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PSIR · PALGRAVE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The US Role in
NATO’s Survival After
the Cold War

Julie Garey
Palgrave Studies in International Relations

Series Editors
Mai’a K. Davis Cross
Northeastern University
Boston, MA, USA

Benjamin de Carvalho
Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
Oslo, Norway

Shahar Hameiri
University of Queensland
St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Knud Erik Jørgensen

University of Aarhus
Aarhus, Denmark

Ole Jacob Sending

Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
Oslo, Norway

Ayşe Zarakol
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, UK
Palgrave Studies in International Relations (the EISA book series), pub-
lished in association with European International Studies Association,
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aspx. Mai’a K. Davis Cross is the Edward W. Brooke Professor of Political
Science at Northeastern University, USA, and Senior Researcher at the
ARENA Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Norway.
Benjamin de Carvalho is a Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian
Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Norway. Shahar Hameiri is
Associate Professor of International Politics and Associate Director of the
Graduate Centre in Governance and International Affairs, School of
Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland,
Australia. Knud Erik Jørgensen is Professor of International Relations at
Aarhus University, Denmark, and at Yaşar University, Izmir, Turkey. Ole
Jacob Sending is the Research Director at the Norwegian Institute of
International Affairs (NUPI), Norway. Ayşe Zarakol is Reader in
International Relations at the University of Cambridge and a fellow at
Emmanuel College, UK.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14619
 Julie Garey

The US Role in
NATO’s Survival After
the Cold War
Julie Garey
Department of Political Science
Northeastern University
Boston, MA, USA

Palgrave Studies in International Relations

ISBN 978-3-030-13674-1    ISBN 978-3-030-13675-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13675-8

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
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To Ella Grace, Garrett, Liam, and Noah, because everything I do is out of
love for them, and to Brandon, who made this possible with his love for me.
 Acknowledgments

The hardest task of preparing this manuscript was without question

remembering all of the incredible people who made this work possible,
but the compiled list would undoubtedly fill a manuscript-length docu-
ment. I have never possessed the ability to make my prose jump off the
page like a melodic dance of words, or an ability to fully express the depths
of my gratitude on paper, so simple thank-yous will have to suffice. None
of this would be in print, let alone decipherable, if it were not for my
incredible mentor, colleague, and friend Mai’a Davis Cross. David Schmitt
was the second person I met as a prospective student, but the first I went
to with any and every problem with the project, the discipline, and every-
thing in between. Stephen Flynn was instrumental in guiding me toward
a meaningful yet exceptionally policy-relevant project. These amazing
scholars and wonderful people deserve all of the credit for what is good
about this manuscript, and none of the blame for its errors. I’m not sure
anyone is as lucky as I am when it comes to leadership, as my department
chair Thomas Vicino has been one of my biggest supporters. John Portz
took so many chances on me, and I hope he has seen at least a marginal
return on investment. To my wonderful colleagues: please know I am
incredibly grateful for your mentorship, guidance, support, and friend-
ship. Thank you also to the department staff, as well as the countless grad-
uate teaching assistants and undergraduate work study students who made
both direct and indirect contributions to the project through their sup-
port of my work. No good research is possible without the continued
pursuit of knowledge and truth, and the time I have spent with hundreds
of students I have had the pleasure of teaching and advising consistently

vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

reminded me of why teaching, research, and mentorship must go hand-in-­

hand and also made this project exponentially more rewarding.
I am also tremendously appreciative of those who agreed to be inter-
viewed for this project, including Admiral James Stavridis (U.S. Navy—
Ret.), Lieutenant General Michael Barbero (U.S. Army—Ret.), and
General Carter Ham (U.S. Army—Ret.), and those who provided their
NATO expertise, especially Lawrence Chalmer from the Center for
Transatlantic Security Studies at National Defense University.
And to my first mentors, Barry Tadlock, Michelle Frasher, and Patricia
Weitsman. When I finished my doctoral work, I wrote that Patty’s mem-
ory never leaves my mind, and the same is true today. The 3 × 5 index card
with a joke about knowing something about alliance cohesion still hangs
in my office, reminding me not only how far I’ve come but how much
further there is to go.
While professional mentorship was absolutely pivotal to developing the
manuscript, I would be nowhere without the small but fierce group of
colleagues and friends. Thank you to Katharine Petrich, Saskia van Wees,
Andrew Goodhart, Summer Marion, and the many others who always
offered whatever they could—which was always more than I needed or
deserved. Amy Mullen and Courtney Grimm are truly the most wonderful
friends and I’d be lost without them. From donuts to draft feedback and
everything in between, they have always been there for me.
Finally, my family, who supported and persevered not only this project
but also years of my idiosyncrasies, deserve the highest honors that could
be bestowed, and then some. My parents, sister, and grandparents have
fully supported anything and everything I’ve done since day one, even
when it meant countless hours in schools and libraries, hundreds of miles
away, during birthdays and holidays and many more. Ella Grace, Garrett,
Liam, and Noah are absolutely the best niece and nephews someone could
ask for, and the centers of my universe. And my partner Brandon (and
puppy Max), who redefined what love means in an immeasurably positive
way and whose never-ending encouragement is the reason I’m still here.
To all of you: I’ll never be able to thank you enough.
 Contents

1 Introduction  1
NATO Persistence: The Sum of Unequal Parts   2
An Argument in Support of US-Centric Analyses   4
Hypotheses on NATO’s Persistence: Value Maximization   6
Hypotheses on NATO’s Persistence: Alliance Utility   9
Case Selection and Research Contributions  10
What’s at Stake for the United States and NATO  12
Book Outline  15
References  16

2 Alliances, NATO, and the Post-Cold War Era 19

Explaining NATO’s Persistence  21
Creating a New Framework for NATO Persistence: The
US-NATO Relationship  27
Case Selection  32
Conclusion  38
References  39

3 The 1999 Kosovo Intervention 43

Background: Operation Deliberate Force and Preparing for
Intervention in Kosovo  44
Return to the Balkans: Pre-War Planning  51
Operation Allied Force  63

ix
x CONTENTS

The KFOR Mission  72

Conclusion  76
References  78

4 September 11, 2001, and the War in Afghanistan 83

Background: Understanding the United States, Afghanistan, and
NATO Before 9/11  87
The September 11 Attacks  91
Operation Enduring Freedom  98
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) 106
Conclusion 113
References 116

5 The 2003 Iraq War123

The United States Prepares for War, and the International
Community Responds 124
Legitimacy and Multilateralism 134
Conclusion 147
References 152

6 The 2011 Libyan Intervention157

Background: Setting the Stage for Revolution—And Intervention  160
The Arab Spring Reaches Libya, and the United States Responds 162
Operation Odyssey Dawn 169
Operation Unified Protector 174
Conclusion 183
References 186

7 The Evolution and Persistence of NATO191

NATO’s Inter-conflict Evolution 192
An American Ally 201
Conclusion 204
References 206
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