Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan

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 herman ooms

IMPERIAL POLITICS
AND SYMBOLICS IN
ANCIENT JAPAN
t h e t e n m u dy n a s t y, 6 5 0 – 8 0 0
IMPERIAL POLITICS
AND SYMBOLICS IN
ANCIENT JAPAN
IMPERIAL POLITICS

AND SYMBOLICS IN

ANCIENT JAPAN

The Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800

Herman Ooms

University of Hawai‘i Press | Honolulu

© 2009 University of Hawai‘i Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

14 13 12 11 10 09 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ooms, Herman.
Imperial politics and symbolics in ancient Japan : the
Tenmu dynasty, 650–800 / Herman Ooms.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8248-3235-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Japan — History — 645 – 794. 2. Tenmu, Emperor
of Japan, 631? – 686. 3. Religion and state — Japan —
History — To 1500. I. Title.
DS855.O67 2008
952'.01 — dc22 2008012829

This book has been assisted by grants from the

following organizations:

and the University of California, Los Angeles, Paul I. and

Hisako Terasaki Center for Japanese Studies.

The poetry reproduced in this text is from Edwin Cran-

ston, A Waka Anthology. Volume One: The Gem-Glistening
Cup, poem 495, page 281; and poem 998, page 531. Copy-
right © 1993 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stan-
ford Jr. University

University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-

free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and
durability of the Council on Library Resources.

Designed by April Leidig-Higgins

Printed by The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group

For Renata and Jonathan,
the sun and moon of my sky
L’État est sacré, l’Église est pouvoir.
Gilbert Dagron, Empereur et prêtre
 CONTENTS

Illustrations xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xv

1 BRICOL AGE 1
The Sources | Lineage Delineation and the Tenmu Dynasty | Sixth- and
Seventh-Century Successions | Jitō to Shōmu: Securing the Throne for a
Great-Grandson

2 MY T HEMES 28
Cosmogonic Groundings | The Kojiki’s Story of Origins | The Kojiki’s
Model of/for a Tenka | Universal Rulers

3 ALIBIS 49
From the Margin to a New Center | Great Purifications and Other
New Court Rituals | Tenmu as Origin, Tenji as Beginning | Tenmu,
Transcendental | Kami-in-the-Present | Master of Sign Language |
Fujiwara-kyō: Numinous Fulcrum | Two Nara Palaces

4 ALLOCHT HONS 86
Continental Knowledge | Containing Symbolic Production | The
Continental Connection | A Twin Birth: Korea and Nihon

5 LIT URGIES 105

Ritual and Food | The Liturgical State | Oblations | A Broom and a Plow |
Enthronement Implements | Buddhist Supplements and Substitutions

6 DEPOSITS 132
A Historiographical Conundrum | Chinese Daoism | Daoism as a Source
of Legitimacy in China | Disparate Daoist Elements in Yamato | The
Daoist Way from China to Korea and Japan
 7 ART ICUL AT IONS 154
Tennō | Chinkon-sai | The Daigokuden, Swords, and Mirrors | The
“Shinto” Question | New Year 701 | Astral Symbolism | The Emperor’s
Clothes | Invisibility and Tenmu’s Daoist Trajectory | The Great
Exorcism | Staffing the Yin-yang Bureau | Era Names

8 PLOT T INGS 187

Ritual Centers: The Mingtang and Ise | The Saigū in Ise | Buddhism in
and out of Ise and the Court | The Nakatomi | One Year, Three Eras |
Crossing Power Lines: Tenmu to Kanmu | Circles of the Accused Plotters

9 SPIRITS 224
Revenge of the Living Dead | Rewriting the Record | Spirits, Honorable
but Vengeful | Goryō-e | The Case of Prince Nagaya | Magic, Legitimate
and Illegitimate | The Case of the Missing Daoism | Yin-yang, in and out
of the Shadows

10 PURIT Y 253
Prototypes: Zhou Kings, Daoist Masters, Buddhist Meager F(e)asts |
Abstinence | Purity as a Weapon | Protecting the Realm against Impurity |
Senmin, Base People | The Impure, Foreground and Background

Abbreviations 267
Notes 269
Bibliography 325
Index 343

Color plates follow page 170

 ILLUSTR ATIONS

Figures
1. Ruler Lineages in the 7th and 8th Centuries 2
2. Double Royal Succession in the 6th and 7th Centuries 15
3. Sun Signifiers in Names of Rulers and their Principal Consorts or
Mothers: Suinin (11) to Genshō (43): 270–661 16
4. Endogamous Links Tenmu-Tenji 20
5. Kami Lineages to Jinmu 35
6. Yamato Basin with Fujiwara-kyō and Heijō-kyō 54
7. Fujiwara-kyō 77
8. Early and Late Nara Palace Grounds 83
9. Takamatsuzuka Tomb: Mural Ceiling Asterisms, Directional
Animals 175
10. Court Rank Promotions 188
11. Plots 210

Tables
1. Patterns in Symbolic Signifiers within Posthumous Names
of Historical Rulers 45
2. Calendar of the Ritsuryō State Liturgies 107

Plates
1. Tenmu’s and Jitō’s Mausoleum
2. Fujiwara Palace Site
3. Imperial Ceremonial Coat (Front)
4. Imperial Ceremonial Coat (Back)
5. Standards and Banners used at New Year’s Ceremony
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Friends, scholars, and institutions contributed enormously to this book. I

gratefully acknowledge the many debts I incurred during the nine years it
took me to complete it. Without this support, I would still be writing.
Foremost, I would like to thank my friend Christine Schoppe, whose
long-standing interest in matters Daoist came as a welcome surprise when
I discovered how central this tradition was to my research. Her perceptive
critiques of early drafts helped me to sharpen my analysis of key issues,
and many of her insights and suggestions are woven into the book. David
Bialock and Torquil Duthie, who I discovered late in this journey had been
working on some of the same material, generously offered to read the fi nal
manuscript. Their meticulous comments have contributed significantly to
the accuracy of information presented in these pages. Also very helpful in
this respect were the two anonymous readers for the University of Hawai‘i
Press. In preparing the manuscript for publication, I have benefited greatly
from the cheerful assistance of Patricia Crosby, executive editor at the press.
I am grateful to all of these people for sharing their expertise with me. Their
contributions have made this a better book.
A number of my colleagues at UCLA as well as several scholars at other
universities in Southern California responded readily to my queries. By
supplementing my knowledge in different fields, these local experts made
me feel that Los Angeles was just the right place to undertake this research
project. At UCLA, John Duncan introduced me to early Korean history,
Lothar von Falkenhausen and Richard von Glahn gave me tips on Daoism
and Chinese antiquity, William Bodiford was always eager to fine-tune my
notions about Buddhism, and Torquil Duthie to set me straight on read-
ings of Manyōshū poems. Allan Grapard let me tap his vast knowledge of
Shinto, and it was Lori Meeks who answered with a “probably” my question
regarding the nun empress Shōtoku: Did she receive the full tonsure (and
thus have her head shaved)? If so, it made one wonder how her enemies
could have cast a spell on her by stealing some of her hair and stuffi ng it
into a skull! I also benefited from discussions with David Lurie and Michael
Como during their visits to UCLA. Special mention must be made of Neil
Kiley, under whom I began my graduate work at the University of Chicago.
My return to the subject of ancient Japan will be gratifying to him since
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