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Further Biblical Hebrew
 Gorgias Handbooks

11

The Gorgias Handbooks series provides students and scholars with

necessary tools.
Further Biblical Hebrew

Explanations and Exercises

Fiona Blumfield

9
34 2009
Gorgias Press LLC, 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
www.gorgiaspress.com
Copyright © 2009 by Gorgias Press LLC

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright

Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the
prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.
2009 ‫ܚ‬

9
ISBN 978-1-59333-948-7 ISSN 1935-6838

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

Data
Blumfield, Fiona Eve.
Further biblical Hebrew : explanations and
exercises / Fiona Blumfield. -- 1st Gorgias
Press ed.
p. cm. -- (Gorgias handbooks ; v. 11)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Hebrew language--Textbooks for foreign
speakers--English. 2. Hebrew
language--Grammar--Textbooks. 3. Hebrew
language--Grammar--Problems, exercises, etc. 4.
Bible O.T.--Language, style. I. Title.
PJ4567.3.B58 2009
492.4'82421--dc22
2009031615
Printed in the United States of America
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents.....................................................................................................v
Foreword .................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xi
Abbreviations ........................................................................................................xiii
Part One: The Verb in Biblical Hebrew ............................................................15
Niphal.............................................................................................................15
Spot the Niphal.............................................................................................15
The relation between verbs lamed-’aleph and verbs lamed-hey ...........33
The relation between verbs ‫ ע"ו‬and ‫ ע"ע‬................................................41
Uses of Niphal ..............................................................................................43
Views of medieval scholars on use of Niphal..........................................52
Piel ..................................................................................................................68
Spot the Piel ..................................................................................................68
Uses of Piel....................................................................................................77
Views of medieval scholars on use of Piel ...............................................85
Polel, Polal, Hithpolel ..................................................................................92
Hiphil............................................................................................................101
Try to recognise Hiphil verbs...................................................................101
Uses of Hiphil .............................................................................................109
a): Hiphil stems which express the obtaining or receiving of a
concrete or abstract quality. ................................................................111
b): Stems which express in Hiphil the entering into a certain
condition and being in that condition...............................................112
c): Stems which express action in some particular direction. .............113
Views of medieval scholars on use of Hiphil.........................................115
Hithpael........................................................................................................126
Spot the Hithpael........................................................................................126
Uses of Hithpael .........................................................................................131
Exercise: identify the Hithpael verbs in the following biblical
verses; discuss their form and use. (see explanatory notes at the
end). ........................................................................................................135
Views of medieval scholars on use of Hithpael.....................................138
the theory of the qal passive .....................................................................148
I: Supposed perfects of Pual...................................................................149
II: Apparent Hophal imperfects..............................................................152
III:Apparent Pual participle forms without preformative mem. ........154

v
vi FURTHER BIBLICAL HEBREW

IV: Views of medieval scholars on the Qal Passive...............................155

Glossary of rabbinic Hebrew grammatical terminology ......................157
Brief biographical sketches of medieval scholars..................................158
Part Two: The Infinitives in Biblical Hebrew................................................163
Infinitive Absolute......................................................................................163
Infinitive Construct....................................................................................188
Exercise: identify the Infinitive Construct forms in the following
biblical verses; discuss their form and use........................................189
View of Medieval Scholars on the Form and Use of Infinitive
Absolute and Infinitive Construct .....................................................206
Part Three: Syntax ...............................................................................................221
final or purpose clauses .............................................................................221
The biblical origins of rabbinic Hebrew words for expressing
purpose...................................................................................................231
Exercise: translate the following English sentences into fully
pointed biblical Hebrew. .....................................................................235
Antithesis in Biblical Hebrew ...................................................................237
Study the following biblical verses and analyse the various methods
used to express antithesis and/or contrast; explanatory notes
are provided with each verse. .............................................................237
Exercise: translate the following English sentences into fully
pointed biblical Hebrew. .....................................................................246
causal and explicative clauses....................................................................248
Exercise: study the following biblical verses and discuss/analyse
the various methods of formulating causal and explicative
clauses in biblical Hebrew. See explanatory notes at the end of
the exercise. ...........................................................................................248
Exercise: translate the following English sentences into fully
pointed biblical Hebrew. .....................................................................257
Questions and answers in biblical hebrew..............................................259
Exercise: spot the ‘hey interrogative’ in the following biblical verses
and deduce the rules for the pointing of the ‘hey interrogative’;
explanatory notes are found at the end.............................................259
Study the following biblical verses and discuss the formation of
interrogative sentences in biblical Hebrew.......................................264
Study the following biblical verses and consider how answers to
questions are formulated in biblical Hebrew. ..................................268
Exercise: translate the following English interrogative sentences
into fully pointed biblical Hebrew; suggested translations will be
found at the end....................................................................................273
 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

Part Four: Use of Tenses in Biblical Hebrew .................................................275

Use Of Perfect/Qatal ................................................................................276
Exercise: in the following biblical verses, discuss/analyse uses of
the Perfect/Qatal..................................................................................276
Use of Imperfect/Yiqtol ...........................................................................284
Exercise: in the following biblical verses discuss/analyse use of
Imperfect/Yiqtol ..................................................................................284
Views of medieval scholars on use of perfect and imperfect..............296
the use of participles in biblical hebrew..................................................310
Exercise: identify the participle forms in the following biblical
verses and discuss their use and function.; explanatory notes are
added. .....................................................................................................310
The form and use of the jussive in biblical hebrew ..............................314
Exercise: identify the Jussive in the following biblical verses and
analyse/discuss its function; explanatory notes are added.............314
Part Five: Poetic Hebrew/Elevated Style........................................................319
Introductory remarks .................................................................................319
A summary outline of the grammatical features of ‘elevated style’. ...320
Energic Nun and Unassimilated Engergic Nun (See GK 58 i, k, l;
WHG pp 130-131) ...............................................................................322
Exercise: in the following biblical verses, identify the verbal
suffixes with Energic Nun, both contracted and uncontracted.;
explanatory notes are found at the end.............................................323
Rare forms of pronominal suffixes of the verb and noun...................325
Exercise; in the following biblical verses, identify the rare forms
‫ ֵמוֹ‬,‫ ָמוֹ‬,‫ מוֹ‬of the pronominal suffixes of the verb (with the
perf. imperf. and imperat.); explanatory notes are added. .............326
Exercise: in the following biblical verses, identify the rare forms
‫ ֵמוֹ‬,‫ ָמוֹ‬,‫ מוֹ‬of the pronominal suffixes with the noun..................329
Explanatory notes are added. ...................................................................329
Ḥireq compaginis........................................................................................331
Exercise: in the following biblical verses, spot the Ḥireq
Compaginis in nouns, adjectives and participles. note also the
instances where a preposition is inserted between the cstr. state
and its genitive; explanatory notes are added...................................332
Paragogic nun..............................................................................................336
Exercise: study the occurrence of Paragogic Nun in the following
biblical verses, noting its occurrence with and without the
pause, in both prose and poetic texts; explanatory notes are
added. .....................................................................................................336
A grammatical overview of the song of the sea ....................................339
viii FURTHER BIBLICAL HEBREW

(exodus 15:1-18) .........................................................................................339

Exodus 15:1.................................................................................................339
Exodus 15:2.................................................................................................342
Exodus 15:4.................................................................................................344
Exodus 15:5.................................................................................................345
Exodus 15:6.................................................................................................346
Exodus 15:7.................................................................................................347
Exodus 15:8.................................................................................................348
Exodus 15:9.................................................................................................348
Exodus 15:10...............................................................................................349
Exodus 15:11...............................................................................................349
Exodus 15:12...............................................................................................349
Exodus 15:13...............................................................................................350
Exodus 15:14...............................................................................................351
Exodus 15:15...............................................................................................352
Exodus 15:16...............................................................................................353
Exodus 15:17...............................................................................................354
Bibliography .........................................................................................................357
Index......................................................................................................................361
FOREWORD

This book arose from the requirement to deliver lectures in Biblical Hebrew
Grammar to second and third year College students who had already com-
pleted a first year course in Biblical Hebrew Grammar using one of the ba-
sic textbooks which are available (e.g. Kelley, Pratico/Van Pelt, Weingreen
etc. see Bibliography). This book aims to help students make the transition
from the basic grammar books to the comprehensive reference grammar
books (Gesenius-Kautzsch, Jouon/Muraoka etc, see Bibliography) and to
the Biblical Hebrew lexicons (BDB etc) and thereby facilitate a more ad-
vanced analysis of Biblical texts; there are many issues of Biblical interpreta-
tion for which a deeper understanding of Biblical Hebrew grammar is re-
quired than is possible to gain from the study of only a basic grammar
book.
Constant reference is made in this book not only to recent works of
Grammar, but also to the grammatical comments of the medieval Jewish
exegetes, for the grammatical insights of these medieval scholars and the
modern grammarians often differ from each other only in terminology
rather than in substance.
Accordingly, this book features numerous examples of actual Biblical
verses, with no artificial Biblical Hebrew, and the grammatical explanations
are fully referenced to the modern grammar books, with the aim of
encouraging students to consult the reference grammar books and lexicons
for themselves. The comments of the medieval exegetes are presented in
the original Rabbinic Hebrew, but full translations and explanations are
provided.
Extensive “exercise” sections are presented based on biblical verses,
but the “answers/explanations” are always presented, either together with
the exercise, or at the end of the section; this enables students to use the
book for self-study.

ix
x FURTHER BIBLICAL HEBREW

It is to be noted that this book is not offered in any manner as a com-

prehensive grammar book, but rather as a tool to facilitate a more advanced
analysis of Biblical Hebrew and to include material not completely covered
in the basic grammar books, such as: uses of verbal patterns and infinitive
forms, issues of syntax and features of ‘elevated style’, incorporating a small
study of the “Song of the Sea” (Exodus 15) from a grammatical perspective.
Since a central feature of this book are the numerous citations of
biblical verses to illustrate points of grammar, English translations to the
verses have in all cases been provided, with a view to enabling the student
better to grasp the points of grammar under discussion. Accordingly, the
priority has been the plain and literal meaning of the verse, so far as is
possible, often at the expense of more idiomatic English. Constant
reference has been made to the Bible translations cited below, but no one
published translation has been exclusively relied upn.
The published Bible translations consulted were:
The Jerusalem Bible. The English text revised and edited by Harold
Fisch. Koren Publishers Jerusalem Ltd. 2000.
The Jewish Study Bible. ed. Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler. Jewish
Publication Society Tanakh translation. OUP. 2004.
The Keter Crown Bible. Introduction by Raphael Jospe. Horev
Publishing House. 2004. Sole Distributors, Feldheim Publishers.
Fiona Blumfield
July 2008
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I owe considerable gratitude to the following individuals:

Rabbi Dr Irving Jacobs, emeritus Principal of Jews’ College, London
University, who taught me Midrash and Medieval Jewish Exegesis, and who
first asked me to deliver lectures in Advanced Biblical Hebrew Grammar,
which ultimately became the basis for this book.
Professor Geoffrey Khan, Faculty of Oriental Studies, Cambridge
University, who supervised my PhD thesis and who was always willing to
give his learned advice on matters relating to this book.
Chris Dillon, Faculty Information Support Officer for Arts and
Humanities and Laws, University College London, without whose expertise
and help so willingly given, the publication of this book would not have
been possible.
Katie Stott Ph.D. Production & Acquisitions Editor, Gorgias Press,
whose skills and devotion to the task were phenomenal.
Dr Ada Rapoport-Albert, Head of Dept. of Hebrew and Jewish
Studies, University College London, who gave me the valued opportunity to
continue lecturing in Advanced Biblical Hebrew Grammar at UCL after the
degree programmes at Jews’ College/London School of Jewish Studies were
discontinued.
My long-enduring husband, Manny, and my daughters Penina and
Shoshana, who happily tolerated the many hours I devoted to this project.
This book is dedicated to the fond memory of my very dear father,
Azriel Yoffey, son of Rabbi Israel Jacob Yoffey of Manchester, England,
who first taught me the Hebrew alphabet and who so greatly encouraged
me in Hebrew Studies over the years; to him belongs much of the credit for
all my achievements.
May he rest in peace.

xi
ABBREVIATIONS

adj. adjective
adv. adverb
apoc. apocopated (shortened)
BCE Before Christian Era
c.pl. common plural
c.sg. common singular
cstr. construct (state)
Chron Chronicles
Deut Deuteronomy
def. art. definite article
Exod Exodus
fem. feminine
f.pl. feminine plural
f.sg. feminine singular
Gen Genesis
hapax hapaxlegomenon (a form attested only once in the Hebrew
Bible)
hey int. hey interrogative
imperat. imperative
imperf. imperfect
inf. abs. infinitive absolute
inf. cstr. infinitive construct
Lev Leviticus
lit. literally
masc. masculine
m.pl. masculine plural

xiii
xiv FURTHER BIBLICAL HEBREW

m.sg. masculine singular

n.f. noun feminine
n.m. noun masculine
Numb Numbers
part. participle
perf. perfect
Pesh. Peshitta (Syriac translation of the Hebrew Bible, perhaps c. 1st
cent. BCE)
pl. plural
prep. preposition
Ps Psalms
Sam Samuel
LXX Septuagint
sf. Suffix
vav conj. vav conjunctive
vav consec. vav consecutive
Vulg Vulgate (Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible made by the
Church father Jerome c. 400 ce.)
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