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 BUDDHISM, CONFLICT AND
VIOLENCE IN MODERN SRI LANKA

Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka explores dilemmas that
Theravada Buddhism faces in relation to the continuing ethnic conflict and
violence in recent decades. In this book, prominent scholars in the fields of
anthropology, history, Buddhist Studies and Pali examine multiple dimensions of
the problem. It discusses in detail various Buddhist responses to the crisis and
suggests ways how resources found within Buddhism and Buddhist institutions
can help create peace in Sri Lanka. Evaluating the role of Buddhists and their
institutions in bringing about an end to war and violence, this collection puts
forward a critical analysis of the religious conditions contributing to continuing
hostilities.

Mahinda Deegalle is Senior Lecturer in the Study of Religions at Bath Spa

University. His research interests are Buddhist Preaching, Mahayana Buddhism
in Sri Lanka and Violence and Peacebuilding. He is the co-editor of Pali
Buddhism (Curzon, 1996), and is currently researching on Buddhist monks’
involvement in Parliamentary Politics.
 ROUTLEDGE CRITICAL STUDIES
IN BUDDHISM
General Editors:
Charles S. Prebish and Damien Keown

Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism is a comprehensive study of the Buddhist

tradition. The series explores this complex and extensive tradition from a variety
of perspectives, using a range of different methodologies.
The series is diverse in its focus, including historical studies, textual transla-
tions and commentaries, sociological investigations, bibliographic studies, and
considerations of religious practice as an expression of Buddhism’s integral
religiosity. It also presents materials on modern intellectual historical studies,
including the role of Buddhist thought and scholarship in a contemporary, critical
context and in the light of current social issues. The series is expansive and imag-
inative in scope, spanning more than two and a half millennia of Buddhist history.
It is receptive to all research works that inform and advance our knowledge and
understanding of the Buddhist tradition.

A SURVEY OF VINAYA THE RESONANCE OF

LITERATURE EMPTINESS
Charles S. Prebish Gay Watson

THE REFLEXIVE NATURE OF AMERICAN BUDDHISM

AWARENESS Edited by Duncan Ryuken Williams
Paul Williams and Christopher Queen

IMAGING WISDOM
ALTRUISM AND REALITY
Jacob N. Kinnard
Paul Williams
PAIN AND ITS ENDING
BUDDHISM AND HUMAN Carol S. Anderson
RIGHTS
Edited by Damien Keown, EMPTINESS APPRAISED
Charles Prebish and David F. Burton
Wayne Husted
THE SOUND OF LIBERATING
WOMEN IN THE FOOTSTEPS TRUTH
OF THE BUDDHA Edited by Sallie B. King and
Kathryn R Blackstone Paul O. Ingram
 BUDDHIST THEOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS IN
Edited by Roger R. Jackson and John AUSTRALIAN BUDDHISM
J. Makransky Michelle Spuler

THE GLORIOUS DEEDS OF ZEN WAR STORIES

PURNA Brian Victoria
Joel Tatelman
THE BUDDHIST
EARLY BUDDHISM – A NEW UNCONSCIOUS
APPROACH William S. Waldron
Sue Hamilton
INDIAN BUDDHIST THEORIES
CONTEMPORARY BUDDHIST OF PERSONS
ETHICS James Duerlinger
Edited by Damien Keown
ACTION DHARMA
INNOVATIVE BUDDHIST Edited by Christopher Queen,
WOMEN Charles Prebish and
Edited by Karma Lekshe Tsomo Damien Keown

TIBETAN AND ZEN

TEACHING BUDDHISM IN
BUDDHISM IN BRITAIN
THE WEST
David N. Kay
Edited by V.S. Hori, R.P. Hayes
and J.M. Shields
THE CONCEPT OF THE
BUDDHA
EMPTY VISION Guang Xing
David L. McMahan
THE PHILOSOPHY OF
SELF, REALITY AND DESIRE IN THE BUDDHIST
REASON IN TIBETAN PALI CANON
PHILOSOPHY David Webster
Thupten Jinpa
THE NOTION OF DITTHI IN
IN DEFENSE OF DHARMA THERAVADA BUDDHISM
Tessa J. Bartholomeusz Paul Fuller

BUDDHIST THE BUDDHIST THEORY OF

PHENOMENOLOGY SELF-COGNITION
Dan Lusthaus Zhihua Yao

RELIGIOUS MOTIVATION MORAL THEORY IN

AND THE ORIGINS OF FANTIDEVA’S
BUDDHISM FIKSASAMUCCAYA
Torkel Brekke Barbra R. Clayton
 BUDDHIST STUDIES BUDDHIST THOUGHT AND
FROM INDIA TO APPLIED PSYCHOLOGICAL
AMERICA RESEARCH
Edited by Damien Keown Edited by D. K. Nauriyal,
Michael S. Drummond and Y. B. Lal
DISCOURSE AND
IDEOLOGY BUDDHISM IN CANADA
IN MEDIEVAL Edited by Bruce Matthews
JAPANESE
BUDDHISM BUDDHISM, CONFLICT AND
Edited by Richard K. Payne VIOLENCE IN MODERN
and Taigen Dan SRI LANKA
Leighton Edited by Mahinda Deegalle

The following titles are published in association with the

Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies

The Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies conducts and promotes rigorous teaching
and research into all forms of the Buddhist tradition.

EARLY BUDDHIST METAPHYSICS

Noa Ronkin

MIPHAM’S DIALECTICS AND THE DEBATES

ON EMPTINESS
Karma Phuntsho

HOW BUDDHISM BEGAN

The conditioned genesis of the early
teachings
Richard F. Gombrich

BUDDHIST MEDITATION
An anthology of texts from the Pali Canon
Sarah Shaw
BUDDHISM, CONFLICT
AND VIOLENCE IN
MODERN SRI LANKA

Edited by Mahinda Deegalle

 First published 2006
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2006 editorial matter and selection, Mahinda Deegalle; individual
chapters, the contributors

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Buddhism, conflict, and violence in modern Sri Lanka / edited by
Mahinda Deegalle.
p. cm. – (Routledge critical studies in Buddhism)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Buddhism and social problems – Sri Lanka. 2. Reconciliation – Religious
aspects – Theravada Buddhism. 3. Violence – Religious aspects – Theravada
Buddhism. 4. Nonviolence – Religious aspects – Theravada Buddhism. 5. Ethnic
relations – Religious aspects – Theravada Buddhism. 6. Ethnic
conflict – Sri Lanka. I. Deegalle Mahinda, Ven. II. Series.
HN40.B8B83 2006
294.3⬘372⬘095493–dc22 2005022413

ISBN10: 0–415–35920–1 (Print Edition)

ISBN13: 9–78–0–415–35920–7
 A TRIBUTE TO
MEN AND WOMEN WHO ARE
PROACTIVE IN CREATING PEACE
AROUND THE WORLD
 CONTENTS

List of contributors xi
Acknowledgements xiii
List of abbreviations xiv

1 Introduction: Buddhism, conflict and violence 1

MAHINDA DEEGALLE

2 Is the Sri Lankan war a Buddhist fundamentalism? 22

RICHARD GOMBRICH

3 Hindu influences on medieval Sri Lankan Buddhist culture 38

JOHN CLIFFORD HOLT

4 The Theravada analysis of conflicts 67

MAHINDA PALIHAWADANA

5 A ‘Righteous War’ in Buddhism? 78

P.D. PREMASIRI

6 Semantic transformations of the dhammadipa 86

PETER SCHALK

7 Sinhala fears of Tamil demands 93

ALVAPPILLAI VELUPPILLAI

8 Historiography in conflict and violence 114

ANANDA WICKREMERATNE

ix
 CONTENTS

9 Buddhism, ethnicity, and identity: a problem in

Buddhist history 134
GANANATH OBEYESEKERE

10 Identity issues of Sinhalas and Tamils 163

BARDWELL SMITH

11 Roots of the conflict and the peace process 177

R.A.L.H. GUNAWARDANA

12 Buddhist monks and peace in Sri Lanka 202

CHANDRA R. DE SILVA

13 The role of Buddhist monks in resolving the conflict 210

ASANGA TILAKARATNE

14 Sarvodaya’s pursuit of peace 226

GEORGE BOND

15 JHU politics for peace and a righteous state 233

MAHINDA DEEGALLE

Bibliography 255
Index 267

x
 CONTRIBUTORS

George Bond is Professor of Religion at Northwestern University, USA. He is

the author of Buddhism at Work: Community Development, Social
Empowerment, and the Sarvodaya Movement (2004).
Chandra R. de Silva is Dean of College of Arts and Letters at Old Dominion
University, USA. He is the author of Sri Lanka: A History (1987) and the
co-editor of Buddhist Fundamentalism and Minority Identities in Sri Lanka
(1998).
Mahinda Deegalle is Senior Lecturer in the Study of Religions, School of
Historical and Cultural Studies, Bath Spa University, UK. He is the co-editor
of Pali Buddhism (1996) and the author of Popularizing Buddhism: Buddhist
Preaching in Sri Lanka (State University of New York Press, 2006).
Richard Gombrich was Bowden Professor of Sanskrit at University of Oxford
and Fellow of Balliol College. He is the author of Precept and Practice (1971),
and Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern
Colombo (1988).
R.A.L.H. Gunawardana is Emeritus Professor of History at University of
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. He is the author of Robe and Plough: Monasticism and
Economic Interest in Early Medieval Sri Lanka (1979) and Historiography in
a Time of Ethnic Conflict (1995).
John Clifford Holt is Professor of Religion at Bowdoin College, USA. He is the
author of Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitefvara in the Buddhist Traditions of
Sri Lanka (1991), The Religious World of Kirti Fri (1996) and The Buddhist
Visju: Politics, Religion and Culture (2005).
Gananath Obeyesekere is Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at Princeton
University, USA. He is the author of Medusa’s Hair (1981), The Cult of the
Goddess Pattini (1984), A Meditation on Conscience (1988), The Work of
Culture (1990), and Imagining Karma (2002).

xi
 CONTRIBUTORS

Mahinda Palihawadana is Emeritus Professor of Sanskrit at Sri Jayawardhanapura

University, Sri Lanka. He is the co-translator of The Dhammapada (with John
Ross Carter, 1987) and author of The God of War and Lavishness (1996).
P.D. Premasiri is Professor and Head of Pali and Buddhist Studies at University
of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. He has published numerous articles on Buddhism
and Buddhist Ethics in the Encyclopedia of Buddhism.
Peter Schalk is Professor of Religious Studies at University of Uppsala, Sweden.
He is the author of Der Paritta-Dienst in Ceylon (1972) and co-author of
Buddhism among Tamils in Pre-Colonial Tami¬akam and I¬am (2002).
Bardwell Smith was John W. Nason Professor of Asian Studies at Carleton
College, USA. He has edited a number of volumes including The Two Wheels
of Dharma (1972), Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia (1976), and
Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka (1978).
Asanga Tilakaratne is Professor and Head of Buddhist Philosophy at the
Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies at University of Kelaniya,
Sri Lanka. He is the author of Nirvana and Ineffability: A Study of the Buddhist
Theory of Reality and Language (1993).
Alvappillai Veluppillai is Professor of Religious Studies at Arizona State
University, USA. He is the co-author of Buddhism among Tamils in Pre-
Colonial Tami¬akam and I¬am (2002).
Ananda Wickremeratne teaches at Loyola University of Chicago, USA. He is
the author of The Genesis of an Orientalist (1984), Buddhism and Ethnicity in
Sri Lanka (1995) and Roots of Nationalism: Sri Lanka (1995).

xii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book would not have been published without the support and help of many
individuals. Initial preparation for this book began at the time of the International
Conference on Buddhism and Conflict in Sri Lanka held at Bath Spa University
on 28–30 June 2002. My thanks to the sponsors of the conference – the Buddhist
Federation of Norway – speakers, respondents, the other three members of the
conference organizing committee – Professor Peter Harvey, Dr Rupert Gethin and
Ms Rita Langer, the United Kingdom Association for Buddhist Studies, confer-
ence participants and especially the contributors who have enriched the quality of
this volume. Editing of the book was undertaken while carrying out regular teach-
ing and administrative tasks at Bath Spa. My thanks to Dr Fiona Montgomery,
Head of School of Historical and Cultural Studies and Professor Denise Cush,
Head of Study of Religions, for supporting research. Professor Peter Harvey has
continuously encouraged me on this project and Professor Damien Keown has
supported this project on several levels by making sure the book get printed in
timely manner. Over the last two decades, several friends and teachers at The
University of Chicago, Harvard University, University of Peradeniya, Kyoto
University, Aichi Gakuin University, International College for Advanced
Buddhist Studies (Tokyo), McGill University and Bath Spa have inspired me,
supported my education and scholarship and enriched my academic career. I am
grateful for all those who went out of their ways to help me and contributed in
countless ways for my growth. On this occasion, it is with great pleasure that
I mention the support and guidance that I received from Professor Frank
E. Reynolds and Professor Wendy Doniger at The University of Chicago and
Professor Diana Eck at Harvard University. May all of you, mentioned and not
mentioned here, achieve Buddhahood for your self less bodhisattva acts!

xiii
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