.
In 1970, P.G. Dixon extended Allan’s definition of a GB∗ -algebra to include
topological ∗-algebras that are not locally convex, thus enriching the set of examples
of GB∗ -algebras. Dixon then showed that the locally convex noncommutative GB∗ -
algebras are realized by closed operators on a Hilbert space. Namely, he gave a
noncommutative algebraic Gelfand–Naimark type theorem for GB∗ -algebras, which
determines them among unbounded operator algebras.
Typical examples of GB∗ -algebras are C ∗ -algebras, pro-C ∗-algebras (i.e., inverse
limits of C ∗ -algebras), C ∗ -like locally convex ∗-algebras initiated by A. Inoue and
K.-D. Kürsten, the Arens algebra
Lω [0, 1] = ∩ Lp [0, 1]
1≤p<∞
(Allan) equipped with the topology of the Lp -norms, 1 ≤ p < ∞ and the algebra
M[0, 1] of all measurable functions on [0, 1] (modulo equality a.e.), endowed with
the topology of convergence in measure, which is not necessarily locally convex
(Dixon).
Thus, GB∗ -algebras generalize the celebrated C ∗ -algebras, which consist entirely
of bounded operators. As noted, a GB∗ -algebra A[τ ] consists mainly of unbounded
ix
x Preface
operators. The bounded operators that it may contain are all concentrated in the
C ∗ -subalgebra A[B0 ] of A[τ ], mentioned above.
The main body of the present monograph is based on the theory of GB∗ -algebras
as developed by Allan and Dixon. In addition, it is augmented by related results
of, among others, S.J. Bhatt, W. Kunze, G. Lassner, M. Oudadess, K. Schmüdgen,
A.W. Wood, and the authors.
It is very well known that our physical world mostly consists of unbounded
operators. Among them, the most well-known are the Hamiltonian operator H rep-
resenting the observable energy, and the operators P , Q representing the observable
momentum and observable position, respectively. The following algebraic equations
involving the previous operators
P2 mω2 Q2
[P , Q] = P Q − QP = −i h̄I, H = + ,
2m 2
correspond to the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, where i is the imaginary
unit, h̄ is the Planck’s constant, I is the identity operator, and m, ω the mass
and frequency of the oscillator, respectively. According to quantum mechanics, a
physical observable is represented by a self-adjoint linear operator, while certain
algebraic relations, as before, correspond to a physical system, whose mathematical
image is an operator ∗-algebra in an inner product space. In the case of the one-
dimensional harmonic oscillator, the respective ∗-algebra is the one generated by
the essentially self-adjoint operators, H, P , Q.
The journey to the quantum mechanical relation P Q − QP = −i h̄I , known as
the Heisenberg (or canonical) commutation relation, was not straightforward. More-
over, the conclusion that the quantum mechanical observables are not represented
by numbers but by operators is considered to be one of the greatest achievements of
science.
From the above it is clear and quite natural why scientists were led to the study
of unbounded operator algebras, among them being the GB∗ -algebras. This is the
reason why the latter have been investigated, in different directions, by various
authors.
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 A Spectral Theory for Locally Convex Algebras . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Basic Definitions and Notation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 The Set of Bounded Elements. Radius of Boundedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Spectrum and Spectral Radius .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4 A Functional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5 The Carrier Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Generalized B*-Algebras: Functional Representation Theory . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Hermitian and Symmetric Locally Convex *-Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Some Results on C*-Algebras .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3 GB*-Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4 Commutative GB*-Algebras: Functional Representation Theory . . . . 62
3.5 C*-Like Locally Convex *-Algebras as GB*-Algebras .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4 Commutative Generalized B*-Algebras: Functional Calculus
and Equivalent Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.1 Functional Calculus .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2 Positive Linear Functionals .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3 Equivalent Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.4 A *-Algebra of Functions with no GB*-Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5 Extended C*-Algebras and Extended W*-Algebras .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.1 O∗ -Algebras and Unbounded *-Representations ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2 Uniform Topologies on O∗ -Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.3 Extended C*-Algebras .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4 Left Extended W*-Algebras of Unbounded Hilbert Algebras .. . . . . . . 116
6 Generalized B*-Algebras: Unbounded *-Representation Theory .. . . . . 127
6.1 A Functional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2 Positive Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
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