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A Concrete Introduction
to Real Analysis
Second Edition
 TEXTBOOKS in MATHEMATICS
Series Editors: Al Boggess and Ken Rosen

PUBLISHED TITLES
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA: A GENTLE INTRODUCTION
Gary L. Mullen and James A. Sellers
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA: AN INTERACTIVE APPROACH, SECOND EDITION
William Paulsen
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA: AN INQUIRY-BASED APPROACH
Jonathan K. Hodge, Steven Schlicker, and Ted Sundstrom
ADVANCED LINEAR ALGEBRA
Hugo Woerdeman
ADVANCED LINEAR ALGEBRA
Nicholas Loehr
ADVANCED LINEAR ALGEBRA, SECOND EDITION
Bruce Cooperstein
APPLIED ABSTRACT ALGEBRA WITH MAPLE™ AND MATLAB®, THIRD EDITION
Richard Klima, Neil Sigmon, and Ernest Stitzinger
APPLIED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: THE PRIMARY COURSE
Vladimir Dobrushkin
APPLIED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Vladimir Dobrushkin
APPLIED FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, THIRD EDITION
J. Tinsley Oden and Leszek Demkowicz
A BRIDGE TO HIGHER MATHEMATICS
Valentin Deaconu and Donald C. Pfaff
COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS: MODELS, METHODS, AND ANALYSIS WITH MATLAB® AND MPI,
SECOND EDITION
Robert E. White
A COURSE IN DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS, SECOND EDITION
Stephen A. Wirkus, Randall J. Swift, and Ryan Szypowski
A COURSE IN ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, SECOND EDITION
Stephen A. Wirkus and Randall J. Swift
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: THEORY, TECHNIQUE, AND PRACTICE, SECOND EDITION
Steven G. Krantz
PUBLISHED TITLES CONTINUED

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: THEORY, TECHNIQUE, AND PRACTICE WITH BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Steven G. Krantz
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH APPLICATIONS AND HISTORICAL NOTES, THIRD EDITION
George F. Simmons
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MATLAB®: EXPLORATION, APPLICATIONS, AND THEORY
Mark A. McKibben and Micah D. Webster
DISCOVERING GROUP THEORY: A TRANSITION TO ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
Tony Barnard and Hugh Neill
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS, SECOND EDITION
Kevin Ferland
ELEMENTARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Kenneth Kuttler
ELEMENTARY NUMBER THEORY
James S. Kraft and Lawrence C. Washington
THE ELEMENTS OF ADVANCED MATHEMATICS: FOURTH EDITION
Steven G. Krantz
ESSENTIALS OF MATHEMATICAL THINKING
Steven G. Krantz
EXPLORING CALCULUS: LABS AND PROJECTS WITH MATHEMATICA®
Crista Arangala and Karen A. Yokley
EXPLORING GEOMETRY, SECOND EDITION
Michael Hvidsten
EXPLORING LINEAR ALGEBRA: LABS AND PROJECTS WITH MATHEMATICA®
Crista Arangala
EXPLORING THE INFINITE: AN INTRODUCTION TO PROOF AND ANALYSIS
Jennifer Brooks
GRAPHS & DIGRAPHS, SIXTH EDITION
Gary Chartrand, Linda Lesniak, and Ping Zhang
INTRODUCTION TO ABSTRACT ALGEBRA, SECOND EDITION
Jonathan D. H. Smith
INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS
Corey M. Dunn
INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL PROOFS: A TRANSITION TO ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, SECOND EDITION
Charles E. Roberts, Jr.
PUBLISHED TITLES CONTINUED

INTRODUCTION TO NUMBER THEORY, SECOND EDITION

Marty Erickson, Anthony Vazzana, and David Garth
INVITATION TO LINEAR ALGEBRA
David C. Mello
LINEAR ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY AND TRANSFORMATION
Bruce Solomon
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING WITH CASE STUDIES: USING MAPLE™ AND MATLAB®, THIRD EDITION
B. Barnes and G. R. Fulford
MATHEMATICS IN GAMES, SPORTS, AND GAMBLING–THE GAMES PEOPLE PLAY, SECOND EDITION
Ronald J. Gould
THE MATHEMATICS OF GAMES: AN INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY
David G. Taylor
A MATLAB® COMPANION TO COMPLEX VARIABLES
A. David Wunsch
MEASURE AND INTEGRAL: AN INTRODUCTION TO REAL ANALYSIS, SECOND EDITION
Richard L. Wheeden
MEASURE THEORY AND FINE PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS, REVISED EDITION
Lawrence C. Evans and Ronald F. Gariepy
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR ENGINEERS: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS, SECOND EDITION
Bilal Ayyub and Richard H. McCuen
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNDAMENTALS
Kenneth B. Howell
PRINCIPLES OF FOURIER ANALYSIS, SECOND EDITION
Kenneth B. Howell
REAL ANALYSIS AND FOUNDATIONS, FOURTH EDITION
Steven G. Krantz
RISK ANALYSIS IN ENGINEERING AND ECONOMICS, SECOND EDITION
Bilal M. Ayyub
SPORTS MATH: AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN THE MATHEMATICS OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND
SPORTS ANALYTICS
Roland B. Minton
A TOUR THROUGH GRAPH THEORY
Karin R. Saoub
PUBLISHED TITLES CONTINUED

TRANSITION TO ANALYSIS WITH PROOF

Steven G. Krantz
TRANSFORMATIONAL PLANE GEOMETRY
Ronald N. Umble and Zhigang Han
 TEXTBOOKS in MATHEMATICS

A Concrete Introduction
to Real Analysis
Second Edition

Robert Carlson
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Contents

List of Figures xiii

Preface xv

1 Real numbers and mathematical proofs 1

1.1 Real number axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Field axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Order axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.1 Proof by induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.2 Irrational real numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.3 Propositional logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.3.1 Truth tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.3.2 Valid consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.4 Rules of inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.5 Predicates and quantifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2 Infinite sequences 29
2.1 Limits of infinite sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.1 Basic ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.2 Properties of limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2 Completeness axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3 Subsequences and compact intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4 Cauchy sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.5 Continued fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3 Infinite series 57
3.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2 Positive series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3 General series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.1 Absolute convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.2 Alternating series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4 Power series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.5 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

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