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Finite Element Analysis

for Design Engineers
Third Edition
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Finite Element Analysis

for Design Engineers
Third Edition

PAUL M. KUROWSKI

Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

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Disclaimer
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Contents

Preface xix

CHAPTER 1

Introduction 1
1.1. What Is Finite Element Analysis? 1
1.2. What Is the Place of FEA among Other Tools of
Computer-Aided Engineering? 2
1.3. Fields of Application of FEA and Mechanism Analysis 2
1.4. Fields of Application of FEA and CFD 4
1.5. What Is “FEA for Design Engineers”? 4
1.6. Note on Hands-On Exercises 5

CHAPTER 2

From CAD Model to Results of FEA 7

2.1. Formulation of the Mathematical Model 7
2.2. Selecting the Numerical Method to Solve the
Mathematical Model 10
2.2.1. Selected Numerical Methods in CAE 10
2.2.2. Reasons for the Dominance of FEM 10
2.3. FEA Model 11
2.3.1. Meshing 11
2.3.2. Formulation of FE Equations 12
2.3.3. Errors in FEA Results 13
2.4. Verification and Validation of FEA Results 14

© 2023 SAE International vii

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viii Contents

CHAPTER 3

Fundamental Concepts of FEA 17

3.1. Formulation of a Finite Element 17
3.1.1. Closer Look at Finite Element 17
3.1.2. Requirements to be Satisfied by Displacement Interpolation
Function 20
3.1.3. Artificial Restraints 20
3.2. Choices of Discretization 22
3.3. Types of Finite Elements 23
3.3.1. Element Dimensionality 23
3.3.2. Element Shape 28
3.3.3. Element Order and Element Type 29
3.3.4. Summary of Commonly Used Elements 30
3.3.5. Element Modeling Capabilities 31

CHAPTER 4

Controlling Discretization Errors 33

4.1. Presenting Stress Results 34
4.2. Types of Convergence Analysis 36
4.2.1. h Convergence by Global Mesh Refinement 36
4.2.2. h Convergence by Local Mesh Refinement 40
4.2.3. Adaptive h Convergence 42
4.2.4. p Convergence Process 44
4.2.5. Choice of Convergence Process 46
4.3. Discretization Error 46
4.3.1. Convergence Error 47
4.3.2. Solution Error 47
4.4. Problems with Convergence 48
4.4.1. Stress Singularity 48
4.4.2. Displacement Singularity 54
4.5. Hands-On Exercises 58
4.5.1. HOLLOW PLATE 58
Description 58
Objective 58
Procedure  59
4.5.2. L BRACKET01 60
Description  60
Objective 60
Procedure  60
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Contents ix

4.5.3. WEDGE 61
Description  61
Objective 61
Procedure 61

CHAPTER 5

Finite Element Mesh 65

5.1. Meshing Techniques 65
5.1.1. Manual Meshing 65
5.1.2. Semi-automatic Meshing 66
5.1.3. Automatic Meshing 67
5.2. Mesh Compatibility 69
5.2.1. Compatible Elements 70
5.2.2. Incompatible Elements 70
5.2.3. Forced Compatibility 71
5.3. Common Meshing Problems 73
5.3.1. Element Distortion 73
5.3.2. Mesh Adequacy 75
5.3.3. Element Mapping to Geometry 76
5.3.4. Incorrect Conversion to Shell Model 78
5.4. Hands-On Exercises 79
5.4.1. BRACKET01 79
Description  79
Objective  79
Procedure 79
5.4.2. CANTILEVER 80
Description 80
Objective  80
Procedure  80

CHAPTER 6

Modeling Process 83
6.1. Modeling Steps 84
6.1.1. Definition of the Objective of Analysis 84
6.1.2. Selection of the Units of Measurement 84
6.1.3. Geometry Preparation 85
6.1.4. Defining Material Properties 85
6.1.5. Defining Boundary Conditions 86
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