Lesson 20.

1 Introduction to hydrocarbons

✏️Choose the correct answer

1. Which element is present in all organic compounds?

A) Oxygen
B) Hydrogen
C) Carbon
D) Nitrogen

2. Which of the following is NOT typically considered an organic compound?

A) Methane
B) Ethanol
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Butane

3. Why were organic compounds originally thought to come only from living things?
A) They are made of proteins
B) They could not be synthesized in labs
C) They contained oxygen
D) They lacked carbon

4. What did Friedrich Wöhler’s experiment demonstrate?

A) All organic compounds are proteins
B) Organic compounds can be synthesized in a lab
C) Hydrocarbons are inorganic
D) Vital force theory is true

5. What is the term for carbon-containing compounds except oxides, carbides, and
carbonates?
A) Hydrocarbons
B) Organic compounds
C) Inorganic compounds
D) Vital compounds

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6. How many covalent bonds does carbon usually form?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

7. Carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms to form:

A) Only single bonds
B) Only straight chains
C) Chains, rings, and cage structures
D) Only double bonds

8. Which elements often bond with carbon in organic compounds?

A) Noble gases
B) Nonmetals like N, O, S, P
C) Alkali metals
D) Transition metals

9. What are hydrocarbons composed of?

A) Carbon and nitrogen
B) Hydrogen and oxygen
C) Carbon and hydrogen
D) Hydrogen and sulfur

10. What is the simplest hydrocarbon?

A) Ethane
B) Methane
C) Propane
D) Butane

11. How many hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon in methane?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 1

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12. Which type of bond is found in saturated hydrocarbons?
A) Only double bonds
B) Only triple bonds
C) Only single bonds
D) Single and triple bonds

13. Which hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond?

A) Saturated
B) Aromatic
C) Unsaturated
D) Cyclic

14. Which of the following is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A) Ethane
B) Butane
C) Ethene
D) Propane

15. Which of the following shows a double bond in a structural formula?

A) –
B) =
C) ≡
D) +

16. Which of the following is true for saturated hydrocarbons?

A) Contain double bonds
B) Contain triple bonds
C) Only contain single bonds
D) Only have ring structures

17. Petroleum is primarily composed of:

A) Water and salt
B) Hydrocarbons
C) Oxygen and nitrogen
D) Metals

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18. Petroleum was formed from:
A) Lava
B) Plant roots
C) Microorganisms
D) Water pollution

19. What is the process used to separate components of petroleum?

A) Evaporation
B) Distillation
C) Chromatography
D) Sublimation

20. Which type of distillation is used for refining petroleum?

A) Simple distillation
B) Vacuum distillation
C) Fractional distillation
D) Steam distillation

21. What determines the order of separation in fractional distillation?

A) Solubility
B) Color
C) Density
D) Boiling point

22. Which process converts heavier fractions into lighter ones?

A) Mixing
B) Filtering
C) Cracking
D) Boiling

23. Cracking is done in the:

A) Presence of water and oxygen
B) Absence of oxygen with a catalyst
C) Open air without a catalyst
D) Presence of carbon dioxide

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24. What does cracking produce in addition to lighter hydrocarbons?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Water
C) Materials for plastics and fibers
D) Salt

25. Is gasoline a pure substance?

A) Yes
B) No

26. How many carbon atoms do most gasoline hydrocarbons contain?

A) 1–4
B) 5–12
C) 13–20
D) 21–30

27. What is the octane rating used for?

A) Color grading
B) Boiling point
C) Fuel performance and pollution control
D) Mass measurement

28. What type of compound is formed from carbon and hydrogen only?
A) Water
B) Carbohydrate
C) Hydrocarbon
D) Protein

29. Which is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon?

A) Ethyne
B) Ethene
C) Propane
D) Benzene

30. What is the main use of fractional distillation?

A) Separate water from oil
B) Extract metals
C) Separate hydrocarbons in petroleum
D) Purify gases

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31. What is the physical state of methane at room temperature?
A) Solid
B) Liquid
C) Gas
D) Plasma

32. Why are hydrocarbons important fuels?

A) They are heavy metals
B) They are inert
C) They release energy on combustion
D) They absorb water

33. Which process occurs at different temperatures during refining?

A) Freezing
B) Condensation
C) Electrolysis
D) Polymerization

34. What is the catalyst’s role in cracking?

A) To evaporate water
B) To speed up the reaction
C) To color the fractions
D) To lower boiling point

35. What does the term 'organic' imply in chemistry?

A) Grown without pesticides
B) Contains water
C) Contains carbon (except a few exceptions)
D) Made by bacteria

36. Which of the following hydrocarbons is unsaturated?

A) Methane
B) Butane
C) Propene
D) Ethane

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37. What property allows carbon to form such a wide variety of compounds?
A) Its large size
B) Its ability to form four covalent bonds
C) Its high density
D) Its radioactivity

38. Which structural feature is NOT typical of carbon compounds?

A) Branched chains
B) Ring structures
C) Cage-like molecules
D) Ionic lattices

39. What does a single straight line in a structural formula represent?

A) An ionic bond
B) A hydrogen bond
C) A covalent bond with two shared electrons
D) A lone pair

40. Which of the following is a fossil fuel source of hydrocarbons?

A) Sugarcane
B) Water
C) Petroleum
D) Sand

41. Which fraction from crude oil is used for making plastics?
A) Asphalt
B) Diesel
C) Cracked fractions
D) Natural gas

42. Which statement best describes gasoline?

A) A single pure substance
B) A solid compound
C) A mixture of hydrocarbons
D) A type of carbohydrate

43. Which best describes the process of cracking?

A) Adding water to petroleum
B) Cooling hydrocarbons
C) Breaking large molecules into smaller ones
D) Adding oxygen to crude oil

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44. Which hydrocarbon is likely to be a gas at room temperature?
A) Methane
B) Decane
C) Dodecane
D) Hexadecane

45. Which hydrocarbon would have the highest boiling point?

A) Methane
B) Propane
C) Octane
D) Butane

46. What is the main element responsible for the chemistry of life?
A) Nitrogen
B) Carbon
C) Oxygen
D) Hydrogen

47. What happens to components in fractional distillation as temperature increases?

A) They freeze
B) They condense earlier
C) Lighter components rise; heavier ones condense first
D) All components vaporize at the same time

48. What is a common use of light fractions from crude oil?

A) Asphalt production
B) Jet fuel and gasoline
C) Lubricating oil
D) Road tar

49. How do we classify hydrocarbons with triple bonds?

A) Saturated
B) Unsaturated
C) Inert
D) Aromatic

50. Which of the following contributes to the complexity of carbon compounds?

A) Carbon’s ability to form ions
B) Carbon’s metallic properties
C) Carbon’s ability to catenate (bond to itself)
D) Carbon’s radioactive decay

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51. What type of bonds do alkenes contain?
A) Single
B) Double
C) Triple
D) Quadruple

52. What is the general formula for alkenes with one double bond?
A) CnH2n+2
B) CnH2n-2
C) CnH2n
D) CnHn

53. What is the suffix used in naming alkenes?

A) -ane
B) -yne
C) -ene
D) -one

54. What is the correct IUPAC name for an alkene with a double bond starting at the second
carbon of a heptane chain?
A) 2-heptane
B) 2-heptylene
C) 2-heptene
D) hept-2-ene

55. What is a key difference between naming alkanes and alkenes?

A) Presence of triple bonds
B) Location of branches
C) Location of the double bond
D) Number of carbon atoms

56. What determines the numbering of the carbon chain in alkenes?

A) Length of chain
B) Position of alkyl group
C) Position of double bond
D) Mass of molecule

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57. What must be included when naming alkenes with four or more carbon atoms?
A) Number of alkyl groups
B) Number of hydrogens
C) Position of the double bond
D) Presence of oxygen

58. What is the parent name for an alkene with 7 carbon atoms?
A) Heptane
B) Heptene
C) Heptyne
D) Heptoic

59. Which of the following compounds is a correctly named alkene?

A) 2-methylpentane
B) 2-heptyne
C) 3-butene
D) 2-heptene

60. Alkenes with more than one double bond must include a __________ prefix.
A) multi-
B) poly-
C) numerical (e.g., di-, tri-)
D) quantity

61. What is the correct name for an alkene with double bonds at carbons 2 and 4 of a 7-
carbon chain?
A) Heptadiene
B) 2,4-heptadiene
C) Dieneheptane
D) Hexadiene

62. What suffix do we use for alkynes?

A) -ene
B) -yne
C) -ane
D) -ide

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63. Alkynes contain __________ bonds.
A) Single
B) Double
C) Triple
D) Ionic

64. Which of the following is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A) Propane
B) Ethane
C) Ethene
D) Butane

65. Which is more reactive?

A) Alkane
B) Alkene
C) Alkyne
D) Both B and C

66. What contributes to alkenes being more reactive than alkanes?

A) Their size
B) Their density
C) The double bond
D) More hydrogen atoms

67. Which of the following has a greater electron density?

A) Alkane
B) Alkene
C) Alkyne

68. Which is correct regarding the naming of cyclic alkenes?

A) Any carbon can be carbon 1
B) Carbon 1 must be a branch
C) Carbon 1 must be in the ring
D) Carbon 1 must be in the double bond

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69. What is the major difference in properties between alkanes and alkenes?
A) Alkanes are more reactive
B) Alkenes are more reactive
C) Alkenes are saturated
D) Alkanes have double bonds
70. Alkenes and alkynes have __________ solubility in water.
A) High
B) Medium
C) Low
D) Variable

71. Which group must always be included in the longest chain when naming branched-chain
alkenes?
A) Methyl group
B) Alkyl group
C) Double bond
D) Triple bond

72. What does the "di-" prefix indicate in alkenes?

A) Two branches
B) Two double bonds
C) Two carbon atoms
D) Two triple bonds

73. In branched-chain alkenes, numbering starts from the end __________.

A) With the most carbons
B) Closest to a branch
C) Closest to the double bond
D) With the lowest mass

74. The parent name of an alkyne with 4 carbon atoms is:

A) Butyne
B) Butene
C) Butane
D) Butide

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75. Which is a valid IUPAC name for a compound with a triple bond on carbon 1 of a 4-
carbon chain?
A) 1-butane
B) 1-butene
C) 1-butyne
D) butyne-1

✏️Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

1. Alkenes are __________ hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds.

Answer: unsaturated
2. The general formula for alkenes with one double bond is __________.
Answer: CnH2n
3. Alkenes are named by changing the -ane ending of an alkane to __________.
Answer: -ene
4. Alkenes are __________ hydrocarbons.
Answer: unsaturated
5. Alkynes contain one or more __________ bonds.
Answer: triple
6. The general formula for alkenes is __________.
Answer: CnH2n
7. The suffix used for alkynes is __________.
Answer: -yne
8. Alkenes are more __________ than alkanes.
Answer: reactive
9. The name of the parent chain changes to end in __________ if there is a double
bond.
Answer: -ene
10. Alkenes are __________ in water.
Answer: insoluble (or have low solubility)
11. The electron density is greater in __________ bonds than in single bonds.
Answer: double or triple
12. Alkenes are similar in naming to __________.
Answer: alkanes
13. The location of a double bond must be assigned the __________ number.
Answer: lowest

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14. The chain must include the __________ bond when choosing the parent name.
Answer: double
15. __________-methyl-2-heptene is an example of a branched-chain alkene.
Answer: 4,6-dimethyl
16. Alkenes with multiple double bonds are named with the suffix __________.
Answer: -diene, -triene (based on number)
17. A triple bond is denoted in a name by the suffix __________.
Answer: -yne
18. __________ are hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond.
Answer: Alkynes
19. Naming of alkenes follows the __________ rules.
Answer: IUPAC
20. __________ is the first carbon in a cyclic alkene.
Answer: One in the double bond
21. Double bonds increase __________ reactivity.
Answer: chemical
22. Alkynes are __________ reactive than alkenes.
Answer: more
23. The structure of 3-butene is the same as __________.
Answer: 1-butene

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✏️True or False
1. Alkenes contain only single bonds.
Answer: False
2. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes.
Answer: True
3. Alkynes contain double bonds.
4. Alkenes are saturated hydrocarbons.
Answer: False
5. Alkynes contain one or more triple bonds.
Answer: True
6. Alkenes have higher melting points than alkanes.
Answer: False
7. Alkenes are nonpolar.
Answer: True
8. Alkynes are less reactive than alkanes.
Answer: False
9. Branched-chain alkenes are named with IUPAC rules.
Answer: True
10. The double bond must be given the highest number possible.
Answer: False
11. Alkenes can have more than one double bond.
Answer: True
12. Triple bonds have less electron density than double bonds.
Answer: False
13. The position of a double bond is not important when naming.
Answer: False

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