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Higher Education in Asia: Quality, Excellence and Governance
Ka Ho Mok Editor
Managing International
Connectivity, Diversity
of Learning and
Changing Labour
Markets
East Asian Perspectives
Higher Education in Asia: Quality, Excellence
and Governance
Series editors
Angela Yung Chi Hou, Taipei, Taiwan
Akiyoshi Yonezawa, Sendai, Japan
Sheng-Ju Chan, Chiayi, Taiwan
Ka Ho Mok, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
Aims and Scopes
This book series presents the most important quality issues and the current
developments of higher education in Asian nations from multi-perspectives—
academics, university managers, QA bodies, governments and students. It makes
comparisons on these matters among Asian higher education systems, institutions,
and QA agencies, drawing on available data-sets with special emphasis on Quality,
Excellence and Governance.
The series attempts to incorporate the most important quality issues and the
current developments in Asian nations from multi-perspectives—academics,
university managers, QA bodies, governments and students into three major
dimensions—quality, excellence and governance. The scope of Asian region
includes four areas: East Asia, South Asia, Middle East Asia and the island Pacific
nations.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11872
Ka Ho Mok
Editor
Managing International
Connectivity, Diversity
of Learning and Changing
Labour Markets
East Asian Perspectives
123
Editor
Ka Ho Mok
Department of Sociology and Social Policy
Lingnan University
Hong Kong
China
ISSN 2365-6352 ISSN 2365-6360 (electronic)
Higher Education in Asia: Quality, Excellence and Governance
ISBN 978-981-10-1734-6 ISBN 978-981-10-1736-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1736-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016945838
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature
The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd.
Acknowledgements
With a strong conviction to promote international research cooperation and inter-
nationalization of higher education, the editor of the present volume and his team
have actively engaged in organizing different kinds of international research events
to critically examine how and what major strategies that governments and educa-
tional institutions in East Asia have adopted to transform their education systems to
enhance their global competitiveness. This volume is developed from selected
papers presented at the 2013 Annual Conference of The Hong Kong Educational
Research Association with a theme of “Managing International Connectivity and
Diversity: Experiences of Asian World Cities”, the 10th East Asia Social Policy
(EASP) Conference organized successfully at Beijing Normal University in July
2013, as well as another international conference related to the theme of “Managing
Global Cities: Enhancing Hub Status and Implications for Education and
Development”, which was successfully held at the Hong Kong Institute of
Education in February 2014. These papers address different aspects of human
capital management, particularly how different East Asian economies have
reformed their higher education systems to achieve excellence and maintain global
competitiveness. Researchers and scholars who presented at these conferences
debated on issues related to the growing challenges of urbanization in East Asia,
especially the effects of the massification and privatization of higher education in
the region.
The editor would like to thank the Hong Kong Educational Research
Association (HKERA) of the East Asia Social Policy Research Network (EASP) for
creating a great international platform for researchers and academics coming from
different parts of the world to engage in debates and discussions related to
managing international connectivity, social mobility, graduate employment and
diversity of learning. The editor also extends his appreciation to One Asia
Foundation, Research Grants Council and Trade and Industry Department, The
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) for
v
vi Acknowledgements
supporting the above conferences and research events. Particular thanks go to the
useful comments provided by external reviewers and we have benefitted a lot
during the editorial process of the present book. The editor also thanks Dr. Vincent
Wen and Dr. Huiwen Deng for their assistance in preparing the whole manuscript
for publication.
Contents
1 Promoting International Connectivity and Seeking Global
Competitiveness: Issues and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ka Ho Mok
Part I Recent Trends and Development
2 Widely Recognized Problems, Controversial Solutions: Issues
and Strategies for Higher Education Development in East
and Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
David Chapman and Jouko Sarvi
3 Internationalization and Transnationalization of Higher
Education: A Review of the Asia Pacific Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Ka Ho Mok and Xiao Han
4 Qualification Recognition of Joint Degrees in Europe
and Asia in the Era of Massification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Angela Yung-chi Hou
Part II Managing Global Competition and Regional Responses
5 Higher Education Activities in World Cities: A Spatial
Study of Global Leadership and Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Alice S.Y. Chow and Becky P.Y. Loo
6 Global City Tokyo and the Lives of University Academics
in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Akiyoshi Yonezawa, Kaoru Sato and Ginko Kawano
vii
viii Contents
7 Higher Education Industry in Hong Kong and Singapore:
Reflections on a Decade of Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
William Yat Wai Lo
8 Singapore as a Global Schoolhouse: A Critical Review . . . . . . . . . . 135
Eng Thye Jason Tan
Part III International Connectivity and Managing Diversity
in Student Learning
9 Getting Connected with the Global World: The Promotion
of Internationalization in University Campuses in Hong Kong
and China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Li Wang and Xiao Han
10 Comparison of Student Experiences in the Era of Massification:
Analysis of Student Data from Japan, Korea and the USA . . . . . . . 169
Reiko Yamada
11 Perceived Discrimination and Integration Among New Arrivals
from Mainland China: Implications for Higher Education
Development for Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Isabella F.S. Ng, Kee Lee Chou and Winky K.F. Wong
Part IV Managing Labour Market Changes and Employment
12 Massification of Higher Education and Labour Market:
The Case of Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Sheng-Ju Chan
13 Massification of Higher Education: Challenges for Admissions
and Graduate Employment in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Ka Ho Mok and Jin Jiang
14 Teaching the Dragon? The Diffusion of European
Union’s Social and Employment Policies to China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Minna van Gerven and Yang Weiguo
Chapter 1
Promoting International Connectivity
and Seeking Global Competitiveness:
Issues and Challenges
Ka Ho Mok
1.1 Introduction
Aiming to promote international research cooperation and internationalization of
higher education, the author and his team have actively engaged in organizing
different types of international research events to critically examine the major
strategies that governments and educational institutions in East Asia have adopted
to transform their education systems, and ultimately enhance their global compet-
itiveness. This volume is developed from select papers presented at three confer-
ences. These conferences include the 2013 Annual Conference of the Hong Kong
Educational Research Association, with the theme ‘Managing International
Connectivity and Diversity: Experiences of Asian World Cities’; the 10th East Asia
Social Policy (EASP) Conference at Beijing Normal University in July 2013; and a
Hong Kong Institute of Education conference with the theme ‘Managing Global
Cities: Enhancing Hub Status and Implications for Education and Development’, in
February 2014. These papers address different aspects of human capital manage-
ment, particularly how different East Asian economies have reformed their higher
education systems to achieve excellence and maintain global competitiveness.
Researchers and scholars who presented at these conferences debated on issues
related to the growing challenges of urbanization in East Asia, particularly the
effects of the massification and privatization of higher education in the region. The
principal objective of this introductory chapter is to highlight the major issues and
challenges confronting Asian countries when their higher education systems have
gone through a few transformative processes, namely massification, privatization
and marketization, as well as internationalization and transnationalization. All these
K.H. Mok (&)
Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University,
8 Castle Peak Road, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017 1
K.H. Mok (ed.), Managing International Connectivity, Diversity of
Learning and Changing Labour Markets, Higher Education in Asia: Quality,
Excellence and Governance, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1736-0_1
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