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Advances in African Economic,
Social and Political Development

Everisto Benyera Editor

Africa and
the Fourth
Industrial
Revolution
Curse or Cure?
Advances in African Economic, Social and
Political Development

Series Editors
Diery Seck, CREPOL - Center for Research on Political Economy, Dakar, Senegal
Juliet U. Elu, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA, USA
Yaw Nyarko, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Africa is emerging as a rapidly growing region, still facing major challenges, but
with a potential for significant progress – a transformation that necessitates vigorous
efforts in research and policy thinking. This book series focuses on three intricately
related key aspects of modern-day Africa: economic, social and political develop-
ment. Making use of recent theoretical and empirical advances, the series aims to
provide fresh answers to Africa’s development challenges. All the socio-political
dimensions of today’s Africa are incorporated as they unfold and new policy options
are presented. The series aims to provide a broad and interactive forum of science at
work for policymaking and to bring together African and international researchers
and experts. The series welcomes monographs and contributed volumes for an
academic and professional audience, as well as tightly edited conference proceed-
ings. Relevant topics include, but are not limited to, economic policy and trade,
regional integration, labor market policies, demographic development, social issues,
political economy and political systems, and environmental and energy issues.
All titles in the series are peer-reviewed. The book series is indexed by Scopus.

More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/11885

Everisto Benyera
Editor

Africa and the Fourth

Industrial Revolution
Curse or Cure?

123
Editor
Everisto Benyera
Department of Political Sciences
University of South Africa
Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa

ISSN 2198-7262 ISSN 2198-7270 (electronic)

Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development
ISBN 978-3-030-87523-7 ISBN 978-3-030-87524-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87524-4
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents

On the Elusiveness of Epistemic Freedom in Africa and the Need

to Unmask the Colonial Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Everisto Benyera
Race and Robotics: Black Theology in the Digital Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Hlulani Mdingi
University 4.0: A Conceptual Model for South African Universities
and the Fourth Industrial Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Lizette Wessels and Jo-Ansie van Wyk
Against the Grain: The Tragedy of Zimbabwe in the Context
of 4IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Umali Saidi
Africa and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Turning a Curse
into a Resource Through the Prism of Human Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Ndikumana David Emmanuel
Rising to the Occasion: Africa, the Fourth Industrial Revolution
and Lessons from China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Torque Mude, Sadiki Maeresera, and Tafadzwa Clementine Maramura
Survival of African Governments in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Elvin Shava
The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Africa: A Cure Which Kills
the Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Everisto Benyera

v
Editor and Contributors

About the Editor

Everisto Benyera Ph.D. is Associate Professor of African Politics in the

Department of Political Sciences at the University of South Africa in Pretoria,
South Africa. He holds a doctorate in African Politics from the same university. He
researches and publishes on community-based non-state transitional justice, human
rights, transitology, and decoloniality. He has worked and researched in Zimbabwe,
South Africa, Namibia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. He has three edited
books, 18 chapters, and 13 peer-reviewed journal articles. His books are: (1) 2021.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution and (Re)colonisation of Africa: Coloniality of
Data, London: Routledge; (2) 2020. (ed.) Breaking the Colonial “Contract”: From
Oppression to Autonomous Decolonial Futures, New York: Lexington; (3) (ed.)
2020. Reimagining Justice, Human Rights and Leadership in Africa Challenging
Discourse and Searching for Alternative Paths, Cham: Springer; and (4) 2019. (ed.)
Indigenous, Traditional, and Non-State Transitional Justice in Southern Africa:
Namibia and Zimbabwe, New York: Lexington. He is Editor of Politeia—The
Journal of Political Sciences and Public Administration and Associate Editor of
Strategic Review for Southern Africa.

Contributors

Everisto Benyera University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

Ndikumana David Emmanuel Mzumbe Univesirty, Mzumbe, Tanzania
Sadiki Maeresera Institute of Strategic Research and Analysis, Zimbabwe
National Defence University, Harare, Zimbabwe
Tafadzwa Clementine Maramura University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
South Africa

vii
viii Editor and Contributors

Hlulani Mdingi Faculty of Theology and Religion, Department of Systematic and

Historical Theology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Torque Mude Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
Umali Saidi Midlands State Universirty, Senga Road, Gweru, Zimbabwe
Elvin Shava School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy,
College of Business & Economics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park,
Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
Lizette Wessels Department of Library and Information Services, University of
South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Jo-Ansie van Wyk Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa,
Pretoria, South Africa
On the Elusiveness of Epistemic
Freedom in Africa and the Need
to Unmask the Colonial Contract

Everisto Benyera

Abstract The chapter lays the foundation for the book by broadly exploring what
Africa needs to do in order for it to turn the Fourth Industrial Revolution from being
a curse just like the past three Industrial Revolutions into a resource. Three key
components for turning the 4IR from being a curse into a resource are identified.
These are (1) ethical leadership, (2) just leadership and (3) epistemic freedom. The
chapter calls for masking the colonial contract using epistemic freedom as the first
step in ensuring that Africa looks after its national interests. Africa’s national
interests are its: (1) human capital, (2) natural capital, (3) social capital, (4) epis-
temic capital and (5) financial and built capital. Safeguarding these five capitals is a
key component in pushing back the five monopolies of colonialism and capitalism
which are monopoly over: (1) war and weapons, (2) finance, (3) natural resources,
(4) technology and (5) the media. In using epistemic independence, Africa will be
seeking to gain control of its political and economic autonomy which is important
in ensuring that the continent benefits equitably from the 4IR.

1 Introduction

In this chapter, I respond to the cardinal question: how can Africa use the Fourth
Industrial Revolution (4IR) as an opportunity to extricate itself from coloniality?
Two leading questions can be asked here: what was the fate of Africa in the past
three Industrial Revolutions and what can Africa do in order to benefit from the 4IR
and in the process use it as a vehicle for solving the African problem? Secondly,
what is the African problem which we intend to solve using the 4IR? The short
answer is that since attaining political independence, most of Africa was ruled by
pseudo-nationalist who while blindfolding their followers was in the service of
coloniality. That is what has been variously termed state capture (Grzymala-Busse
2008), executive impunity (Benyera 2015; Benyera et al. 2020; Mamdani 2002),

E. Benyera (&)
1 Preller Street, Muckleneuk, Pretoria 0003, South Africa
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1

E. Benyera (ed.), Africa and the Fourth Industrial Revolution,
Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87524-4_1
2 E. Benyera

corruption (Knutsen et al. 2016; Meagher 2014; Saunders 2014), extroverted

economies (Amin 1997; Benyera et al. 2020), dictatorships (Hall et al. 2018;
Masango 2011; Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2012), military juntas (Decalo 1986; Fanon 1983;
Khadiagala 1995; Riedl 2014; Tendi 2013), military coups (Benyera 2017; Fako
2007; Japhet 1978; McGowan 2003; McGowan and Johnson 1986; Welch 1982;
Wells 1974), failed states (Englebert and Tull 2008; Di John 2011; Mazrui 1986;
Nay 2013; Richmond 2013; Rotberg 2010a, b; van Wyk 2007) and other host of
symptoms of this disease. Stated differently, the African problem is that of colo-
niality, lack of epistemic freedom and a leadership which is not ethical and just.
These problems play out within the gamut of the western model of the state which
is imposed on Africa as part of the colonial processes.
What does Africa lack? For the west, Africa lacks everything. Grosfoguel
captures this well-designed strategy to portray Africa as a place on omnipresent,
perpetual deficits.
European/Euro-American colonial expansion and domination was able to construct a
hierarchy of superior and inferior knowledge and, thus, of superior and inferior people
around the world. We went from the sixteenth century characterization of “people without
writing” to the eighteenth and nineteenth-century characterization of “people without his-
tory,” to the twentieth-century characterization of “people without development” and more
recently, to the early twenty-first century of “people without democracy”. We went from the
sixteenth century “rights of people” (Sepúlveda versus de las Casas debate in the University
of Salamanca in the mid-sixteenth century), to the eighteenth-century “rights of man”
(Enlightenment philosophers), and to the late twentieth-century “human rights. (Grosfoguel
2007:214)

Having designed a strategy to portray Africa as a place of lack, the abundance

side of Africa was left open to looting. After all, how can Euro North Americans
steal from such poor people. For Africans, the most important side of the story that
Euro North America carefully omitted was that Africa is a place of plenty. Africa
has plenty natural resources, human capital, freshwater, human diversity, wildlife,
mineral resources, civilisations, etc. After all, it is these ‘plenties’ which attracted
Euro North Americans to Africa initially as hunters, missionaries, traders and
explorers. Stated inversely, it is the poverty and omnipresent lacks which drove
colonialists from the discomfort of their homes to come and steal, enslave and
decivilise Africa. The magnitude of the crimes committed by the empire in the
colonies tells a true story about the magnitude of the crises they were facing back
home. For the empire, colonialism was a do or die affair.
Another important background as Africa enters the 4IR is that of colonialism as
a duress contract. Portrayed is a duress contract, and the argument is that this
contract must be unpacked and unmasked in order for Africa to enter into the 4IR at
least on an equal footing with other members of the international community.
Colonialism is a duress contract which was sealed in blood, delivered through
genocides and epistemic sides. This fact of history must be accepted uncondi-
tionally as it forms a key part of attaining epistemic freedom in Africa. Arguing for
the pursuing of epistemic freedom in Africa, Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni notes
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