TITLE IN CAPITAL LETTERS, FONT SIZE 12,
TIMES NEWS ROMAN, CENTRED, BOLD
STUDENT’S NAME 1
STUDENT’S NAME 2
STUDENT’S NAME 3
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Programme Name (BSCS/BSIT)
Computer Science Department
Bahria University, Karachi Campus
YEAR
DECLARATION
I/We hereby declare that this project report is based on my/our original work except
for citations and quotations which have been duly acknowledged. I/We also declare
that it has not been previously and concurrently submitted for any other degree or
award at Bahria University or other institutions.
Signature : _________________________
Name : _________________________
Reg No. : _________________________
Signature : _________________________
Name : _________________________
Reg No. : _________________________
Date : _________________________
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION
I/We certify that this project report entitled “TITLE TO BE THE SAME AS
FRONT COVER, CAPITAL LETTER, BOLD” was prepared by STUDENT’S
NAME/S has met the required standard for submission in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor of Program Name at Bahria University.
Approved by,
Signature : _________________________
Supervisor : Dr/Mr/Miss/Madam XXXXXXXXX
Date : _________________________
The copyright of this report belongs to Bahria University according to the
Intellectual Property Policy of Bahria University BUORIC-P15 amended on April
2019. Due acknowledgement shall always be made of the use of any material
contained in, or derived from, this report.
© 2019 Bahria University. All right reserved.
Specially dedicated to
my beloved grandmother, mother and father
(Student Name 1)
my beloved grandmother, mother and father
(Student Name 2)
(this dedication page is optional)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I/We would like to thank everyone who had contributed to the successful completion
of this project. I/We would like to express my gratitude to my research supervisor,
Dr/Mr/Miss/Madam XXXXX for his/her invaluable advice, guidance and his/her
enormous patience throughout the development of the research.
In addition, I/We would also like to express my gratitude to my/our loving
parent and friends who had helped and given me encouragement.
(This acknowledgements page is optional)
PROJECT TITLE IN CAPITAL LETTER
TITLE TO BE THE SAME AS FRONT COVER
ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to develop image recognition algorithms to recognize
handwriting on postal letters and parcels. This report explores different techniques
used for the recognition of handwriting. Different stages involving image processing
like the preprocessing stage, segmentation and feature extraction will be studied and
discussed. Finally the end product of the algorithms will be written in the software
called Matlab.
This project uses the Artificial Neural Network technique to develop the software.
The main advantage of using this technique is that it provides features extraction and
detection that is suitable for character recognition. Different models of neural
network are discuss and Error-back propagation algorithm was used due to its’
capability of forming internal representations of features in classification. After trials
and errors, a suitable set of training parameters are define and network structure that
consist of 1 input layer, 2 hidden layers and 1 output layer with 69 input neurons,
324 neurons for both hidden layers and 38 neurons for output layer is created.
The system first proceeds with the pre-process of the captured image with threshold,
inverting and smoothing. Filtering, segmentation, resizing and features extraction are
also performed in the process. Next, the feed forward process through the network is
invoked to yield an output matrix. Based on the output matrix, the recognized
character can be determined. This system is designed to customize the network for an
individual user. Recommendations for future development and conclusions are also
included in the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ii
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS xii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statements 1
1.3 Aims and Objectives 2
1.4 Scope of Project 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Subsection Title 1 3
2.2 Subsection Title 2 3
2.3 Subsection Title 3 4
2.3.1 Sub-subsection Title 1 4
2.3.2 Sub-subsection Title 2 4
2.4 Subsection Title 4 4
3 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 6
3.1 Subsection Title 1 6
3.2 Subsection Title 2 6
3.3 Sub-subsection Title 1 7
3.3.1 Sub-sub-subsection Title 1 7
REFERENCES 8
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
Table 2.1: Processing Time (in hours) of Board for Different
Machines
Table 2.2: Processing Time (in hours) of Board for Different
Machines
Table 3.1: Processing Time (in hours) of Board for Different
Machines
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
Figure 2.1: Computer User
Figure 3.1: OCR Block Diagram
LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS
cp specific heat capacity, J/(kgK)
h height, m
Kd discharge coefficient
M mass flow rate, kg/s
P pressure, kPa
Pb back pressure, kPa
R mass flow rate ratio
T temperature, K
v specific volume, m3
homogeneous void fraction
pressure ratio
density, kg/m3
compressible flow parameter
ID inner diameter, m
MAP maximum allowable pressure, kPa
MAWP maximum allowable working pressure, kPa
OD outer diameter, m
PCB printed circuit board
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first
paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin. General alignment for texts
in paragraph should be “justified”.
Spacing between paragraphs is 1.5 lines. Subsequence paragraphs should be
indented 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) from the left margin. General alignment for texts in
paragraph should be “justified”. Spacing between last line of text and the next
subsection title is 4.5 lines [1].
1.2 Problem Statements
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines [2]. General
alignment for texts in paragraph should be “justified” [3].
A new paragraph should NOT begin on the last line of a page. A subsection
title should NOT begin on the last line of a page. A new chapter must start on a new
page. Spacing between the last line of text and equation is 1.5 lines.
ho
G1= +32
ρ√T oc p (1.1)
where
G1 = specific mass flow rate, kg/s
= density, kg/m3
T = temperature, K
ho = xxx, m
Spacing between the equation and first line of text is 1.5 lines. Equation
should be centred, but its numbering should align with right margin.
√
G2 = 2 ρ ( P S −P2 )
(1.2)
where
G2 = specific mass flow rate, kg/s
= density, kg/m3
Spacing between the equation and first line of text is 1.5 lines. Equation
should be centred, but its numbering should align with right margin.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
The objectives of the thesis are shown as following:
i) To define the principles of a plasma actuator.
ii) To characterize the electrical performances of plasma actuator
iii) To study the material degradation on the plasma actuator surfaces.
1.4 Scope of Project
This paragraph define the scope of project.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BACKGROUNDSpacing between title of subsection and first line of text is
1.5 lines. The first paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin.
General alignment for texts in paragraph should be “justified”.
Spacing between paragraphs is 1.5 lines. Subsequence paragraphs should be
indented 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) from the left margin. General alignment for texts in
paragraph should be “justified”. Spacing between last line of text and the next
subsection title is 4.5 lines.
2.2 RELATED WORK
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first
paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin. General alignment for texts
in paragraph should be “justified”.
A new paragraph should not begin on the last line of a page. A subsection
title should not begin on the last line of a page. A new chapter must start on a new
page.
15
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first
paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin. Spacing between the last
line of text and table is 1.5 lines.
Table 2.1: Processing Time (in hours) of Board for Different Machines
Machine
Board
1 2 3 4 5
A 30 18 26 17 15
B 23 22 32 25 30
C 17 31 24 22 29
Spacing between the table and first line of text is 3.0 lines. Subsequence
paragraphs should be indented 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) from the left margin. General
alignment for texts in paragraph should be “justified”.
2.3 COMPARSION TABLE WITH EXISTING STUDY
2.3.1 Sub-subsection Title 1
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first
paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin. General alignment for texts
in paragraph should be “justified”.
2.3.2 Sub-subsection Title 2
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first
paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin. General alignment for texts
in paragraph should be “justified”.
Spacing between paragraphs is 1.5 lines. Subsequence paragraphs should be
indented 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) from the left margin. General alignment for texts in
paragraph should be “justified”. Spacing between last line of text and the next
subsection title is 4.5 lines.
2.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first
paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin.
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Table 2.2: Processing Time (in hours) of Board for Different Machines
Machine
Board
1 2 3 4 5
A 30 18 26 17 15
B 23 22 32 25 30
C 17 31 24 22 29
Spacing between the table and first line of text is 3.0 lines. Subsequence
paragraphs should be indented 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) from the left margin. Spacing
between the last line of text and figure is 1.5 lines.
Figure 2.1: Computer User
Spacing between the figure and first line of text is 3.0 lines. Subsequence
paragraphs should be indented 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) from the left margi
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first
paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin. General alignment for texts
in paragraph should be “justified”.
3.1 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY (FRAMEWORK/ARCHITECTURE)
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first
paragraph in a subsection should align with left margin. General alignment for texts
in paragraph should be “justified”.
3.2 PROCESS MODELSpacing between title of subsection and first line of
text is 1.5 lines. The first paragraph in a subsection should align with
left margin. General alignment for texts in paragraph should be
“justified”.
3.3 MODULES DISCUSSIONSpacing between title of subsection and first
line of text is 1.5 lines. The first paragraph in a subsection should align
with left margin. General alignment for texts in paragraph should be
“justified”.
Figure 2: OCR Block Diagram
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3.4 PROJECT DIAGRAMSpacing between title of subsection and first line
of text is 1.5 lines. The first paragraph in a subsection should align
with left margin. General alignment for texts in paragraph should be
“justified”.
3.4.1 DATABASE DESIGN (ERD) Spacing between title of subsection and
first line of text is 1.5 lines. The first paragraph in a subsection should
align with left margin. General alignment for texts in paragraph
should be “justified”.
3.4.2 SEQUENCE Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is
1.5 lines. The first paragraph in a subsection should align with left
margin. General alignment for texts in paragraph should be
“justified”.
3.4.3 CONTEXTSpacing between title of subsection and first line of text is
1.5 lines. The first paragraph in a subsection should align with left
margin. General alignment for texts in paragraph should be
“justified”.
3.4.4 USE CASESSpacing between title of subsection and first line of text is
1.5 lines. The first paragraph in a subsection should align with left
margin. General alignment for texts in paragraph should be
“justified”.
3.5 Sub-subsection Title 1
3.5.1 Sub-sub-subsection Title 1
Spacing between title of subsection and first line of text is 1.5 lines. Spacing
between the last line of text and table is 1.5 lines.
Table 3.3: Processing Time (in hours) of Board for Different Machines
Machine
Board
1 2 3 4 5
19
A 30 18 26 17 15
B 23 22 32 25 30
C 17 31 24 22 29
Spacing between the table and first line of text is 3.0 lines. Spacing between
the last line of text and figure is 1.5 lines.
Figure 3.3: OCR Block Diagram
Spacing between the figure and first line of text is 3.0 lines. Subsequence
paragraphs should be indented 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) from the left margin.
20
REFERENCES
[1] M. Barkat, Signal Detection and Estimation, 2nd Edition, Artech House , Boston,
MA., 2005
[2] P. Peebles, Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Processing, 4th
Ed., , McGraw Hill, New York, 2001.
[3] A. Polydoros, ‘’A unified approach to serial search spread spectrum code
acquisition-Part I: General theory’’, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.
32, pp. 542-549, May 1984.
[4] P. Ghandi and S. Kassam, Analysis of CFAR Processors in Nonhomogeneous
Background”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 34,
pp.8427-445, 1998
[5] C. E. Shannon, “Two-Way Communication Channels”, Proceedings of the fourth
Berkeley Symposium on Probability and Statistics, pp. 611-644, Berkeley, CA, 1961
[6] M. Almarshad, M. Barkat, and S. Al-shebeili, '' A Monte Carlo Simulation for
Two Novel Automatic Censoring Technique of Radar Interfering Targets in Log-
Normal Clutter'', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Signal
Processing and its Applications, ISSPA 2007, Sharjah, UAE, February 2007
[7] M. Barkat and P.K. Varshney, On Adaptive Cell-Averaging CFAR Radar Signal
Detection, Technical Report, RADC-TR-87-160, Rome Air Development
Center, Air Force Systems Command, Syracuse, NY., April 1987.
[8] L. G. Kraft, a Device for Quantizing, Grouping and Coding Amplitude Pulse, MS
Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1965
[9] Name of author(s) as above, “Title of content”, page, if any, and year. On Line,
Available at: Address of link
