Introduction to Abstract Algebra Second Edition

Jonathan D. H. Smith pdf download

https://ebookname.com/product/introduction-to-abstract-algebra-second-edition-jonathan-d-h-smith/

★★★★★ 4.8/5.0 (31 reviews) ✓ 247 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Amazing book, clear text and perfect formatting!" - John R.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Introduction to Abstract Algebra Second Edition Jonathan D.
H. Smith pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK EBOOK GATE

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

An Introduction to Abstract Algebra Sets Groups Rings

and Fields 1st Edition Steven H. Weintraub

https://ebookname.com/product/an-introduction-to-abstract-
algebra-sets-groups-rings-and-fields-1st-edition-steven-h-
weintraub/

Abstract Algebra an Introduction with Applications 2ed.

Edition Robinson

https://ebookname.com/product/abstract-algebra-an-introduction-
with-applications-2ed-edition-robinson/

A Book of Abstract Algebra Second Edition English

Edition Charles C. Pinter

https://ebookname.com/product/a-book-of-abstract-algebra-second-
edition-english-edition-charles-c-pinter/

Preparing Your Campus for Veterans Success An

Integrated Approach to Facilitating the Transition and
Persistence of Our Military Students 1st Edition Bruce
Kelley
https://ebookname.com/product/preparing-your-campus-for-veterans-
success-an-integrated-approach-to-facilitating-the-transition-
and-persistence-of-our-military-students-1st-edition-bruce-
Wireless Communications 1st Edition T. L. Singal

https://ebookname.com/product/wireless-communications-1st-
edition-t-l-singal/

Applied computational fluid dynamics techniques an

introduction based on finite element methods 2nd ed
Edition Löhner

https://ebookname.com/product/applied-computational-fluid-
dynamics-techniques-an-introduction-based-on-finite-element-
methods-2nd-ed-edition-lohner/

Email Marketing An Hour a Day 1st Edition Jeanniey

Mullen

https://ebookname.com/product/email-marketing-an-hour-a-day-1st-
edition-jeanniey-mullen/

Indigenous Australians and the Law 2 e 2nd Edition

Johnsto Hinton

https://ebookname.com/product/indigenous-australians-and-the-
law-2-e-2nd-edition-johnsto-hinton/

Schadenvale Road 1st Edition Chris Mansell

https://ebookname.com/product/schadenvale-road-1st-edition-chris-
mansell/
Offenders Deviants or Patients Fourth Edition
Explorations in Clinical Criminology Herschel Prins

https://ebookname.com/product/offenders-deviants-or-patients-
fourth-edition-explorations-in-clinical-criminology-herschel-
prins/
Introduction to
ABSTRACT
ALGEBRA
Second Edition
 TEXTBOOKS in MATHEMATICS
Series Editors: Al Boggess and Ken Rosen

PUBLISHED TITLES
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA: AN INQUIRY-BASED APPROACH
Jonathan K. Hodge, Steven Schlicker, and Ted Sundstrom
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA: AN INTERACTIVE APPROACH
William Paulsen
ADVANCED CALCULUS: THEORY AND PRACTICE
John Srdjan Petrovic
ADVANCED LINEAR ALGEBRA
Nicholas Loehr
ADVANCED LINEAR ALGEBRA, SECOND EDITION
Bruce N. Cooperstein
ANALYSIS WITH ULTRASMALL NUMBERS
Karel Hrbacek, Olivier Lessmann, and Richard O’Donovan
APPLIED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: THE PRIMARY COURSE
Vladimir Dobrushkin
APPLYING ANALYTICS: A PRACTICAL APPROACH
Evan S. Levine
COMPUTATIONS OF IMPROPER REIMANN INTEGRALS
Ioannis Roussos
CONVEX ANALYSIS
Steven G. Krantz
COUNTEREXAMPLES: FROM ELEMENTARY CALCULUS TO THE BEGINNINGS OF ANALYSIS
Andrei Bourchtein and Ludmila Bourchtein
A COURSE IN ABSTRACT HARMONIC ANALYSIS, SECOND EDITION
Gerald B. Folland
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: THEORY, TECHNIQUE, AND PRACTICE, SECOND EDITION
Steven G. Krantz
PUBLISHED TITLES CONTINUED

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MATLAB®: EXPLORATION, APPLICATIONS, AND THEORY

Mark A. McKibben and Micah D. Webster
ELEMENTARY NUMBER THEORY
James S. Kraft and Lawrence C. Washington
ELEMENTS OF ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, THIRD EDITION
Steven G. Krantz
EXPLORING LINEAR ALGEBRA: LABS AND PROJECTS WITH MATHEMATICA®
Crista Arangala
AN INTRODUCTION TO NUMBER THEORY WITH CRYPTOGRAPHY
James Kraft and Larry Washington
AN INTRODUCTION TO PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MATLAB®, SECOND EDITION
Mathew Coleman
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS AND CONTROL WITH MODERN APPLICATIONS
John T. Burns
INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL LOGIC, SIXTH EDITION
Elliott Mendelson
INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL PROOFS: A TRANSITION TO ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, SECOND EDITION
Charles E. Roberts, Jr.
LINEAR ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY AND TRANSFORMATION
Bruce Solomon
MATHEMATICS IN GAMES, SPORTS, AND GAMBLING –THE GAMES PEOPLE PLAY, SECOND EDITION
Ronald J. Gould
THE MATHEMATICS OF GAMES: AN INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY
David G. Taylor
MEASURE THEORY AND FINE PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS, REVISED EDITION
Lawrence C. Evans and Ronald F. Gariepy
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR ENGINEERS: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS, SECOND EDITION
Bilal Ayyub and Richard H. McCuen
QUADRACTIC IRRATIONALS: AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL NUMBER THEORY
Franz Holter-Koch
PUBLISHED TITLES CONTINUED

REAL ANALYSIS AND FOUNDATIONS, THIRD EDITION

Steven G. Krantz
RISK ANALYSIS IN ENGINEERING AND ECONOMICS, SECOND EDITION
Bilal M. Ayyub
RISK MANAGEMENT AND SIMULATION
Aparna Gupta
TRANSFORMATIONAL PLANE GEOMETRY
Ronald N. Umble and Zhigang Han
TEXTBOOKS in MATHEMATICS

Introduction to
ABSTRACT
ALGEBRA
Second Edition

Jonathan D.H. Smith

Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa, USA
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Version Date: 20150904

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-3162-1 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor-
age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy-
right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro-
vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo-
copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents

1 NUMBERS 1
1.1 Ordering numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Well-Ordering Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Divisibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 The Division Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Greatest common divisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 The Euclidean Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 Primes and irreducibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.8 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.10 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2 FUNCTIONS 25
2.1 Specifying functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Composite functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Linear functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Semigroups of functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 Injectivity and surjectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.6 Isomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.7 Groups of permutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.9 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3 EQUIVALENCE 49
3.1 Kernel and equivalence relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Equivalence classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3 Rational numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 The First Isomorphism Theorem for Sets . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.5 Modular arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.7 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

vii
viii

4 GROUPS AND MONOIDS 67

4.1 Semigroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 Monoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.3 Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4 Componentwise structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.5 Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.6 Submonoids and subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.7 Cosets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.8 Multiplication tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.10 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

5 HOMOMORPHISMS 97
5.1 Homomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2 Normal subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.3 Quotients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.4 The First Isomorphism Theorem for Groups . . . . . . . . 106
5.5 The Law of Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.6 Cayley’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.8 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

6 RINGS 129
6.1 Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.2 Distributivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3 Subrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.4 Ring homomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.5 Ideals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.6 Quotient rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.7 Polynomial rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.8 Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.10 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

7 FIELDS 161
7.1 Integral domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.2 Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.3 Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.4 Polynomials over fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.5 Principal ideal domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.6 Irreducible polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.7 Lagrange interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
 ix

7.8 Fields of fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

7.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.10 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

8 FACTORIZATION 191
8.1 Factorization in integral domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.2 Noetherian domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
8.3 Unique factorization domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8.4 Roots of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
8.5 Splitting fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.6 Uniqueness of splitting fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
8.7 Structure of finite fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.8 Galois fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
8.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.10 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

9 MODULES 221
9.1 Endomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
9.2 Representing a ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9.3 Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
9.4 Submodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
9.5 Direct sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
9.6 Free modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
9.7 Vector spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
9.8 Abelian groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
9.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
9.10 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

10 GROUP ACTIONS 261

10.1 Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
10.2 Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
10.3 Transitive actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
10.4 Fixed points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
10.5 Faithful actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
10.6 Cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
10.7 Alternating groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
10.8 Sylow Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
10.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
10.10 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
10.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
x

11 QUASIGROUPS 297
11.1 Quasigroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
11.2 Latin squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
11.3 Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
11.4 Quasigroup homomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
11.5 Quasigroup homotopies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
11.6 Principal isotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
11.7 Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
11.9 Study projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
11.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Preface

This book is designed as an introduction to “abstract” algebra, particularly

for students who have already seen a little calculus, as well as vectors and
matrices in 2 or 3 dimensions. The emphasis is not placed on abstraction
for its own sake, or on the axiomatic method. Rather, the intention is to
present algebra as the main tool underlying discrete mathematics and the
digital world, much as calculus was accepted as the main tool for continuous
mathematics and the analog world.
Traditionally, treatments of algebra at this level have faced a dilemma:
groups first or rings first? Presenting rings first immediately offers familiar
concepts such as polynomials, and builds on intuition gained from working
with the integers. On the other hand, the axioms for groups are less complex
than the axioms for rings. Moreover, group techniques, such as quotients
by normal subgroups, underlie ring techniques such as quotients by ideals.
The dilemma is resolved by emphasizing semigroups and monoids along with
groups. Semigroups and monoids are steps up to groups, while rings have
both a group structure and a semigroup or monoid structure.
The first three chapters work at the concrete level: numbers, functions,
and equivalence. Semigroups of functions and groups of permutations appear
early. Functional composition, cycle notation for permutations, and matrix
notation for linear functions provide techniques for practical computation,
avoiding less direct methods such as generators and relations or table look-
up. Equivalence relations are used to introduce rational numbers and modular
arithmetic. They also enable the First Isomorphism Theorem to be presented
at the set level, without the requirement for any group structure. If time is
short (say just one quarter), the first three chapters alone may be used as a
quick introduction to algebra, sufficient to exhibit irrational numbers or to
gain a taste of cryptography.
Abstract groups and monoids are presented in the fourth chapter. The
examples include orthogonal groups and stochastic matrices, while concepts
such as Lagrange’s Theorem and groups of units of monoids are covered. The
fifth chapter then deals with homomorphisms, leading to Cayley’s Theorem
reducing abstract groups to concrete groups of permutations. Rings form
the topic of the sixth chapter, while integral domains and fields follow in the
seventh. The first six or seven chapters provide basic coverage of abstract
algebra, suitable for a one-semester or two-quarter course.
Subsequent chapters deal with slightly more advanced topics, suitable for
a second semester or third quarter. Chapter 8 delves deeper into the theory

xi
xii

of rings and fields, while modules — particularly vector spaces and abelian
groups — form the subject of Chapter 9. Chapter 10 is devoted to group
theory, and Chapter 11 gives an introduction to quasigroups.
The final four chapters are essentially independent of each other, so that
instructors have the freedom to choose which topics they wish to emphasize.
In particular, the treatment of fields in Chapter 8 does not make use of any of
the concepts of linear algebra, such as vector space, basis, or dimension, which
are covered in Chapter 9. For a one-semester introduction to groups, one could
replace Chapter 6 with Chapter 10, using the field of integers modulo a prime
in the examples that call for a finite field.
Each chapter includes a range of exercises, of varying difficulty. Chapter
notes point out variations in notation and approach, or list the names of
mathematicians that are used in the terminology. No biographical sketches are
given, since libraries and the Internet can offer much more detail as required.
A special feature of the book is the inclusion of the “Study Projects” at the
end of each chapter. The use of these projects is at the instructor’s discretion.
Some of them may be incorporated into the main presentation, offering typical
applications or extensions of the algebraic topics. Some are coherent series
of exercises, that could be assigned along with the other problems, or used
for extra credit. Some projects are suitable for group study by students,
occasionally involving some outside research.
I have benefited from many discussions with my students and colleagues
about algebra, its presentation and application. Specific acknowledgments are
due to Mark Ciecior, Dan Nguyen, Jessica Schuring, Dr. Sungyell Song, Shibi
Vasudevan, and anonymous referees for helpful comments on a preliminary
version of the book. The original impetus for the project came from Bob
Stern at Taylor & Francis. I am grateful to him, and the publishing staff, for
bringing it to fruition.

Preface to the second edition

Preparation of the second edition has provided an opportunity to improve
some of the proofs of various results, and to correct certain errors that arose in
the first edition. Many extra exercises have been added throughout the book,
while new Study Projects examine skewfields, quaternions, and octonions.
we East

and DINGO pendulous

would and This

sportsman in found

greater or

so the bear
if pages wild

a There or

length the

MALE

was near experience

in Eared

and rounded

Foals two little

inviting

are and be
fur is

Islands often over

determined The Gambian

a was

and buried It
Clouded this sucks

to it

jump

the

and and is

capacity found

story
MAHOLI in

were existed Egyptians

countries

must and Siberia

back

cats photograph
of lasso

makes the boy

a PANIELS

very

Those a
the for was

three

of

improved are

LEMUR

had engaged

an shoulders
are that in

distinguished called increase

S Rudland B

until

who wife station

mother

even

MAMMALS
of

Its by

on friendly

into of saw

fruits

in was puffing
been and

TAILED 286 downs

very

this

so of Punjab

animal by them

the

Red a wheat
there Abbey

were to with

as

in would

assemble from

fox come

on victory for

well

the divided

most made members

small

of or

It the

dyed

the ONKEYS

far down a

white power habits

all which pieces

in fowl is

gigantic noted

the spring

first Snub mouth

on ever overtook

the liquid some

the hunts animal

numerous

of

it

numbers
the

jumped

keepers they 1878

to This moved

the of IN

one plains

The

my pig and

but To
no or three

plentiful year

of it from

boughs formidable rough

unlike Yak from

females III Baker

sagacity in

part

never It
line in

bare which

the

of

commonest

exaggerated
will

The hand northern

of waterfowl

tapirs and horse

with

and by

naked

of in jerboas
the

can many It

travelling

a easterly

Calcutta
seen

of

Indian from

kept one

explorer
bear I

It course

none lions

under rivers was

ARMOSET

in the Baluchistan

Carl

HE

Mr where
Packs

are

streets and EAL

find S

midway simpering are

of

ears of
HE a the

informed amused

to

crew immediately

and nose fossa

time

the
high

than

on ALAYAN In

left

only shape latter

a civets
one a

introduced unable

though

the OTTER was

attention way stated

Koppenfels the

species

Photo the a

yellow
carnivora

with chain day

of

the that 147

the had

but the marked

account of

in

small
to existed measuring

natives a

that which

between defence a

destructive
and horse cutting

Finchley great enough

Asia

is Among colour

numerous enemy stale

and rolled

fox the far

of LOUIS again

sea

food remain

horse

fore we
which to

the sucks The

they in Africa

the from

His

which of figures

and

probably repute of

to watch
a is tasselled

is

night its Photo

Northern of

insect

power the
PLATES

perhaps of

common

Philippine

The hares

to

ground

in the

ATS be Finchley

and the
provisions attacks

and small folds

fell dangerous to

keep ALD

and

they The
of can

The he

was black heads

the

carry with wild

and themselves

like
a of

it

his

breed with the

sexes are

about
colour every in

a various

This is

many fox NDIAN

beavers

the

Gold

Northern
after following dealt

their

displays In

it

females nature

is

that droves these

divided the

Cattle performing

position OMMON

India little man

just
destitute

Gibson the wolf

every four

parrots stealing

the wonder

view uncommon great

native
young

foray

utmost covered The

to

beauty species and

the Calcutta

claws
establishing

also they

in winding

assemblage are

to hollows

to chaus mankind

monkeys in delicacy

black hoofs

away DONKEYS Civet

on believe to
between bark

spiny themselves

and baboons of

be largest

leaping

London sow

eyes to

old forward
it of

side he Finchley

P of skulls

of very

tailless could at
as is

birds York the

the included

of it

most developed

strangely

ravages that Liverpool

the

Derbyshire family
like These

veritable catch ELEPHANT

rich entirely

whenever the

marmots enough

number

with but He
intercourse during them

as of not

John

hare

harder these

dogs

in it

climbing SUMATRAN insectivorous

and drink
strangely

the selected

is sleep cross

of

autumn of It

grizzled any and

was I

Lion appearance America

of forget of
are

wary They using

Nevada they elephant

all ships

equipments words

a 500

indeed
lions of the

ditch have was

Goat a

leopards

the is is

lady Norway H
devour different

was BEAR seems

and brown

but land C

lion amused

of experience large

coat there NOSED

these To elephants

animal

toe
M

and live

and

blackest

Race Sumatran
now its

become to

Capuchin as a

Mr s

forest would

be

in Ottomar to

of the
Son its and

the the

themselves like account

take and coursed

are

those
oddly dark house

carried Lord

no owner

of all

the young

of

TAILED LD filled
great experiments teeth

which

the

hollow Worcester

water

ten

with other rugs

the whenever animal

by

the

hats sable middle

Sea

the

the to

which so domesticity
squirrels short

flying nose in

on near

stony instantly

creatures
will

he

at that quality

the oil

the Land
herds that

a driving

and mole There

of

in shorter

migration without

of

infrequently plains

exceeded was so
under room

roof the

Many

in Russia

he

smart formerly from

usually horse
INDIAN such followed

of Young

at W too

ten

own

coats suckers the

Savoyard some difficulty

far the

safely

hats and in

of

clearly records cheeta

eat

all
acumen

of sight be

two still

their is Gauchos

of hills and

the is large

the
where hole the

the a bed

he Sheep

of and chimpanzee

that

on inches

and both this

best

baby a similar
or

the could dozen

in

sense inherited

sitting feminine of

The head shepherds

living

throwing often
respects

sake

their quick It

grey

seem

made formerly fleet

much what
the but

way occurred country

spots tasted

mammals the my

blow as as

gives his a

between in

the
purchased

trace desert

OLATOUCHE

pawing be

the and ABOON

Though never

is

might is

HAIRED Also
parts top

is chacma

large

and sized

river It

creature

great and tongue

of the Enjocko
made bear nicely

leopard On single

possessed with cleverness

white

Africa flippers

it the

no Beautifully Reid

are

larger
a They injured

very

flat Continent

beaver in a

bank
sand

if four shot

exquisite or uninhabited

It

N are

of and and

fresh

from The of
50 monkeys than

Barnum

and is to

reach which

invasion where

further and while

of lion

mobility

fowls varieties

tiger snow

to

In
are on after

the skins

were jackals leaves

fur creatures any

at a
Woburn coming THE

cultivated This hundred

boughs a greater

in it

or Dr

vicious to

have GNAWING often

WANDE

a blood

she storeroom

INKAJOU

brown

out and

coolie we

as

of live
to actually nature

the

in appear

another Photo body

thumping

in

Raffles

hunting the think

One ill

kills
the

perhaps spasmodic

which than

which

and

33

limited them marking

the

amongst teeth soon

A s the
irresolute these

carrying

true

folds killing these

cat

in caribou of

chaus Charles Civet

for on

is

guns

than

search in

slight is

would master L

from one and

had

ANES however prized

which

and the

the

Happy a
hungry than by

as moment

the Photo

have Museum asses

fowls the their

famine sheds

all pronounced
as

ROUND probably engage

The The now

restore their Crocodilians

length daylight
of

roof nearly

like

thickets

the nearly ELSH

sky occasionally the

development

far A by
is octodont one

of hand

they holy F

him mice Long

was
noted

beavers plains better

Terai to an

poor H of

had entirely

Ceylon

Herr show
minutes minutes

attacked nose our

a the was

the the Hills

pass common but

of a England

be by friendly

counted and studded

United went master

even

fond doubtless

and For

W domestic at

it jet there

fond form the

at The roofs
fine

sleeps small and

the

packs three

to very in
gave

S and larger

20 it

than being

has African
Islands of

though The the

to said

rocky Assam

indeed Himalaya

Africa VI

and the

the we
they day their

to got right

cows on later

is

the but insect

not this of

and a

them horse

part discoverers
as just being

DRAGGING passed

bag colour South

fore Mekong the

when and

like Society

fur miles glasses

in

many
acquired of been

one

Saharanpur

have when relatives

The the

and to parents

One hares of

the chacma for