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LONDON MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY LECTURE NOTE SERIES
Managing Editor: Professor Endre Süli, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2
6GG, United Kingdom
The titles below are available from booksellers, or from Cambridge University Press at
www.cambridge.org/mathematics
372 Moonshine: The first quarter century and beyond, J. LEPOWSKY, J. MCKAY & M.P. TUITE (eds)
373 Smoothness, regularity and complete intersection, J. MAJADAS & A. G. RODICIO
374 Geometric analysis of hyperbolic differential equations: An introduction, S. ALINHAC
375 Triangulated categories, T. HOLM, P. JØRGENSEN & R. ROUQUIER (eds)
376 Permutation patterns, S. LINTON, N. RUŠKUC & V. VATTER (eds)
377 An introduction to Galois cohomology and its applications, G. BERHUY
378 Probability and mathematical genetics, N. H. BINGHAM & C. M. GOLDIE (eds)
379 Finite and algorithmic model theory, J. ESPARZA, C. MICHAUX & C. STEINHORN (eds)
380 Real and complex singularities, M. MANOEL, M.C. ROMERO FUSTER & C.T.C WALL (eds)
381 Symmetries and integrability of difference equations, D. LEVI, P. OLVER, Z. THOMOVA &
P. WINTERNITZ (eds)
382 Forcing with random variables and proof complexity, J. KRAJÍČEK
383 Motivic integration and its interactions with model theory and non-Archimedean geometry I, R. CLUCKERS,
J. NICAISE & J. SEBAG (eds)
384 Motivic integration and its interactions with model theory and non-Archimedean geometry II, R. CLUCKERS,
J. NICAISE & J. SEBAG (eds)
385 Entropy of hidden Markov processes and connections to dynamical systems, B. MARCUS, K. PETERSEN &
T. WEISSMAN (eds)
386 Independence-friendly logic, A.L. MANN, G. SANDU & M. SEVENSTER
387 Groups St Andrews 2009 in Bath I, C.M. CAMPBELL et al (eds)
388 Groups St Andrews 2009 in Bath II, C.M. CAMPBELL et al (eds)
389 Random fields on the sphere, D. MARINUCCI & G. PECCATI
390 Localization in periodic potentials, D.E. PELINOVSKY
391 Fusion systems in algebra and topology, M. ASCHBACHER, R. KESSAR & B. OLIVER
392 Surveys in combinatorics 2011, R. CHAPMAN (ed)
393 Non-abelian fundamental groups and Iwasawa theory, J. COATES et al (eds)
394 Variational problems in differential geometry, R. BIELAWSKI, K. HOUSTON & M. SPEIGHT (eds)
395 How groups grow, A. MANN
396 Arithmetic differential operators over the p-adic integers, C.C. RALPH & S.R. SIMANCA
397 Hyperbolic geometry and applications in quantum chaos and cosmology, J. BOLTE & F. STEINER (eds)
398 Mathematical models in contact mechanics, M. SOFONEA & A. MATEI
399 Circuit double cover of graphs, C.-Q. ZHANG
400 Dense sphere packings: a blueprint for formal proofs, T. HALES
401 A double Hall algebra approach to affine quantum Schur–Weyl theory, B. DENG, J. DU & Q. FU
402 Mathematical aspects of fluid mechanics, J.C. ROBINSON, J.L. RODRIGO & W. SADOWSKI (eds)
403 Foundations of computational mathematics, Budapest 2011, F. CUCKER, T. KRICK, A. PINKUS &
A. SZANTO (eds)
404 Operator methods for boundary value problems, S. HASSI, H.S.V. DE SNOO & F.H. SZAFRANIEC (eds)
405 Torsors, étale homotopy and applications to rational points, A.N. SKOROBOGATOV (ed)
406 Appalachian set theory, J. CUMMINGS & E. SCHIMMERLING (eds)
407 The maximal subgroups of the low dimensional finite classical groups, J.N. BRAY, D.F. HOLT &
C.M. RONEY-DOUGAL
408 Complexity science: the Warwick master’s course, R. BALL, V. KOLOKOLTSOV & R.S. MACKAY (eds)
409 Surveys in combinatorics 2013, S.R. BLACKBURN, S. GERKE & M. WILDON (eds)
410 Representation theory and harmonic analysis of wreath products of finite
groups, T. CECCHERINI-SILBERSTEIN, F. SCARABOTTI & F. TOLLI
411 Moduli spaces, L. BRAMBILA-PAZ, O. GARCÍA-PRADA, P. NEWSTEAD & R.P. THOMAS (eds)
412 Automorphisms and equivalence relations in topological dynamics, D.B. ELLIS & R. ELLIS
413 Optimal transportation, Y. OLLIVIER, H. PAJOT & C. VILLANI (eds)
414 Automorphic forms and Galois representations I, F. DIAMOND, P.L. KASSAEI & M. KIM (eds)
415 Automorphic forms and Galois representations II, F. DIAMOND, P.L. KASSAEI & M. KIM (eds)
416 Reversibility in dynamics and group theory, A.G. O’FARRELL & I. SHORT
417 Recent advances in algebraic geometry, C.D. HACON, M. MUSTAŢĂ & M. POPA (eds)
418 The Bloch–Kato conjecture for the Riemann zeta function, J. COATES, A. RAGHURAM, A. SAIKIA &
R. SUJATHA (eds)
419 The Cauchy problem for non-Lipschitz semi-linear parabolic partial differential equations, J.C. MEYER &
D.J. NEEDHAM
420 Arithmetic and geometry, L. DIEULEFAIT et al (eds)
421 O-minimality and Diophantine geometry, G.O. JONES & A.J. WILKIE (eds)
422 Groups St Andrews 2013, C.M. CAMPBELL et al (eds)
423 Inequalities for graph eigenvalues, Z. STANIĆ
424 Surveys in combinatorics 2015, A. CZUMAJ et al (eds)
425 Geometry, topology and dynamics in negative curvature, C.S. ARAVINDA, F.T. FARRELL &
J.-F. LAFONT (eds)
426 Lectures on the theory of water waves, T. BRIDGES, M. GROVES & D. NICHOLLS (eds)
427 Recent advances in Hodge theory, M. KERR & G. PEARLSTEIN (eds)
428 Geometry in a Fréchet context, C.T.J. DODSON, G. GALANIS & E. VASSILIOU
429 Sheaves and functions modulo p, L. TAELMAN
430 Recent progress in the theory of the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations, J.C. ROBINSON, J.L. RODRIGO,
W. SADOWSKI & A. VIDAL-LÓPEZ (eds)
431 Harmonic and subharmonic function theory on the real hyperbolic ball, M. STOLL
432 Topics in graph automorphisms and reconstruction (2nd Edition), J. LAURI & R. SCAPELLATO
433 Regular and irregular holonomic D-modules, M. KASHIWARA & P. SCHAPIRA
434 Analytic semigroups and semilinear initial boundary value problems (2nd Edition), K. TAIRA
435 Graded rings and graded Grothendieck groups, R. HAZRAT
436 Groups, graphs and random walks, T. CECCHERINI-SILBERSTEIN, M. SALVATORI &
E. SAVA-HUSS (eds)
437 Dynamics and analytic number theory, D. BADZIAHIN, A. GORODNIK & N. PEYERIMHOFF (eds)
438 Random walks and heat kernels on graphs, M.T. BARLOW
439 Evolution equations, K. AMMARI & S. GERBI (eds)
440 Surveys in combinatorics 2017, A. CLAESSON et al (eds)
441 Polynomials and the mod 2 Steenrod algebra I, G. WALKER & R.M.W. WOOD
442 Polynomials and the mod 2 Steenrod algebra II, G. WALKER & R.M.W. WOOD
443 Asymptotic analysis in general relativity, T. DAUDÉ, D. HÄFNER & J.-P. NICOLAS (eds)
444 Geometric and cohomological group theory, P.H. KROPHOLLER, I.J. LEARY, C. MARTÍNEZ-PÉREZ &
B.E.A. NUCINKIS (eds)
445 Introduction to hidden semi-Markov models, J. VAN DER HOEK & R.J. ELLIOTT
446 Advances in two-dimensional homotopy and combinatorial group theory, W. METZLER &
S. ROSEBROCK (eds)
447 New directions in locally compact groups, P.-E. CAPRACE & N. MONOD (eds)
448 Synthetic differential topology, M.C. BUNGE, F. GAGO & A.M. SAN LUIS
449 Permutation groups and cartesian decompositions, C.E. PRAEGER & C. SCHNEIDER
450 Partial differential equations arising from physics and geometry, M. BEN AYED et al (eds)
451 Topological methods in group theory, N. BROADDUS, M. DAVIS, J.-F. LAFONT & I. ORTIZ (eds)
452 Partial differential equations in fluid mechanics, C.L. FEFFERMAN, J.C. ROBINSON & J.L. RODRIGO (eds)
453 Stochastic stability of differential equations in abstract spaces, K. LIU
454 Beyond hyperbolicity, M. HAGEN, R. WEBB & H. WILTON (eds)
455 Groups St Andrews 2017 in Birmingham, C.M. CAMPBELL et al (eds)
456 Surveys in combinatorics 2019, A. LO, R. MYCROFT, G. PERARNAU & A. TREGLOWN (eds)
457 Shimura varieties, T. HAINES & M. HARRIS (eds)
458 Integrable systems and algebraic geometry I, R. DONAGI & T. SHASKA (eds)
459 Integrable systems and algebraic geometry II, R. DONAGI & T. SHASKA (eds)
460 Wigner-type theorems for Hilbert Grassmannians, M. PANKOV
461 Analysis and geometry on graphs and manifolds, M. KELLER, D. LENZ & R.K. WOJCIECHOWSKI
462 Zeta and L-functions of varieties and motives, B. KAHN
463 Differential geometry in the large, O. DEARRICOTT et al (eds)
464 Lectures on orthogonal polynomials and special functions, H.S. COHL & M.E.H. ISMAIL (eds)
465 Constrained Willmore surfaces, Á.C. QUINTINO
466 Invariance of modules under automorphisms of their envelopes and covers, A.K. SRIVASTAVA,
A. TUGANBAEV & P.A.GUIL ASENSIO
467 The genesis of the Langlands program, J. MUELLER & F. SHAHIDI
468 (Co)end calculus, F. LOREGIAN
469 Computational cryptography, J.W. BOS & M. STAM
470 Surveys in combinatorics 2021, K.K. DABROWSKI et al (eds)
471 Matrix analysis and entrywise positivity preservers, A. KHARE
472 Facets of algebraic geometry I, P. ALUFFI et al (eds)
473 Facets of algebraic geometry II, P. ALUFFI et al (eds)
474 Equivariant topology and derived algebra, S. BALCHIN, D. BARNES, M. KȨDZIOREK & M. SZYMIK (eds)
475 Effective results and methods for Diophantine equations over finitely generated domains, J.-H. EVERTSE &
K. GYŐRY
476 An indefinite excursion in operator theory, A. GHEONDEA
477 Elliptic regularity theory by approximation methods, E.A. PIMENTEL
478 Recent developments in algebraic geometry, H. ABBAN, G. BROWN, A. KASPRZYK & S. MORI (eds)
479 Bounded cohomology and simplicial volume, C. CAMPAGNOLO, F. FOURNIER- FACIO, N. HEUER &
M. MORASCHINI (eds)
480 Stacks Project Expository Collection (SPEC), P. BELMANS, W. HO & A. J. DE JONG (eds)
481 Surveys in combinatorics 2022, A. NIXON & S. PRENDIVILLE (eds)
London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series: 481
Edited by
ANTHONY NIXON
Lancaster University
SEAN PRENDIVILLE
Lancaster University
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
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DOI: 10.1017/9781009093927
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and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
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First published 2022
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Contents
1 Fair Partitions 1
Noga Alon
2 Hypergraph Turán Problems in 2 -Norm 21
József Balogh, Felix Christian Clemen, Bernard Lidický
3 Circuit Imbalance Measures and Linear Programming 64
Farbod Ekbatani, Bento Natura, László A. Végh
4 Intersection Problems in Extremal Combinatorics: Theorems,
Techniques and Questions Old and New 115
David Ellis
5 Finite Geometry and Extremal Graph Theory 174
Valentina Pepe
6 Rainbow Subgraphs and their Applications 191
Alexey Pokrovskiy
7 Explicit Bounds for Graph Minors 215
Paul Wollan
8 Convex and Combinatorial Tropical Geometry 237
Josephine Yu
v
Preface
Anthony Nixon
Sean Prendiville
Lancaster University
January 2022
vii
Fair Partitions
Noga Alon
Abstract
A substantial number of results and conjectures deal with the existence of a
set of prescribed type which contains a fair share from each member of a finite
collection of objects in a space, or the existence of partitions in which this is
the case for every part. Examples include the Ham Sandwich Theorem in Mea-
sure Theory, the Hobby-Rice Theorem in Approximation Theory, the Necklace
Theorem and Ryser’s Conjecture in Discrete Mathematics. The techniques in
the study of these results combine combinatorial, topological, geometric, proba-
bilistic and algebraic tools. This paper contains a brief description of the topic,
focusing on several recent existence results and their algorithmic aspects. This
is mainly a survey paper, but it also contains several novel results.
1 Introduction
The problem of the existence of a set with desired properties that has a fair share
of each of a family of measures has been studied in several areas. The related notion
of fair partitions has also received a considerable amount of attention. Although
there have been several earlier results of this type it is common to view the Ham
Sandwich Theorem as the initial statement in the area.
Theorem 1.1 (The Ham Sandwich Theorem) For any collection of d probabil-
ity measures in Rd , each absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure,
there is a hyperplane that bisects all measures.
Thus, each of the two half spaces determined by the separating hyperplane contains a
fair share of each of the measures. This was conjectured by Steinhaus and proved by
Banach, using the Borsuk-Ulam Theorem, a fundamental result in Topology which
asserts that any continuous function from S n to Rn maps two antipodal points to
the same image.
The Ham Sandwich Theorem is first mentioned in [45], where Steinhaus at-
tributes the proof to Banach (for d = 3, but the proof for general d is essentially
identical).
There are numerous results and questions dealing with partitions of prescribed
types of Euclidean spaces and the ways they can split measures. See [40] for a
comprehensive recent survey of the subject. The formulation of most of these results
is geometric, dealing with sets or measures in Euclidean spaces. There are, however,
also purely combinatorial results and conjectures of the same flavor. Here we focus
on questions of this type. The following examples of two results and two conjectures
illustrate the diversity of the topic.
Theorem 1.2 (The Cycle and Triangles Theorem) Let G be a cycle of length
3m and let P be an arbitrary partition of its set of vertices into pairwise disjoint sets
P1 , P2 , . . . , Pm , each of size 3. Then there is an independent set S of G that contains
exactly one vertex of each set Pi . Moreover, all vertices of G can be partitioned into
3 independent sets S1 , S2 , S3 , each containing exactly one point of each Pi .
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