UNIT:01 TRUST WORTHINESS AND TOLERANCE

LESSON 01: THE DEVOTED FRIEND BY OSCAR WILD

Exercise-01: Read the Story

Exercise-02
Work in pairs or groups. Match phrases with their contextual meaning.
Phrases Contextual Meaning
by himself all alone
getting on managing
by-the-bye incidentally
at once immediately
took down write
keep up continue
as good as very nearly
at great length with much detail

Exercise-03
Read the following statements and write the name of names of characters these statements
belong to.
No Statements Character
1 You are certainly very thoughtful about The Miller’s Wife
2 But could we not ask little Hans up here? The Miller’s Son
3 Friendship never forgets. The Miller
4 I wouldn't be unfriendly for the whole world. Little Hans
5 What do you want, little Hans? The Doctor
6 Little Hans is certainly a great loss to everyone. The Blacksmith

Exercie-04
Read the statement and chose the correct option.
1. Little Hans faced difficulties in the season of __________.
A. spring B. summer C. autumn D. winter
2. Miller didn't want to invite Hans at his home during winter because he thought that Hans
might __________.
A. steal their things B. over stay C. ask for flour on credit D. become burden
3. Miller's wife was __________.
A. a very kind lady B. critical of her husband
C. selfish like husband D. always busy in household chores
4. Hans wanted to sell his primroses to __________.
A. florist B. Burgomaster's daughter C. Miller's wife D. doctor
5. Miller's wheelbarrow was in __________ condition.
A. broken B. perfect C. slightly damaged D. unused
6. Miller asked Hans to do all the chores except __________.
A. carry sack of flour B. gather wood for kitchen fire
C. graze sheep in the mountain D. mend the roof of barn
7. In a stormy night Miller came to Hans to __________ for injured son.
A. fetch medicine B. bring doctor C. arrange ambulance D. cook food
8. Hans died because of __________.
A. his own carelessness B. negligence of doctor
C. trap of goatherd D. selfishness of Miller
9. Which of these statements is true:
A. Miller was a really a sincere friend.
B. Hans was tempted by Miller's wheelbarrow.
C. Miller exploited Hans for his own selfish motive.
D. Hans knew the true nature of the Miller.
10. The moral of the story is:
A. One should sacrifice one's life for friends. B. One sided friendship is damaging.
C. One should not trust friends. D. One should not promise anything to friends.
KEY
1 D 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 A
6 B 7 B 8 D 9 C 10 B
 Extra MCQs

1. What did the Miller often take from Hans’s garden?

A. Vegetables B. Herbs, flowers, and fruits C. Seeds and tools D. Wood and hay
Answer: B. Herbs, flowers, and fruits
2. What was Hans doing when the Miller first visited him in spring?
A. Planting roses B. Leaning on his spade C. Fixing his fence D. Carrying water
Answer: B. Leaning on his spade
3. Why did Hans feel happy giving away his flowers to the Miller?
A. He thought flowers had no value B. He wanted to make the Miller’s wife happy
C. He valued the Miller’s good opinion more than money
D. He had too many flowers to sell
Answer: C. He valued the Miller’s good opinion more than money
4. Who found Hans’s body after he drowned?
A. The Miller’s son B. The Doctor C. Some goatherds D. The Blacksmith
Answer: C. Some goatherds
5. What did the Miller complain about after Hans’s funeral?
A. The cost of the funeral B. That Hans had borrowed his tools
C. That the wheelbarrow was now useless to him
D. That no one helped with his mill work
Answer: C. That the wheelbarrow was now useless to him
6. What reason did the Miller give for not lending Hans his lantern?
A. It was broken B. It was too old
C. It was new and he didn’t want it damaged D. It was not working in rain
Answer: C. It was new and he didn’t want it damaged
7. Why did Hans agree to do so many tasks for the Miller?
A. He was paid well B. He feared losing his friendship
C. He was promised the wheelbarrow D. He wanted to learn mill work
Answer: C. He was promised the wheelbarrow
8. 9. What task did the Miller ask Hans to do right after mending the barn roof?
A. Drive sheep to the mountain B. Fetch water
C. Paint the mill D. Gather wood
Answer: A. Drive sheep to the mountain
9. 10. In which season did the Miller stop visiting Hans?
A. Summer B. Spring C. Winter D. Autumn
Answer: C. Winter
10. 11. What did Hans often write in his notebook?
A. His gardening plans B. The Miller’s sayings about friendship
C. Expenses and earnings D. Poetry about flowers
Answer: B. The Miller’s sayings about friendship
11. 12. Why did Hans not have time to take care of his garden?
A. He was sick B. The Miller always sent him on errands
C. It rained heavily D. He sold his tools
Answer: B. The Miller always sent him on errands
12. 13. What happened to the Miller’s son?
A. He got sick from cold B. He fell from a ladder
C. He was lost in the forest D. He broke his arm while playing
Answer: B. He fell from a ladder
13. 14. How long did Hans walk to reach the Doctor’s house on the stormy night?
A. One hour B. Two hours C. Three hours D. Four hours
Answer: C. Three hours
 Exercise-05
1.How does the friendships between Hans and Miller seem odd from the beginning?
Ans. From the very start, the friendship between Hans and the Miller looks strange because it is
not balanced. Hans is a simple, kind man who works hard in his garden and happily gives
flowers, fruits, and herbs to the Miller whenever he comes. The Miller, who is rich and owns
many things like cows, sheep, and sacks of flour, never gives anything back to Hans. Instead, he
always talks about how “true friends should have everything in common,” but in reality he only
takes from Hans. Even in winter, when Hans is cold and hungry, the Miller does not visit or help
him. He says that visiting someone in trouble is not good for friendship, which is clearly just an
excuse. The Miller’s words sound nice, but his actions are selfish. Hans, being too trusting,
believes these speeches and feels lucky to have such a “noble” friend. From the beginning, we
can see that the Miller uses friendship as a way to get things from Hans without giving anything
in return, and this makes their friendship unusual and unfair.
2.Why did Hans sell his wheelbarrow?
Hans sold his wheelbarrow because he was facing a very hard winter. In the cold months, he had
no flowers or fruits to sell in the market, so he had very little food and money. To survive, he
first sold the silver buttons from his Sunday coat, then his silver chain, then his big pipe. At last,
when he still needed money to buy bread, he sold his wheelbarrow. Hans planned that when
spring came and his garden had flowers again, he would sell them in the market, earn money,
and buy back all the things he had sold, including his wheelbarrow. This shows that Hans only
sold it out of need, not because he wanted to.
3.In what way does the Miller exploit Hans with the promise of giving him his
wheelbarrow?
The Miller uses the promise of giving his broken wheelbarrow to make Hans do many things for
him. He keeps reminding Hans about the wheelbarrow whenever he wants help, so Hans feels he
should agree. First, the Miller asks for Hans’s plank of wood for his barn roof, saying it is a
return for the wheelbarrow. Then he asks for a big basket of flowers, which Hans was going to
sell. Later, he makes Hans carry a heavy sack of flour to the market, mend his barn roof, and
drive his sheep to the mountain. In the end, the wheelbarrow is never actually given, but the
promise is used to make Hans work hard and give away his things without payment.
4.What final act of the Miller's selfishness leads to Hans' death?
The final act of the Miller’s selfishness happens on a stormy night. The Miller’s son gets hurt,
and instead of going for the doctor himself, the Miller sends Hans. He says Hans should go
because he is going to give him his wheelbarrow. Hans asks for a lantern, but the Miller refuses,
saying it is new and he does not want it to get damaged. Hans puts on his warm clothes and
walks in the heavy rain and strong wind for hours to reach the doctor. On the way back, the
storm becomes worse, and Hans loses his way on the dangerous moor. He falls into a deep hole
filled with water and drowns. This selfish act of the Miller, sending Hans in such weather and
refusing to help him with even a lantern, leads directly to Hans’s death.
5.Hans' own simplicity and trustworthiness also contribute to his death. Do you agree with
the statement? Justify your response.
Yes, I agree with the statement. Hans is a very simple and kind man who trusts the Miller
completely. He believes every nice-sounding thing the Miller says about friendship and never
thinks that his friend could take advantage of him. Even when the Miller keeps asking for work,
taking his things, and giving nothing in return, Hans never refuses. On the stormy night, Hans
again agrees to go for the doctor, even though the weather is dangerous. He does not insist on
taking the lantern when the Miller refuses, and he sets out alone in the dark. His good heart and
willingness to please the Miller make him ignore his own safety. This blind trust and innocence,
along with the Miller’s selfishness, lead to his death.
6."False friends are worse than open enemies." Discuss this aphorism in the context of the
story The Devoted Friend.
The saying “False friends are worse than open enemies” means that someone who pretends to be
your friend but cheats you is more dangerous than someone who openly shows dislike. In The
Devoted Friend, the Miller is a false friend to Hans. He speaks sweet words about friendship but
uses them only to get work and things from Hans. He never helps Hans in his time of need, and
even in winter leaves him cold and hungry. The Miller’s fake kindness makes Hans trust him, so
Hans keeps helping without realizing he is being used. This false friendship is more harmful than
an open enemy because Hans never tries to protect himself from the Miller. In the end, the
Miller’s selfishness and empty promises cause Hans’s death. This shows that a false friend can
harm you quietly while pretending to care, which makes them worse than an enemy who shows
his real face.
7. How would you deal if you have a friend like the Miller?
If I had a friend like the Miller, I would be careful and not let him take advantage of me. I would
listen to his words but also watch his actions to see if he is truly a good friend. If I noticed that he
only comes to me when he needs help and never supports me in return, I would politely refuse to
do work that harms me or takes too much of my time. I would set clear limits and explain that
friendship should be equal, with both giving and receiving. If he still behaved selfishly, I would
slowly distance myself from him, because keeping such a false friend would only bring harm and
sadness in the end.
Exercise-06

Hans' Characteristics Miller's Characteristics

Kind and helpful Selfish and demanding
Trusting and innocent Clever and manipulative
Hardworking Lazy and avoids hard work
Always thinks of others Only thinks of himself
Keeps his promises Breaks promises

Meaning (Easy Urdu

Word Synonym
English) Translation
merrily happily, with joy ‫خوشی سے‬ joyfully, cheerfully
porch covered entrance to a ‫برآمدہ‬
veranda, entrance
house
honeysuckle a climbing plant with ‫بیل نما خوشبودار پودا‬
flowering vine
flowers
trudged walked with effort ‫تھک کر چلنا‬ plodded, slogged
milestone stone showing distance ‫سنگ میل‬ landmark, marker
dusty full of dry dirt ‫دھول بھرا‬ dirty, powdery
robbers thieves who use force ‫ڈاکو‬ bandits, burglars
idleness laziness ‫سستی‬ inactivity, sloth
sluggish slow and inactive ‫سست‬ lazy, inactive
timid shy ‫شرمیل‬ shy, nervous
ladder climbing tool ‫سیڑھی‬ steps, stairway
delightful very pleasant ‫خوشگوار‬ lovely, enjoyable
privilege special advantage ‫اعزاز‬ honor, benefit
theory ideas about something ‫نظریہ‬ principle, belief
practice repeated action to learn ‫مشق‬ training, exercise
anxious worried ‫فکرمند‬ concerned, uneasy
errands small jobs outside ‫کام کاج‬
tasks, chores
home
distressed very upset ‫پریشان‬ troubled, worried
reflection serious thought ‫غوروفکر‬ thought, consideration
note-book small book for writing ‫نوٹ بک‬ journal, pad
wild night stormy night ‫طوفانی رات‬ stormy, rough
terribly very badly ‫بری طرح‬ badly, awfully
compliment kind or praising words ‫تعریف‬ praise, admiration
ditch long narrow hole in ‫نالی‬
trench, gutter
ground
courageous brave ‫بہادر‬ bold, fearless
torrents heavy rain ‫موسل دھار بارش‬ downpour, flood
moor wild open land ‫دلدلی زمین‬ heath, wetland
funeral ceremony for a dead ‫جنازہ‬
burial, memorial
person
mourner person at a funeral ‫سوگوار‬ griever, bereaved
procession people walking in order ‫جلوس‬ parade, march
spiced wine wine with spices ‫مصالحہ دار شراب‬ mulled wine
generous giving to others ‫سخی‬ charitable, kind
incidentally by the way ‫ویسے تو‬ by-the-by, casually
as good as almost ‫لگ بھگ‬ nearly, practically
at great length with much detail ‫تفصیل سے‬ in detail, thoroughly
manage control or do well ‫سنبھالنا‬ handle, direct
immediately right away ‫فورا‬ instantly, promptly
credit borrow with promise to ‫ادھار‬
loan, trust
pay later
tempted attracted to do ‫اللچ میں آنا‬
attracted, lured, enticed
something
selfish caring only for oneself ‫خود غرض‬ self-centered,
egotistical, greedy
chores small daily tasks ‫گھریلو کام‬ tasks, duties, jobs
fetch go and bring something ‫النا‬ bring, collect, retrieve
arrange plan or prepare ‫انتظام کرنا‬ organize, prepare, plan
ambulance vehicle for sick people ‫ایمبولینس‬ emergency vehicle,
rescue van, medical
transport
negligence not being careful ‫الپرواہی‬ carelessness, inattention,
disregard
trap trick to catch someone ‫جال‬ snare, net, pitfall
sincerity honesty ‫خلوص‬ honesty, truthfulness,
genuineness
damaging causing harm ‫نقصان دہ‬ harmful, destructive,
injurious
sacrifice give up for others ‫قربانی دینا‬ give up, surrender,
forfeit
promise say you will do ‫وعدہ‬
pledge, vow, assurance
something
burden heavy load or ‫بوجھ‬
load, weight, obligation
responsibility
popular liked by many people ‫مقبول‬ well-liked, admired,
famous
credit trust for payment later ‫ادھار‬ loan, trust, belief
cottage small house ‫کچا مکان‬ small house, hut, cabin
cheery happy and bright ‫خوش مزاج‬ happy, bright, cheerful
mended repaired ‫مرمت کیا‬ repaired, fixed, restored
privilege special chance ‫اعزاز‬ honor, advantage, right
advise give suggestions ‫مشورہ دینا‬ recommend, suggest,
counsel
compliment nice words to someone ‫تعریف‬ praise, admiration,
flattery
journey trip from one place to ‫سفر‬
trip, travel, voyage
another
worst most bad ‫بدترین‬ poorest, lowest, most
unpleasant
frightened afraid ‫خوف زدہ‬ scared, afraid, terrified
agreed said yes ‫متفق‬ accepted, approved,
consented
blame say it’s someone’s fault ‫الزام دینا‬ accuse, fault, charge
suffer feel pain ‫تکلیف اٹھانا‬ endure, undergo,
experience
reward gift for good work ‫انعام‬ prize, gift, benefit
nearly almost ‫قریب‬ almost, about,
approximately
praise say good things about ‫تعریف کرنا‬ admire, commend,
approve
noble good and honorable ‫شریف‬ honorable, dignified,
virtuous
excuse reason for not doing ‫بہانہ‬ reason, explanation,
something justification
bargain deal or agreement ‫سودے بازی‬ deal, agreement,
negotiation
faith strong belief ‫ایمان‬ trust, belief, confidence
wander walk without direction ‫آوارہ پھرنا‬ roam, stray, drift
float stay on water surface ‫تیرنا‬ drift, bob, hover
discovered found something ‫دریافت کیا‬ found, uncovered,
detected
incident event ‫واقعہ‬ event, occurrence,
happening
criticise find fault ‫تنقید کرنا‬ blame, disapprove,
condemn
plain simple and clear ‫سادہ‬ simple, clear, obvious
imagine create picture in mind ‫تصور کرنا‬ think, picture, visualize
thoughtful caring and considerate ‫خیال رکھنے واال‬ caring, considerate, kind
certainly surely ‫یقینا‬ surely, definitely,
absolutely
considered thought about ‫سوچا گیا‬ thought about, regarded,
judged
opinion what you think ‫رائے‬ view, belief, perspective
advice suggestion for action ‫نصیحت‬ guidance,
recommendation,
 suggestion
trouble problem ‫مشکل‬ problem, difficulty,
worry
lend give for some time ‫ادھار دینا‬ give temporarily, loan,
allow use of
loss something gone ‫نقصان‬ deprivation, damage,
misfortune
precious very valuable ‫قیمتی‬ valuable, treasured,
beloved
dangerous not safe ‫خطرناک‬ risky, unsafe, hazardous
repair fix ‫مرمت کرنا‬ fix, restore, mend
weak not strong ‫کمزور‬ fragile, feeble,
powerless
kindness being nice ‫مہربانی‬ generosity, compassion,
goodwill
fairness treating equally ‫انصاف‬ justice, equality,
impartiality
greed strong desire for more ‫اللچ‬ selfishness, avarice,
desire
loyalty being faithful ‫وفاداری‬ faithfulness, devotion,
allegiance
duty work you must do ‫فرض‬ responsibility,
obligation, task
honest telling the truth ‫ایماندار‬ truthful, sincere,
genuine
comfort feeling safe and happy ‫آرام‬ ease, relief, contentment
starving very hungry ‫بھوکا‬ hungry, famished,
starving
master person in control ‫مالک‬ boss, leader, ruler
fortunate lucky ‫خوش قسمت‬ lucky, blessed, favored
pretend act like something is ‫دکھاوا کرنا‬
act, fake, simulate
true
 UNIT:02 CONTRIBUTION OF WORLD LEADERS
LESSON 02: I HAVE A DREAM BY MARTIN LUTHER KING

Exercise-01: Read the Story

Exercise-02: Work in pairs and write the meaning of following words.

Word English Meaning Synonyms Urdu

Meaning
Segregation The enforced separation of groups, Separation, Isolation, ،‫نسلی علیحدگی‬
especially based on race, religion, or Apartheid ‫علیحدگی‬
gender
Discrimination Unfair treatment of a person or group Prejudice, Bias, ‫امتیازی سلوک‬
based on race, gender, age, or other Inequality
factors
Liberty The state of being free within society Freedom, ‫آزادی‬
from oppressive restrictions Independence,
Autonomy
Equality The state of being equal in status, Parity, Fairness, ‫مساوات‬
rights, and opportunities Uniformity
Righteousness The quality of being morally right or Virtue, Justice, ،‫راستبازی‬
justifiable Morality ‫نیکی‬
Oppression Prolonged cruel or unjust treatment Tyranny, Persecution, ‫ جبر‬،‫ظلم‬
Subjugation
Despair The complete loss or absence of hope Hopelessness, Misery, ‫مایوسی‬
Discouragement
Dignity The quality of being worthy of honor Honor, Self-respect, ‫ عزت‬،‫وقار‬
or respect Nobility
Exile Being forced to live away from one’s Banishment, ‫جلوطنی‬
home, often for political reasons Expulsion, Deportation
Symphony A long, complex piece of music for an Harmony, ‫ ہم‬،‫سمفنی‬
orchestra; also, a harmonious Composition, Concord ‫آہنگی‬
arrangement of elements

Exercise-03: Read the statements and choose the correct option.

1. In the speech, Jr. Martin Luther King describes an ideal future for his children as ___.
A. land of wealth B. free from judgment C. no discrimination D. without obstacles
2. ________ is Jr. Martin Luther King's vision in his dream.
A. No economic hardship B. Justice for all C. Self-reliance D. Black dominance
3. Where did Martine Luther King deliver the "I Have a Dream" speech?
A. The White House B. Lincoln Memorial
C. United Nations Headquarters D. Martin Luther King Jr. Museum
4. When was the "I Have a Dream" speech delivered?
A. July 4, 1962 B. January 15, 1960 C. August 28, 1963 D. December 25, 196
5. The phrase "Let freedom ring" symbolizes__________.
A. political unity B. equality for all C. military success D. religious faith
6. What is King's stance on violence?
A. Encourages it B. Supports protests C. Rejects violence D. Accepts retaliation
7. What does "table of brotherhood" mean?
A. Economic equality B. Social harmony C. Political rivalry D. Government rule
8. What is the overall tone of the speech?
A. Hopeless and bitter B. Angry and violent
C. Hopeful and determined D. Casual and humorous
9. The main theme of the speech is ____________.
A. celebration of black culture B. demand for racial equality and justice
C. praise for American politics D. call for war against discrimination

# Correct Answer # Correct Answer

1 B. free from judgment 6 C. Rejects violence
2 B. Justice for all 7 B. Social harmony
3 B. Lincoln Memorial 8 C. Hopeful and determined
4 C. August 28, 1963 9 B. demand for racial equality and justice
5 B. equality for all
Exercise-04: Read the statements and choose the correct option.

1. How does Martin Luther King describe the current conditions of African Americans,
despite the promises made a century earlier?
Martin Luther King Jr. says that even after one hundred years, African Americans still live in
hard and unfair conditions. A long time ago, there was a promise that all people, including Black
people, would have the same rights. These rights include life, freedom, and the chance to be
happy. But African Americans are still poor and treated badly. They live separated from white
people because of laws and rules called segregation. Many Black people cannot vote or take part
in decisions. Signs say "For Whites only," which hurts their respect and feelings. This shows that
the promise of equality and freedom is not true yet. Martin Luther King Jr. wants to change this
and hopes for justice and fairness for everyone.
2. What does Martin Luther King mean when he says, "Now is the time to rise from the
dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice"?
When Martin Luther King Jr. says, “Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of
segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice,” he means it is time to leave behind the bad and
unfair treatment of Black people. The “dark and desolate valley” means a sad and lonely place
where Black people are separated and treated unfairly. The “sunlit path” means a bright and
happy way where everyone is treated equally and fairly. King is saying that now is the right time
to stop separation and work for fairness and justice for all people.
3. Why does Martin Luther King emphasize that the struggle for equality must be
conducted with dignity and discipline?
Martin Luther King Jr. says the fight for equality must be done with dignity and discipline
because it should be peaceful and respectful. He wants people to be proud and strong without
using violence or fighting back with anger. If the struggle turns violent, it will cause more
problems and people might not support their cause. King believes that showing good behavior
and self-control will make their message stronger. By using peaceful ways, they can win justice
and fairness for everyone.
4. How does the phrase "justice rolls down like waters" deepen the emotional impact of
the speech?
The phrase “justice rolls down like waters” makes the speech more powerful because it gives a
strong picture in the mind. It shows justice as something big, strong, and never-ending, like a
river. Water can clean dirt, and justice can clean unfairness. It also means that justice should
come to everyone, just like water flows to every place. This picture makes people feel hope and
believe that fairness will come one day.
5. What message does Martin Luther King convey to his listeners through his speech?
Martin Luther King Jr. gives a strong message of hope and fairness in his speech. He tells people
to keep fighting for equal rights without using violence. He wants everyone to be treated the
same, no matter their skin color. King asks people to come together as brothers and sisters, to
live in peace and justice. He believes that one day, all people will be free and equal, and no one
will face unfairness because of race. His message encourages people to believe in a better future
and to keep working for freedom and equality.
6. What role does hope play in Martin Luther King's speech, and how does it influence the
audience's response?
Hope plays a very important role in Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech. He talks about a bright
future where everyone is treated fairly and lives together in peace. This hope gives people
strength and courage to keep fighting for their rights. It helps them believe that change is
possible, even when things are difficult. Because of this hope, the audience feels inspired and
motivated. They feel that their dreams for justice and equality can really come true if they work
together and never give up.
7. How does Martin Luther King use contrast between past injustices and future hopes to
strengthen his argument?
Martin Luther King Jr. talks about the bad things that happened to Black people in the past. He
describes how they faced unfair treatment, poverty, and segregation. Then, he talks about his
dream for a better future, where everyone is equal and free. By showing the difference between
the sad past and the hopeful future, King makes his message stronger. This contrast helps people
see why change is needed and makes them feel excited about the possibility of a fair and
peaceful future.
Exercise:05: Read the statements on Martin Luther King's Speech in Column 'A' and write
'true' or 'false' in Column 'B'.

Column A Column B
1. Martin Luther King delivered this speech in Washington, D.C. True
2. The speech argues for the superiority of one race over another. False
3. Martin Luther King compares injustice to "sweltering heat." True
4. The phrase "I have a dream" is used one time in the speech. False
5. The speech emphasizes the importance of peaceful protest. True
6. Martin Luther King says that segregation has already been abolished. False
7. "Let freedom ring" is repeated several times in the speech. True
8. Martin Luther King states that racial justice will happen naturally without action. False
9. The speech refers to the U.S. Declaration of Independence. True
10. Martin Luther King encourages violence as a means to achieve justice. False

Urdu
Word English Meaning Synonyms
Meaning
Decree An official order issued by a legal Order, Command, ‫ حکم‬،‫فرمان‬
authority Mandate
Beacon A guiding light or signal Signal, Guide, Light ‫ رہنما‬،‫مشعل‬
‫روشنی‬
Withering Causing to fade or lose strength Fading, Weakening, ‫ کمزور‬،‫مرجھانا‬
Diminishing ‫کرنا‬
Injustice Lack of fairness or justice Wrongdoing, Inequity, ‫ناانصافی‬
Unfairness
Captivity The condition of being Imprisonment, ‫ اسیری‬،‫قید‬
imprisoned or confined Enslavement,
Confinement
Manacles Metal bands or chains for Handcuffs, Shackles, ‫ بیڑیاں‬،‫ہتھکڑی‬
fastening someone’s hands or Fetters
ankles
Segregation The enforced separation of Separation, Apartheid, ‫نسلی علیحدگی‬
groups, especially by race Isolation
Discrimination Unjust treatment based on Prejudice, Bias, Inequality ‫امتیازی سلوک‬
category like race or gender
Languished To lose vitality; to remain Weakened, Declined, ،‫زوال پذیر ہونا‬
neglected Deteriorated ‫کمزور ہونا‬
Dramatize To present in a vivid or striking Exaggerate, Emphasize, ‫ڈرامائی انداز میں‬
way Illustrate ‫پیش کرنا‬
Unalienable Unable to be taken away Inherent, Natural, ‫ناقاب ِل انتقال‬
Absolute
Desolate Empty, without life Barren, Lonely, Deserted ‫ ویران‬،‫سنسان‬
Brotherhood A feeling of unity among people Fellowship, Solidarity, ‫بھائی چارہ‬
Kinship
Exile Being forced to live away from Banishment, Deportation, ‫جلوطنی‬
home Expulsion
Militancy Aggressiveness in support of a Activism, Radicalism, ‫شدت پسندی‬
cause Extremism
Inextricably In a way that cannot be separated Indivisibly, Unavoidably, ‫ناقاب ِل علیحدگی‬
Inevitably
Mobility Ability to move freely Movement, Motion, ‫نقل و حرکت‬
Travel
Stripped Removed or taken away Deprived, Robbed, ‫محروم کرنا‬
Divested
Dignity State of being worthy of respect Honor, Self-respect, ‫وقار‬
Nobility
Oppression Cruel or unfair treatment Tyranny, Persecution, ‫ جبر‬،‫ظلم‬
Subjugation
Oasis A place of relief in a difficult Refuge, Haven, Sanctuary ‫ پناہ گاہ‬،‫نخلستان‬
situation
Creed A set of beliefs Doctrine, Faith, Ideology ‫ ایمان‬،‫عقیدہ‬
Vicious Intentionally cruel or violent Brutal, Savage, Malicious ‫ ظالم‬،‫سفاک‬
Nullification Making something legally invalid Cancellation, Abolition, ‫منسوخی‬
Invalidation
Exalted Raised to a high level Elevated, Honored, ‫بلند مرتبہ‬
Glorified
Hew To cut or shape something Chop, Carve, Shape ‫ کاٹنا‬،‫تراشنا‬
Despair Complete loss of hope Hopelessness, Misery, ‫مایوسی‬
Discouragement
Discords Disagreements or conflicts Disputes, Clashes, Strife ‫اختلفات‬
Symphony A harmonious combination Harmony, Composition, ‫ ہم آہنگی‬،‫سمفنی‬
Orchestra
Prodigious Remarkably great in size or Enormous, Massive, ‫ غیر‬،‫عظیم‬
degree Tremendous ‫معمولی‬
Curvaceous Having attractive curves Rounded, Shapely, ‫ دلکش‬،‫خم دار‬
Contoured
Spiritual Relating to the soul Sacred, Divine, Mystical ‫روحانی‬
 UNIT:03 MANAGING STRESS, ANGER & PEOPLE

LESSON 03: CONQUEST OF HAPPINESS BY BURTRAND RUSSEL

Exercise-01:

Exercise-02: Work in pairs and write the meaning of following words.

Word Meaning (English) Synonyms Urdu

Meaning
Distinguished Successful and commanding respect; Renowned, eminent, ‫ معروف‬،‫ممتاز‬
famous for excellence notable
Content In a state of peaceful happiness or Satisfied, pleased, ‫ خوش‬،‫مطمئن‬
satisfaction fulfilled
Blight A plant disease that causes damage Disease, decay, ruin ،‫ تباہی‬،‫زوال‬
or a thing that spoils ‫بیماری‬
Flint A hard type of rock often used to Stone, rock, chert ‫فِلِنٹ (چمکدار‬
produce sparks or tools ‫(پتھر‬
Craving A strong desire or longing Desire, longing, ‫ طلب‬،‫شدید خواہش‬
yearning
Inanimate Not alive; lacking life or spirit Lifeless, inert, dead ‫ غیر‬،‫بے جان‬
‫جاندار‬
Obscure Not well known; unclear or hidden Unknown, unclear, ‫ غیر‬،‫کم معروف‬
hidden ‫واضح‬
Fascination The power to attract and hold Captivation, ‫ کشش‬،‫دلکشی‬
attention enchantment, allure
Fads Trends or fashions that are popular Trends, crazes, crazes ،‫ فیشن‬،‫وقتی رواج‬
for a short time ‫رجحان‬

Exercise-03: Read the following statements and choose the correct option.
1. According to the passage, many scientists are among the happiest people because___.
A. they are paid more than others B. their work is recognized by everyone
C. they find deep satisfaction in meaningful work
D. they avoid interaction with the public
2. The main reason the man who wrote about rose blight was happy because he __________
A. became famous worldwide B. was admired for his artistic skills
C. found meaning in practicing his specialized skill D. recovered from his disability
3. What does the passage suggest about recognition and fame in relation to happiness?
A. They are essential for happiness B. They should be ignored completely
C. They help only in artistic careers D. Happiness can exist without them
4. The quality in work that contributes more to happiness than skill alone is ___________.
A. routine B. flexibility C. constructiveness D. difficulty
5. __________ is likely to cure the habit of hatred.
A. Loveliness B. Constructive work C. Amusement D. Idleness
6. Common mistake adults make about hobbies is ___________.
A. thinking hobbies are only for the wealthy B. believing hobbies should lead to careers
C. assuming hobbies are childish and beneath adulthood
D. spending too much time on hobbies
7. ___________ leads to happiness, according to the text.
A. Possessive and intense affection B. Friendly and supportive interest in others
C. Cold and distant admiration D. Competitive and goal-driven affection
8. An archaeologist takes interest in ___________.
A. rocks B. ruins C. buildings D. earth
9. Interest in people and interest in things are __________.
A. analogous B. opposite C. different D. unrelated
10. What is the benefit of developing an interest in impersonal things like history or
astronomy?
A. It guarantees success in life
B. It provides permanent happiness
C. It offers a break from worries and brings balance
D. It distracts from social responsibilities

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C C D C B C B B A C
Exercise 05: Answer the following questions after reading the text.

1. According to the author, why do scientists often experience deep satisfaction in their
work?
Scientists feel very happy and satisfied with their work because their job uses all their skills and
talents. They work on things that are important for them and also useful for other people. In
today’s world, science is always growing and improving, and it has a big effect on society.
People respect science and scientists, even if they do not fully understand what scientists are
doing. This respect and value make scientists feel proud.
Also, many scientists love their work so much that they enjoy almost everything in life. Their
work gives them a reason to keep going and keeps their mind busy in a good way. They get
happiness not only from the results but also from the process of working, learning, and
discovering new things. Because of this, scientists often live a happy and satisfied life.
2. How does the element of constructiveness bring happiness in the work?
Constructiveness means doing work that builds or creates something useful. The author says this
gives more happiness than only using a skill because the result stays even after the work is done,
giving pride and meaning. Building things brings a deep and peaceful joy, while destroying only
gives a short and empty feeling. Constructive work also keeps leading to new achievements,
which makes life more interesting. It can even remove hatred from the heart, as creating
something good changes the mind in a positive way. This is why constructiveness brings real and
lasting happiness in work.
3. What role do hobbies play in the author's broader view of a happy life? What is
your own hobby?
According to the author, hobbies are an important part of a happy life because they give
relaxation, joy, and a break from serious work. A hobby can be anything you enjoy doing, like
gardening, cooking, music, or collecting something. It helps refresh the mind, especially when a
person is stuck or tired from their main work. The author also says many adults wrongly think
hobbies are only for children or not important, but this is a mistake. Any harmless hobby can add
value to life, even if it is not a source of fame or money. Hobbies may not always give deep,
permanent happiness, but they give comfort, peace, and temporary joy, which are also important
for overall happiness.
My own hobby is reading books. I enjoy reading because it helps me learn new ideas, relax my
mind, and travel into different worlds without leaving my place. Sometimes, after a busy or
stressful day, reading gives me comfort and makes me feel fresh again. It also improves my
knowledge and keeps me curious about new things

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