Neuroanatomy

1. The following statements concerning the thalamus are correct except:

a) It is the largest part of the diencephalon and serves as a relay station to all the main sensory
tracts (except the olfactory pathway)
b) It is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule
c) It forms the anterior boundary of the interventricular foramen
d) It may be joined to the thalamus on the opposite side
e) The gray matter of the thalamus is divided by a vertical sheet of white matter called the
internal medullary lamina
Answer: c) It forms the anterior boundary of the interventricular foramen
Explanation: The thalamus forms the posterior boundary of the interventricular foramen (of
Monro). The anterior boundary is formed by the anterior column of the fornix and the septal
nuclei.
 a) Is correct. The thalamus is the primary subcortical relay center for all sensory
information (e.g., touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, vision, hearing) on its way to
the cerebral cortex, with the notable exception of olfaction. It is the largest component of
the diencephalon.
 b) Is correct. The internal capsule is a critical white matter structure that lies between the
medially located thalamus and the laterally located lentiform nucleus.
 d) Is correct. In approximately 70-80% of individuals, the two thalami are connected by
a bridge of gray matter called the interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia), which
passes through the third ventricle.
 e) Is correct. The internal medullary lamina is a Y-shaped sheet of myelinated fibers that
partitions the thalamic nuclei into anterior, medial, and lateral groups.

2. Which of the following statement is (are) correct concerning the third cranial nerve
nuclei?
a) The oculomotor nucleus is situated in the central gray matter
b) The parasympathetic part of the oculomotor nucleus is called the Edinger-Westphal nucleus
c) The fibers from the oculomotor nucleus pass through the red nucleus
d) The oculomotor nucleus lies just posterior to the medial longitudinal fasciculus
e) All of the above
Answer: e) All of the above
Explanation: While option (d) is topographically debatable in precise terms (the nucleus is more
dorsal to the MLF), in the context of this MCQ, all statements are considered correct.
 a) Is correct. The oculomotor nuclear complex resides in the periaqueductal gray matter
of the rostral midbrain, at the level of the superior colliculus.
 b) Is correct. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus provides the preganglionic parasympathetic
(visceral efferent) fibers that travel with CN III to cause pupillary constriction (miosis)
and accommodation.
 c) Is correct. Efferent somatic motor fibers from the main oculomotor nucleus course
ventrally, passing through the red nucleus before emerging in the interpeduncular fossa.
  d) Is considered correct in this context. The oculomotor nucleus and the medial
longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) are in very close proximity, with the MLF lying
ventromedial to the nucleus. Their close relationship is vital for coordinating eye
movements.

3. Which of the following statement is incorrect concerning the internal structure of the
midbrain?
a) The tectum is the part posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
b) The crus cerebri on each side lies anterior to the substantia nigra
c) The tegmentum lies posterior to the substantia nigra
d) The central gray matter encircles the red nuclei
Answer: d) The central gray matter encircles the red nuclei
Explanation: The central (periaqueductal) gray matter is a sleeve of gray matter that surrounds
the cerebral aqueduct. The red nuclei are large motor nuclei located within the tegmentum,
ventral to the periaqueductal gray matter, but not encircled by it.
 a) Is correct. The midbrain is divided by the cerebral aqueduct into the posterior tectum
(roof), containing the colliculi, and the anterior cerebral peduncles.
 b) and c) Are correct. The cerebral peduncle is composed of the anterior crus cerebri
(containing corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine fibers), the substantia nigra,
and the posterior tegmentum.

4. Which of the following does not match between an artery and its branch?
a) Internal carotid / posterior communicating
b) Basilar / posterior inferior cerebellar
c) Vertebral / anterior spinal
d) Anterior cerebral / anterior communicating
e) Ophthalmic / anterior ethmoidal
Answer: b) Basilar / posterior inferior cerebellar
Explanation: The Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) is the largest branch of the
vertebral artery, not the basilar artery. Occlusion of PICA leads to the lateral medullary
syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome). The basilar artery gives rise to the anterior inferior cerebellar
artery (AICA) and the superior cerebellar artery.
 a) Is correct. The posterior communicating artery connects the internal carotid to the
posterior cerebral artery.
 c) Is correct. The single anterior spinal artery is formed by the union of a branch from
each vertebral artery.
 d) Is correct. The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral
arteries.
 e) Is correct. The anterior ethmoidal artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery.

5. The _______ of the spinal nerve contains both motor and sensory fibers:
a) Anterior ramus
b) Posterior ramus
c) Main trunk
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: The dorsal (posterior) root is purely sensory and the ventral (anterior) root is
purely motor. They unite to form the spinal nerve trunk, which is a mixed nerve. This trunk
immediately divides into a posterior (dorsal) ramus and an anterior (ventral) ramus. Both
rami are continuations of the mixed trunk and therefore carry both motor and sensory fibers to
their respective targets (posterior ramus to the deep back muscles and overlying skin; anterior
ramus to the limbs and anterolateral trunk).

6. Concerning the middle cerebral artery:

a) It supplies the auditory area
b) One of its branches is called the artery of cerebral haemorrhage
c) Supplies the motor and sensory areas of the whole body
d) All of the above
e) A and B only
Answer: e) A and B only
Explanation:
 a) Is correct. The MCA supplies the lateral surface of the temporal lobe, including the
superior temporal gyrus which houses the primary auditory cortex (Brodmann areas 41,
42).
 b) Is correct. The deep-penetrating lenticulostriate branches of the MCA supply the
basal ganglia and internal capsule. Due to their small size and location, they are common
sites of rupture in chronic hypertension, leading to intracerebral hemorrhage. They are
historically known as the "arteries of Charcot" or "arteries of cerebral hemorrhage."
 c) Is incorrect. The MCA supplies the motor and sensory cortices for the contralateral
face and upper limb. The cortex for the lower limb is located on the medial surface of
the hemisphere and is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery.

7. Concerning the central sulcus of the cerebral hemisphere, select the incorrect statement:
a) It is one of the two major sulci found on the lateral surface
b) It is also called the fissure of Sylvius
c) It separated the motor from the sensory area
d) It runs from the centre of the upper border to a point above the lateral fissure
e) It usually extends for some distance on the medial surface
Answer: b) It is also called the fissure of Sylvius
Explanation: The central sulcus is also known as the fissure of Rolando. The lateral sulcus is
known as the fissure of Sylvius.
 a) Is correct. The central and lateral sulci are the primary landmarks on the superolateral
brain surface.
 c) Is correct. It is a key functional boundary, separating the precentral gyrus (primary
motor cortex) from the postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex).
 d) Is correct. This accurately describes its path down the lateral surface.
  e) Is correct. It typically cuts the superior border and extends onto the medial surface,
marking the division of the paracentral lobule.

8. The motor area for speech usually lies in which gyrus?

a) Inferior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere
b) Superior frontal gyrus of the right hemisphere
c) Inferior frontal gyrus of the right hemisphere
d) Superior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere
e) Inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere
Answer: e) Inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere
Explanation: The motor area for the production of speech is Broca's area. In over 90% of
people, language is lateralized to the left hemisphere. Broca's area is located in the pars
opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant (usually left)
hemisphere. A lesion here causes expressive (Broca's) aphasia.

9. Select the incorrect statement:

a) When the fetus is three months old the length of the spinal cord is equal to the length of the
vertebral canal
b) At birth the spinal cord reaches the level of the third lumbar vertebra
c) The dura mater end in the second lumbar vertebra
d) As development proceeds the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord
e) The spinal pia mater extends as the filum terminale
Answer: c) The dura mater end in the second lumbar vertebra
Explanation: The dural sac, and the arachnoid mater with it, extends inferiorly to terminate at
the level of the second sacral vertebra (S2). This creates the large CSF-filled lumbar cistern
below the end of the spinal cord, which is the site for lumbar puncture.
 a) Is correct. Early in development, the cord fills the entire canal.
 b) Is correct. At birth, the conus medullaris (end of the cord) is at the L3 level.
 d) Is correct. This differential growth rate explains the "ascent" of the spinal cord
relative to the vertebral column, resulting in the adult position at L1/L2.
 e) Is correct. The filum terminale is a pial extension that anchors the cord inferiorly.

10. An epidural hematoma would most likely result from:

a) A tear in the middle meningeal artery due to a fractured parietal bone
b) A tear in a cerebral vein passing from the subarachnoid space into the superior sagittal sinus
c) An aneurism of the middle cerebral artery
d) An aneurism of the middle cerebral vein
e) A tear in the basilar artery
Answer: a) A tear in the middle meningeal artery due to a fractured parietal bone
Explanation: An epidural (extradural) hematoma is an arterial bleed in the potential space
between the dura and the skull. The classic mechanism is a blow to the side of the head (pterion),
fracturing the thin temporal or parietal bone and tearing the underlying middle meningeal
artery. This can lead to a rapidly expanding, lens-shaped (biconvex) hematoma.
 b) Describes a subdural hematoma.
  c) and e) Describe a subarachnoid hemorrhage.

11. Which of the following is NOT gray matter of the brain:

a) Corpus callosum
b) Cerebellar cortex
c) Basal ganglia
d) Thalamus
e) Mammillary body
Answer: a) Corpus callosum
Explanation: The corpus callosum is the brain's largest commissure, a massive bundle of
myelinated axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. Axonal tracts form white matter.
The other options are all collections of neuronal cell bodies, which constitute gray matter.

12. Which of the following vessels run in the lateral fissure:

a) Middle cerebral artery
b) Anterior cerebral artery
c) Superior cerebellar artery
d) Great cerebral vein of Galen
e) Sterocleidomastoid artery
Answer: a) Middle cerebral artery
Explanation: The middle cerebral artery (MCA) travels laterally from its origin and courses
deep within the lateral (Sylvian) fissure, giving off its cortical branches to supply the lateral
surfaces of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

13. Which of the following is white matter of the brain:

a) Cerebral cortex
b) Cerebellar cortex
c) Corpus callosum
d) Thalamus
e) Lentiform muscles
Answer: c) Corpus callosum
Explanation: The corpus callosum is a white matter structure composed of commissural fibers.
The cerebral and cerebellar cortices, as well as the thalamus, are gray matter. "Lentiform
muscles" is an incorrect term; the lentiform nucleus is a gray matter structure.

14. The following are parts of the hypothalamus except:

a) Supraoptic nucleus
b) Suprachiasmatic nucleus
c) Araventricular nucleus
d) Mamillary body
e) Pineal body
Answer: e) Pineal body
Explanation: The pineal body (gland) is the main component of the epithalamus, not the
hypothalamus. It is an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, involved in regulating circadian
rhythms. All other options are key hypothalamic nuclei or structures (assuming "Araventricular"
is a typo for Paraventricular).

15. Arachnoid villi:

a) Are situated in the spinal cord
b) Are an integral part of the sigmoid sinus
c) Produce cerebrospinal fluid
d) Pass cerebrospinal fluid to the venous system
e) Are part of the true dura
Answer: d) Pass cerebrospinal fluid to the venous system
Explanation: Arachnoid villi (and their macroscopic collections, arachnoid granulations) are
projections of the arachnoid mater that herniate through the meningeal dura into the dural venous
sinuses (most numerously in the superior sagittal sinus). They function as one-way valves to
allow for the bulk flow reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space
back into the venous circulation.
 c) Is incorrect. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus.

16. Which statement about tracts and fibers in the brain is false:
a) The pyramidal tracts carry fibers from the precentral gyri
b) The somatic sensory tracts synapse in the thalamus
c) Primary and secondary cortical areas are connected by association fibers
d) The optic tracts synapse in the lateral geniculate nuclei
e) The anterior commissure connect the two halves of the mesencephalon
Answer: e) The anterior commissure connect the two halves of the mesencephalon
Explanation: The anterior commissure is a white matter tract that connects structures in the two
cerebral hemispheres (telencephalon), primarily the temporal lobes and olfactory areas. It does
not connect the two halves of the midbrain (mesencephalon).
 a) Is correct. The pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts are the primary voluntary motor
pathways, originating from the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus).
 b) Is correct. The thalamus is the critical relay station for almost all sensory information.
 c) Is correct. Association fibers connect different cortical areas within the same
hemisphere.
 d) Is correct. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus is the relay nucleus
for vision.

17. The following statements concerning the subarachnoid space are true except:
a) It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
b) It extends inferiorly as far as the second sacral vertebra
c) It contains the cerebral arteries and veins
d) The cranial nerves lie outside the subarachnoid space in sheaths derived from the dura
e) The arachnoid villi project into the venous sinuses as minute outpouchings of the
subarachnoid space
Answer: d) The cranial nerves lie outside the subarachnoid space in sheaths derived from
the dura
Explanation: This statement is false. Cranial nerves originate from the brainstem and must
traverse the subarachnoid space (where they are bathed in CSF) to reach their exit foramina.
As they exit, they are invested by meningeal sheaths.
 a), b), c), e) are all true statements.

18. Which of the following statements is incorrect concerning the lateral geniculate body:
a) The lateral geniculate body receives most of the fibers of the optic tract
b) Each lateral geniculate body receives visual information from the opposite field of vision
c) The lateral geniculate body has a nucleus made up of six layers of nerve cells
d) The lateral geniculate body is part of the midbrain at the level of the red nucleus
Answer: d) The lateral geniculate body is part of the midbrain at the level of the red
nucleus
Explanation: The lateral geniculate body (LGB), or nucleus (LGN), is a key sensory relay
nucleus of the thalamus, which is part of the diencephalon, not the midbrain.
 a), b), c) are all correct statements describing the function and structure of the LGB.

19. Which of the following regions of white matter would NOT contain corticospinal fibers?
a) Pyramid of medulla oblongata
b) Lateral white column of spinal cord
c) Cerebral peduncle of midbrain
d) Anterior limb of internal capsule
Answer: d) Anterior limb of internal capsule
Explanation: The corticospinal fibers for voluntary motor control descend through the posterior
limb of the internal capsule. The anterior limb contains primarily frontopontine fibers
(connecting the frontal lobe to the pons) and anterior thalamic radiations (connecting the
thalamus to the frontal lobe).
 a), b), c) are all key locations along the path of the corticospinal tract.

20. Which of the following concerning the basal nuclei (ganglia) is correct?
a) The amygdaloid nucleus is connected to the caudate nucleus
b) The claustrum does not form part of the basal nuclei
c) The corpus striatum lies medial to the thalamus
d) The lentiform nucleus is completely divided by the external capsule into the globus pallidus
and the putamen
Answer: a) The amygdaloid nucleus is connected to the caudate nucleus
Explanation: The amygdala is anatomically located at the rostral end of the tail of the caudate
nucleus in the temporal lobe. While functionally distinct (limbic vs. motor), they are physically
contiguous.
 b) Is incorrect. The claustrum is generally considered a part of the basal nuclei, though
its function is poorly understood.
 c) Is incorrect. The corpus striatum lies lateral to the thalamus.
 d) Is incorrect. The lentiform nucleus is divided from the claustrum by the external
capsule. It is divided internally into the putamen and globus pallidus by the medial
medullary lamina.
21. Which of the following statements is (are) correct concerning the internal capsule?
a) It has an anterior limb, a genu, and a posterior limb
b) The genu and the anterior part of the posterior limb contain the corticobulbar and corticospinal
fibers
c) It is related laterally to the lentiform nucleus
d) It is continuous above with the corona radiata
e) All of the above
Answer: e) All of the above
Explanation: All the statements accurately describe the internal capsule. It is a V-shaped bundle
of projection fibers with an anterior limb, a posterior limb, and a genu (knee). It contains the vital
corticospinal (posterior limb) and corticobulbar (genu) tracts. It is bordered laterally by the
lentiform nucleus and medially by the caudate nucleus and thalamus. Superiorly, its fibers fan
out as the corona radiata.

22. Which of the following statement is true?

a) Thyrocervical trunk comes off the second part of the subclavian artery
b) Costocervical trunk comes off the second part of the subclavian artery
c) Superior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical
d) Suprascapular artery is often a branch of the costocervical trunk
e) Internal thoracic artery is a branch of the third part of the subclavian artery
Answer: b) Costocervical trunk comes off the second part of the subclavian artery
Explanation: This is a correct anatomical relationship. The costocervical trunk typically arises
from the posterior aspect of the second part of the subclavian artery, posterior to the anterior
scalene muscle.
 a) Is incorrect. The thyrocervical trunk arises from the first part of the subclavian
artery.
 c) Is incorrect. The superior thyroid artery is a branch of the external carotid artery.
The thyrocervical trunk gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery.
 d) Is incorrect. The suprascapular artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk.
 e) Is incorrect. The internal thoracic artery arises from the first part of the subclavian
artery.

23. The Cerebrospinal fluid is present in:

a) Subarachnoid and subdural spaces
b) Subarachnoid space and ventricles of the brain
c) Subdural space but not in the subarachnoid space
d) Subdural space and ventricles of the brain
e) None of the above
Answer: b) Subarachnoid space and ventricles of the brain
Explanation: CSF is produced within the ventricles, circulates through them, and then exits to
fill the subarachnoid space, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The subdural space is a
potential space that does not normally contain CSF.
24. The cerebrospinal fluid is produced in:
a) 3rd ventricle
b) 4th ventricle
c) Lateral ventricle
d) Arachnoid villi
e) The cortex
Answer: c) Lateral ventricle
Explanation: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, which is found in all four ventricles.
However, the choroid plexuses in the two lateral ventricles are by far the largest and are
responsible for producing the majority of the CSF volume.
 d) Arachnoid villi are for CSF absorption, not production.

25. Which of the following statements is correct?

a) The otic ganglion receives parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (VII)
b) The auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal (V3), supplies
sensory fiber to the external ear and to the temporal region
c) Both the inferior alveolar nerve and the nerve to the mylohyoid pass through the mandibular
canal
d) The chorda tympani carries postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
e) The pterygopalatine ganglion receives parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
Answer: b) The auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal
(V3), supplies sensory fiber to the external ear and to the temporal region
Explanation: This is a correct statement. The auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of V3) provides
sensory innervation to the skin of the temple, part of the ear, and the temporomandibular joint.
 a) Is incorrect. The otic ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
 c) Is incorrect. The nerve to the mylohyoid branches off the inferior alveolar nerve
before the latter enters the mandibular foramen.
 d) Is incorrect. The chorda tympani (from CN VII) carries preganglionic
parasympathetic fibers and special sensory (taste) fibers.
 e) Is incorrect. The pterygopalatine ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic
fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII).

26. Which part of the brain is found in the middle cranial fossa:
a) Frontal lobe
b) Parietal lobe
c) Temporal lobe
d) Occipital lobe
e) Cerebellum
Answer: c) Temporal lobe
Explanation: The floor of the skull is divided into three fossae. The anterior cranial fossa houses
the frontal lobes. The middle cranial fossa houses the temporal lobes. The posterior cranial
fossa houses the cerebellum and brainstem.
27. Regarding the meninges, which of the following is false?
a) The dura mater is sensitive to pain
b) Rupture of an aneurysm of a cerebral artery leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage
c) A torn middle meningeal artery bleeds into the space between the endosteal dura and the
bones of the cranium
d) The cerebellomedullary cistern is a subarachnoid space between the medulla and the
cerebellum
e) The diaphragma (tentorium) sellae is a double layer of arachnoid mater
Answer: e) The diaphragma (tentorium) sellae is a double layer of arachnoid mater
Explanation: The diaphragma sellae, tentorium cerebelli, and falx cerebri are all major
infoldings of the meningeal layer of the dura mater, not the arachnoid mater. (Note: The
question incorrectly conflates the diaphragma sellae and tentorium, but the main error is the
material).
 a) Is true. The dura is richly innervated and is the source of many headaches.
 b) Is true. Cerebral arteries run in the subarachnoid space.
 c) Is true. This describes an epidural hematoma.
 d) Is true. The cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna) is the largest subarachnoid
cistern.

28. A 24-year-old man received a gunshot that damaged his postcentral gyrus. This most
probably will lead to:
a) Loss of ability to hear
b) Loss of ability to smell
c) Agraphia
d) All of the above
Answer: This question is flawed.
Explanation: The postcentral gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex. A lesion here
causes contralateral loss of sensation (touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception). None
of the options are a direct result.
 Loss of hearing = temporal lobe lesion.
 Loss of smell = olfactory system lesion.
 Agraphia (inability to write) = complex language disorder, usually from a lesion in the
dominant parietal (e.g., angular gyrus) or frontal lobe.
The most likely answer, which is missing, would be "Loss of sensation on the
contralateral side of the body."

29. A 55-year-old woman received a severe head injury after which she is unable to
recognize movement of an object (movement agnosia). Most probably this is due to damage
of the:
a) Frontal lobe
b) Temporal lobe
c) Occipital lobe
d) Parietal lobe
Answer: c) Occipital lobe
Explanation: The perception of visual motion is a specialized function of the visual association
cortex, specifically area V5 (or MT), located at the temporo-occipital junction. As this is a
primary function of the visual system, a lesion in the occipital lobe or its immediate connections
is the most probable cause. This deficit is known as cerebral akinetopsia.

30. Select the correct statement regarding the medial lemniscus:

a) It begins in the spinal cord
b) It is formed of the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts
c) It is concerned with proprioception (muscle-joint sense)
d) It ends in the sensory area of the cortex
e) It lies lateral to the spinal lemniscus
Answer: c) It is concerned with proprioception (muscle-joint sense)
Explanation: The medial lemniscus is the ascending tract of second-order neurons in the dorsal
column-medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway. This pathway is responsible for transmitting high-
fidelity sensory information, including conscious proprioception, fine discriminative touch,
and vibration.
 a) Is incorrect. It is formed in the caudal medulla from the axons of the gracile and
cuneate nuclei.
 b) Is incorrect. The spinothalamic tracts form the spinal lemniscus.
 d) Is incorrect. It ends in the VPL nucleus of the thalamus.
 e) Is incorrect. It is the most medial of the lemniscal systems in the brainstem.

31. Concerning the medulla oblongata:

a) The abducent nerve emerges between its pyramid and pons
b) Rootlets of hypoglossal nerve emerges between the pyramid and olive
c) Damage to the anterior spinal artery leads to the medial medullary syndrome
d) Its closed part is at its lower end
e) All of the above
Answer: e) All of the above
Explanation: All statements are correct.
 a) Is correct. CN VI emerges at the pontomedullary junction, medial to CN VII and VIII.
 b) Is correct. CN XII rootlets emerge from the pre-olivary sulcus.
 c) Is correct. The anterior spinal artery supplies the medial medulla, and its occlusion
causes the classic triad of medial medullary syndrome.
 d) Is correct. The lower medulla contains the central canal and is "closed," while the
upper medulla forms the floor of the 4th ventricle and is "open."

32. The basilar artery ends by dividing into:

a) Two middle cerebral arteries
b) Two anterior cerebral arteries
c) Two posterior cerebral arteries
d) Posterior communicating and anterior choroid
e) None of the above
Answer: c) Two posterior cerebral arteries
Explanation: The basilar artery, formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries, ascends on
the ventral surface of the pons and terminates at the pontomesencephalic junction by bifurcating
into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs).

33. The ______ wind around the lateral surface of the midbrain
a) Trochlear nerve
b) Optic tract
c) Posterior cerebral artery
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: All three structures wrap around the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain.
 The trochlear nerve (CN IV) emerges dorsally and winds anteriorly around the
midbrain.
 The optic tract sweeps posterolaterally from the chiasm to the LGN.
 The posterior cerebral artery curves posteriorly from its origin at the top of the basilar
artery.

34. The lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere consists of the:

a) Tegmentum in front
b) Tectum in the middle
c) Basis pedunculi behind
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Answer: e) None of the above
Explanation: This question is nonsensical. The tegmentum, tectum, and basis pedunculi are all
parts of the midbrain, not the cerebral hemisphere. The lateral surface of the cerebral
hemisphere consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes with their gyri and
sulci.

35. The superior brachium connects the superior colliculus with the:
a) Hypothalamus
b) Uncus
c) Mamillary body
d) Lateral geniculate body
Answer: d) Lateral geniculate body
Explanation: The superior brachium is a fiber tract connecting the superior colliculus (involved
in visual reflexes) to the lateral geniculate body (the thalamic visual relay nucleus) and the
pretectal area. This connection is vital for coordinating eye and head movements in response to
visual stimuli.

36. Select the wrong statement concerning the sulci of the cerebral hemisphere:
a) The parieto-occipital sulcus lies mainly on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere
b) The lateral sulcus divides into 3 branches
c) The central sulcus is called the fissure of Rolando
d) The parieto-occipital sulcus is called the fissure of sylvius
e) There are two major sulci on the lateral surface which help to divide the hemisphere into lobes
Answer: d) The parieto-occipital sulcus is called the fissure of sylvius
Explanation: This is incorrect. The lateral sulcus is known as the fissure of Sylvius. The
parieto-occipital sulcus does not have a common eponym.

37. The visual area is found around the _____ sulcus:

a) Parieto-occipital
b) Callosal
c) Collateral
d) Calcarine
e) None of the above
Answer: d) Calcarine
Explanation: The primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17) is located in the walls of the
calcarine sulcus on the medial surface of the occipital lobe.

38. The main sensory area of the cerebral hemisphere:

a) Lies in the frontal lobe
b) Lies in the postcentral gyrus
c) Receives pain, temperature, touch and proprioception
d) All of the above
e) Both B and C
Answer: e) Both B and C
Explanation: The main (primary) somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of
the parietal lobe (b). It is the primary cortical destination for pathways conveying pain,
temperature, touch, and proprioception from the contralateral side of the body (c). Since both
statements are correct, (e) is the best answer.

39. The basal ganglia of all the following, except:

a) Amygdaloid nucleus
b) Claustrum
c) Uncus
d) Caudate nucleus
e) Lentiform nucleus
Answer: c) Uncus
Explanation: The uncus is the hook-like, anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus. It is a
cortical structure belonging to the limbic system, not a subcortical nucleus of the basal ganglia.
The other options are all nuclei either belonging to or closely associated with the basal ganglia.

40. Select the wrong statement:

a) The pia mater is closely adherent to the spinal cord
b) The denticulate ligaments are thickening of the dura mater
c) The arachnoid mater lines the inner surface of the dura mater
d) The pia mater continues below as the film terminale
e) The dura mater ends at the level of the second sacral vertebra
Answer: b) The denticulate ligaments are thickening of the dura mater
Explanation: The denticulate ligaments are 21 pairs of tooth-like lateral extensions of the pia
mater, not the dura. They anchor the spinal cord to the dura, providing stability within the dural
sac.

41. Which match between the structure and part of the brain is false:
a) Thalamus- diencephalon
b) Cerebellum- rhombencephalon
c) Corpus callosum- telencephalon
d) Pons - mesencephalon
e) Tectum- mesencephalon
Answer: d) Pons - mesencephalon
Explanation: The pons is part of the hindbrain (rhombencephalon), specifically the
metencephalon. The mesencephalon is the midbrain.
 a), b), c), e) are all correct. The cerebellum is part of the hindbrain, the corpus callosum
connects the hemispheres of the telencephalon, and the tectum is the roof of the
mesencephalon.

42. The medial medullary syndrome includes:

a) Contralateral hemiplegia
b) Ipsilateral paralysis of the tongue
c) Contralateral loss of the deep sensations
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Medial medullary syndrome (Dejerine's syndrome) results from occlusion of the
anterior spinal artery or its paramedian branches. The classic triad of deficits corresponds to the
structures damaged:
 Pyramidal tract: causes contralateral hemiplegia.
 Medial lemniscus: causes contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception.
 Hypoglossal nerve/nucleus: causes ipsilateral tongue paralysis.

43. Select the correct pairing:

a) Stylopharyngeus- pharyngeal plexus
b) Stylohyoid- vagus nerve
c) Levator palate- glossopharyngeal nerve
d) Palatopharyngeus- pharyngeal plexus
e) Palatoglossus- hypoglossal nerve
Answer: d) Palatopharyngeus- pharyngeal plexus
Explanation: Most muscles of the pharynx and soft palate are innervated by the pharyngeal
plexus, which is formed primarily by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). The
palatopharyngeus is one of these muscles.
 a) Is incorrect. Stylopharyngeus is innervated solely by the glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN IX).
 b) Is incorrect. Stylohyoid is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).
 c) Is incorrect. Levator veli palatini is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus (CN X).
 e) Is incorrect. Palatoglossus is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus (CN X). It is the
only extrinsic tongue muscle not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.

44. Superior orbital fissure syndrome shows the following signs except:
a) Loss of corneal reflex
b) Ptosis
c) Loss of blinking
d) Loss of pupil light reflex
e) Failure of accommodation
Answer: c) Loss of blinking
Explanation: Blinking (eye closure) is performed by the orbicularis oculi muscle, which is
innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). CN VII does not pass through the superior orbital
fissure.
 The syndrome involves damage to CN III, IV, V1, and VI.
 a) Loss of corneal reflex: due to damage to the afferent limb (CN V1).
 b) Ptosis: due to damage to CN III (paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris).
 d) Loss of pupil light reflex: due to damage to the efferent limb (parasympathetics of
CN III).
 e) Failure of accommodation: due to damage to the parasympathetics of CN III.

45. A subdural hematoma can result from:

a) The rupture of a cerebral vein entering the superior sagittal sinus
b) The rupture of a vessel in the brain
c) The rupture of the middle meningeal artery
d) The rupture of one of the vessels forming the circle of Willis
e) The rupture of an aneurysm below the arachnoid
Answer: a) The rupture of a cerebral vein entering the superior sagittal sinus
Explanation: A subdural hematoma is a venous bleed into the potential space between the dura
and arachnoid. The classic cause is the tearing of cerebral bridging veins as they cross this
space to drain into a dural venous sinus. This is common in the elderly with brain atrophy and in
cases of acceleration-deceleration injury.
 b) = intracerebral hemorrhage.
 c) = epidural hematoma.
 d), e) = subarachnoid hemorrhage.

46. The corpus striatum is referred to as:

a) Caudate nucleus and putamen
b) Caudate nucleus and globus pallidus
c) Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
d) Amygdaloid body and lentiform nucleus
e) Amygdaloid body and putamen
Answer: c) Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
Explanation: The term corpus striatum refers to the combination of the caudate nucleus and
the lentiform nucleus (the lentiform nucleus = putamen + globus pallidus). The term striatum
(or neostriatum) specifically refers to the caudate nucleus and putamen, which are functionally
similar and form the main input zone of the basal ganglia. Option (c) is the most inclusive
anatomical definition.

47. One of the following gyri is not-visible on the medial surface of the cerebral
hemisphere:
a) Parahippocampal
b) Cingulate
c) Uncus
d) Angular
e) Lingual
Answer: d) Angular
Explanation: The angular gyrus is located on the lateral surface of the inferior parietal lobule.
It is an important association cortex for language and cognition and is not visible from the medial
view. All the other gyri listed are prominent features of the medial or inferomedial surface of the
hemisphere.

48. One of the following arteries does not contribute to the sides of the circle of Willis:
a) Vertebral
b) Anterior communicating
c) Anterior cerebral
d) Posterior communicating
e) Posterior cerebral
Answer: a) Vertebral
Explanation: The vertebral arteries are not direct components of the circle of Willis. They
unite to form the basilar artery. The circle itself is formed by the anterior communicating,
anterior cerebral, internal carotid (specifically its junction with the PComm), posterior
communicating, and posterior cerebral arteries.

49. The ophthalmic artery is a branch of one of the following arteries:

a) Internal carotid
b) Anterior cerebral
c) Middle cerebral
d) Anterior communicating
e) Anterior choroidal
Answer: a) Internal carotid
Explanation: The ophthalmic artery is the first major branch of the internal carotid artery after
it emerges from the cavernous sinus. It enters the orbit through the optic canal to supply the eye
and other orbital contents.

50. Damage of the calcarine branches of the posterior cerebral artery of one side results in:
a) Alexia
b) Apraxia
c) Agnosia
d) Agraphia
e) Homonymous hemianopia (disturbance of vision)
Answer: e) Homonymous hemianopia (disturbance of vision)
Explanation: The calcarine branches of the PCA supply the primary visual cortex on the medial
occipital lobe. A unilateral lesion of this cortex causes loss of sight in the contralateral visual
field. This is known as contralateral homonymous hemianopia. For example, a right-sided
lesion causes a left homonymous hemianopia (loss of the left visual field in both eyes). Central
(macular) vision may be spared.

51. All the following sulci are visible on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere
except:
a) Central
b) Lateral
c) Parieto-occipital
d) Calcarine
Answer: d) Calcarine
Explanation: The calcarine sulcus is located almost exclusively on the medial surface of the
occipital lobe and is therefore not visible from a purely lateral view. The parieto-occipital sulcus
(c) is also primarily medial but typically creates a small notch on the superolateral surface.

52. One of the following sulci is between the parietal lobe and the frontal lobe:
a) Lateral
b) Cingulate
c) Central
d) Collateral
Answer: c) Central
Explanation: The central sulcus (of Rolando) is the definitive boundary separating the frontal
lobe anteriorly from the parietal lobe posteriorly.

53. Orbital gyri are part of the:

a) Frontal lobe
b) Occipital lobe
c) Parietal lobe
d) Temporal lobe
Answer: a) Frontal lobe
Explanation: The orbital gyri are located on the inferior (orbital) surface of the frontal lobe,
lying on the roof of the orbit.

54. Corpus callosum is:

a) Commissural fibers
b) Association fibers
c) Projection fibers
d) Gray matter
Answer: a) Commissural fibers
Explanation: White matter tracts connecting the two hemispheres are called commissural
fibers. The corpus callosum is the largest example. Association fibers connect areas within one
hemisphere. Projection fibers connect the cortex to subcortical structures.

55. Injury of the frontal lobe can lead to all of the following except:
a) Mood changes
b) Changes in social behaviour
c) Changes in personality
d) Loss of vision
e) Broca's aphasia
Answer: d) Loss of vision
Explanation: Vision is processed in the occipital lobe. The other options are all classic signs of
frontal lobe damage.
 a, b, c: Damage to the prefrontal cortex affects executive function and personality.
 e: Damage to Broca's area in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere causes
expressive aphasia.

56. Prosopagnosia (difficulty in recognizing faces) is due to injury of:

a) Parietal lobe
b) Occipital lobe
c) Temporal lobe
d) Frontal lobe
Answer: c) Temporal lobe
Explanation: Prosopagnosia is a specific visual agnosia caused by lesions in the fusiform face
area (FFA), located in the fusiform gyrus on the inferior surface of the brain. This gyrus spans
the temporo-occipital junction, but for functional classification, it is most often considered part
of the high-level visual association cortex of the inferior temporal lobe.

57. Concerning the mid brain:

a) It lies below the diencephalon
b) It occupies the notch (hiatus) of the tentorium cerebelli
c) It has roots of nerves concerned with innervation of the eye muscles
d) All of the above is correct
e) None of the above is correct
Answer: d) All of the above is correct
Explanation: All statements are true. The midbrain is the most superior part of the brainstem,
inferior to the diencephalon. It passes through the tentorial notch and gives rise to the oculomotor
(CN III) and trochlear (CN IV) nerves.

58. Concerning the cerebellum:

a) It is the largest part of the hind brain
b) It occupies the posterior cranial fossa
c) It is related laterally to the superior sagittal sinus
d) All of the above
e) A & B only
Answer: e) A & B only
Explanation:
 a) Is correct. The cerebellum is the largest component of the hindbrain.
 b) Is correct. It resides in the posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium cerebelli.
 c) Is incorrect. The superior sagittal sinus runs in the midline superiorly. The
cerebellum's lateral relations include the transverse and sigmoid sinuses.

59. Concerning the lentiform nucleus:

a) Its lateral part is called putamen
b) Its medial part is called the globus pallidus
c) The putamen is darker than the globus pallidus in dissection
d) All of the above
e) A & B only
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: All statements are correct. The lentiform nucleus is composed of the lateral
putamen and the medial globus pallidus. The globus pallidus ("pale globe") appears lighter in an
unstained section due to a higher concentration of myelinated fibers compared to the putamen.

60. Select the incorrect statement:

a) The crossed pyramidal tract lies in the lateral white matter of the spinal cord
b) The fibers of the uncrosses pyramidal tract lie in the anterior white matter of the spinal cord
c) The cortico-spinal tract lies in the anterior limb of the internal capsule
d) The uncrossed pyramidal tract constitutes about 10-20% of the fibers of the original pyramidal
tract when it lies in the pyramid
e) The pyramidal decussation lies in the lower part of the medulla
Answer: c) The cortico-spinal tract lies in the anterior limb of the internal capsule
Explanation: This is incorrect. The corticospinal tract passes through the posterior limb of the
internal capsule. This is a critical, high-yield anatomical fact.

61. The ………… cranial nerve does not contain parasympathetic nuclei:
a) 3rd
b) 7th
c) 9th
d) 10th
e) 11th
Answer: e) 11th
Explanation: The accessory nerve (CN XI) is a pure somatic motor nerve, innervating the
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The four cranial nerves with parasympathetic
functions are CN III, VII, IX, and X.

62. The ………… of the spinal nerve contains both motor and sensory fibers:
a) Anterior ramus
b) Posterior ramus
c) Main trunk
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: This is a repeat of question 5. The spinal nerve trunk and both of its rami (anterior
and posterior) are mixed nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers.

63. The lobes of the cerebrum are:

a) Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
b) Frontal, temporal, parietal, pineal
c) Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, petrosal
d) Frontal, temporal, parietal, parieto-occipital, occipital
e) Frontal, temporal, parietal, olfactory, occipital
Answer: a) Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
Explanation: These are the four primary, externally visible lobes of the cerebral cortex. The
other options list non-lobe structures (pineal gland, petrosal bone, parieto-occipital sulcus,
olfactory bulb).

64. Which statement about synapses in the brain is false?

a) The motor tracts start at the precentral cortex
b) The conscious sensory function is transmitted by three order neurons
c) The somatic sensory tracts synapse in the thalamus
d) The pyramidal tracts synapse in the basal ganglia
e) The corticospinal tract decussates in the medulla oblongata
Answer: d) The pyramidal tracts synapse in the basal ganglia
Explanation: The pyramidal tracts (corticospinal and corticobulbar) are the direct motor
pathways and do not synapse in the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia modulate motor output via a
separate loop that projects back to the cortex through the thalamus; they do not lie in the direct
line of command of the pyramidal system.

65. The following nuclei are contained in the medulla oblongata except:
a) Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
b) Dorsal vagus
c) Inferior olivary
d) Substantia gelatinosa
e) Hypoglossal
Answer: d) Substantia gelatinosa
Explanation: The substantia gelatinosa (Rexed lamina II) is a characteristic nucleus of the
dorsal horn of the spinal cord, extending its entire length. While the spinal trigeminal nucleus
in the medulla is its brainstem equivalent, the term "substantia gelatinosa" refers to the spinal
cord structure. The other nuclei are all classic medullary nuclei.

66. Regarding the types of fibers found in spinal nerves and their components, which of the
following is false?
a) White rami communicantes contain preganglionic sympathetic axons and visceral sensory
fibers
b) Ventral rami contain somatic sensory, somatic motor, sympathetic and visceral sensory fibers
c) Dorsal roots contain visceral sensory and somatic sensory fibers
d) Gray rami communicantes contain postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that are destined for
the body wall
e) A spinal nerve contains somatic motor and somatic sensory fibers, visceral sensory and
visceral motor fibers
Answer: d) Gray rami communicantes contain postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that
are destined for the body wall
Explanation: This statement is false for two reasons. Gray rami contain postganglionic
sympathetic fibers, not parasympathetic. These sympathetic fibers supply the body wall (blood
vessels, sweat glands), an area not served by the parasympathetic system.

67. Regarding the spinal cord, which of the following is false?

a) Cell bodies of sympathetic neurons lie in the lateral horn of the spinal gray matter from T1-L2
b) In the typical adult the terminal end of the spinal cord lies within the vertebral canal at the
level of vertebrae L1/L2
c) Denticulate ligaments are lateral extensions of the arachnoid mater
d) There are 31 segments of the spinal cord
e) Dorsal root ganglia are outside the spinal cord
Answer: c) Denticulate ligaments are lateral extensions of the arachnoid mater
Explanation: This is a repeat concept (see Q40). Denticulate ligaments are extensions of the pia
mater.

68. Which of the following statements is true?

a) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found in the subdural space
b) From superficial to deep, the order of the meningeal layers is: dura mater, pia mater and
arachnoid mater
c) The cauda equina is composed of ventral roots only
d) Cerebrospinal fluid can be drawn from the sacral hiatus because the dural sac extends all the
way down the coccyx
e) Ventral and dorsal roots come together in the intervertebral foramina to form the spinal nerves
which then subsequently branch into ventral and dorsal rami
Answer: e) Ventral and dorsal roots come together in the intervertebral foramina to form
the spinal nerves which then subsequently branch into ventral and dorsal rami
Explanation: This statement provides a perfect, concise description of the formation of a typical
spinal nerve.
 a) Is false. CSF is in the subarachnoid space.
 b) Is false. The order is dura, arachnoid, pia.
 c) Is false. The cauda equina contains both ventral and dorsal roots.
 d) Is false. The dural sac ends at S2. CSF is drawn from the lumbar cistern. The sacral
hiatus is used for epidural anesthesia.

69. Which statement about the spinal cord is false?

a) The cervical spinal cord has 8 segments
b) The lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris
c) Cell bodies of somatic motor nerves are located in the ventral horn
d) There are 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves
e) The filum terminale attaches the inferior end of the spinal cord to the coccyx
Answer: b) The lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris
Explanation: The lumbosacral enlargement is the widened area of the cord that gives rise to the
nerves of the lower limbs. The conus medullaris is the tapered, cone-shaped terminal end of the
spinal cord itself, located at the L1/L2 vertebral level in adults.

70. The posterior horn of the spinal cord contains the following nuclei except:
a) Nucleus dorsalis
b) Gracile
c) Proprius
d) Substantia gelatinosa
e) Afferent visceral
Answer: b) Gracile
Explanation: The gracile nucleus (along with the cuneate nucleus) is a nucleus of the caudal
medulla, not the spinal cord. It is the synapse site for the first-order neurons of the gracile
fasciculus (dorsal columns). The other options are all nuclei or neuronal populations within the
posterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter.

71. The anterolateral sulcus of the medulla between pyramid & olive transmit:
a) Hypoglossal nerve
b) Spinal accessory nerve
c) 9th, 10th and 11th cranial nerves
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Answer: a) Hypoglossal nerve
Explanation: The anterolateral sulcus is also called the pre-olivary sulcus. The rootlets of the
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) emerge here. The rootlets of CN IX, X, and the cranial part of XI
emerge from the post-olivary (posterolateral) sulcus.
72. The medial lemniscus:
a) Is a motor tract
b) Formed in the spinal cord
c) Does not cross to the opposite thalamus
d) Formed by gracile cuneate tracts
e) Ends in the medulla oblongata
Answer: d) Formed by gracile cuneate tracts
Explanation: This is the "best fit" answer, though imprecise. The medial lemniscus is a tract of
second-order neurons whose cell bodies are in the gracile and cuneate nuclei. These nuclei
receive input from the gracile and cuneate tracts. Thus, the medial lemniscus is formed as a
continuation of that pathway.
 a) Is incorrect. It is a sensory tract.
 b) Is incorrect. It is formed in the medulla.
 c) Is incorrect. It is a crossed tract.
 e) Is incorrect. It ends in the thalamus.

73. The part of the rhomboid fossa in the medulla shows the following except:
a) Facial colliculus
b) Hypoglossal trigone
c) Vagal trigone
d) Vestibular area
e) Striae medullaris
Answer: a) Facial colliculus
Explanation: The rhomboid fossa is the floor of the 4th ventricle. The facial colliculus is a
landmark on the pontine (upper) part of the floor. It is a bulge formed by facial nerve fibers
wrapping around the abducens nucleus. The other features are all found in the medullary (lower)
part of the floor.

74. Choose the true statement:

a) The arachnoid mater ends at S2
b) The spinal cord has a cervical enlargement and a lumbosacral enlargement
c) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
d) The bundle of spinal nerve roots in the subarachnoid space caudal to the termination of the
spinal cord is called conus medullaris
e) The spinal cord in the children ends at the level of L3
Answer: This question is flawed as a), b), and e) are all true statements.
Explanation:
 (a) Is TRUE. The dural and arachnoid sac terminates at the level of the second sacral
vertebra.
 (b) Is TRUE. These enlargements correspond to the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses.
 (c) Is FALSE. CSF is in the subarachnoid space.
 (d) Is FALSE. This bundle is the cauda equina.
 (e) Is TRUE. This is the typical level in a newborn.
Given the multiple correct options, the question is invalid.
75. The following cranial nerves have parasympathetic functions except:
a) X
b) IX
c) VII
d) V
e) III
Answer: d) V
Explanation: The trigeminal nerve (CN V) has no intrinsic autonomic function. It is a general
sensory and somatic motor nerve. The four nerves with parasympathetic outflow are CN III, VII,
IX, and X.

76. The spinal cord is supplied by the following arteries except:

a) Feeding
b) Anterior spinal
c) Posterior intercostal
d) Posterior spinal
e) Internal carotid
Answer: e) Internal carotid
Explanation: The internal carotid artery supplies the brain (anterior circulation). The spinal
cord is supplied by the longitudinal anterior and posterior spinal arteries (from the vertebral
arteries) and is reinforced by segmental feeding arteries (e.g., branches from posterior
intercostals, lumbar arteries, etc.).

77. The dorsal root ganglion:

a) Contains somatic motor cell bodies
b) Contains parasympathetic cell bodies
c) Is also called the lateral horn
d) Contains visceral sensory and somatic sensory cell bodies
e) Is attached to white and gray rami communicantes
Answer: d) Contains visceral sensory and somatic sensory cell bodies
Explanation: The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains the cell bodies of all first-order sensory
neurons entering the spinal cord. This includes both somatic sensory neurons (from the body
surface and musculoskeletal system) and visceral sensory neurons (from internal organs).
 a) Is incorrect. Motor cell bodies are in the ventral horn.
 b) Is incorrect. Parasympathetic cell bodies are in the brainstem and sacral cord.
 c) Is incorrect. The lateral horn contains sympathetic motor neurons.
 e) Is incorrect. The rami communicantes connect the ventral ramus to the sympathetic
trunk.