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SINGULAR AND PLURAL
OXFORD STUDIES IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF LANGUAGE
Series editor
Laura M. Ahearn, Rutgers University
This series is devoted to works from a wide array of scholarly traditions that
treat linguistic practices as forms of social action.
Editorial Board
Alessandro Duranti, University of California at Los Angeles
Paul B. Garrett, Temple University
Justin Richland, The University of Chicago
Thank You for Dying for Our Country: Commemorative Texts and Performances
in Jerusalem
Chaim Noy
Singular and Plural: Ideologies of Linguistic Authority in 21st Century Catalonia
Kathryn A. Woolard
SINGULAR
AND PLURAL
Ideologies of Linguistic Authority in
21st Century Catalonia
Kathryn A. Woolard
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide.Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
9. Conclusion 299
Epilogue 305
References Cited 307
Index 341
L I S T O F F I G U R E S A N D TA B L E
Figures
1.1 Demonstration for Catalan independence, 2010 2
3.1 “Use your tongue/language” 76
3.2 La Queta, mascot of the Dóna corda al català
“Wind up Catalan” campaign 77
3.3 “Catalan, a shared, integrative, modern language” 78
3.4 2006 parliamentary campaign flyer, Ciutadans 82
3.5 2006 parliamentary campaign poster, Ciutadans 84
4.1 “Deeds not words”; 2006 parliamentary
campaign image of José Montilla, Catalan Socialist
Party candidate 98
4.2 Montilla at work; lower section of campaign image
in Figure 4.1 99
4.3 Fontdevila cartoon, “Urban legends of today” 113
4.4 Fontdevila cartoon, “The challenges of the Montilla
government” 114
4.5 Email quiz on “Montillan” language 123
4.6 Two Montillas: José Montilla and Sergi Mas
on Polònia 130
5.1 “Catalan, shared language” 167
6.1 “Catalan Culture, Singular and Universal”:
Poster by Miquel Barceló for the Frankfurt
Book Fair, 2007. 203
Table
7.1 Mean Status Scores by Language Guise and Year 220
P R E FA C E
When I first began research in Catalonia in 1979, it was a place where the
unusual alignments of political, economic, and linguistic forces defied stereotypi-
cal expectations about minority languages. It was also alive with aspirations for
political and sociolinguistic transformations, as it returned to political autonomy
after the end of the Franco regime. Catalonia has gotten all the more complex and
surprising in this millennium, and once again it is alive with aspirations for politi-
cal transformations, now for sovereignty. The historical layering of complexity as
well as my own increased awareness of it has made this book about Catalonia in
the 21st century more challenging to write than my first monograph on it was.
Given this, I want to acknowledge briefly the stance I have taken here as an author
and comment on how I have imagined possible readers.
It meant a lot to me when a sociolinguist told me that he found in my first
book a sympathetic account of the perspectives of both of the linguistic groups
in contact. I hope that readers of this new book will again find that to be true of
my portrayal of individuals who generously shared their experiences and views
with me. At the level of public controversies discussed in Parts I and II, it will be
evident that my own sympathies are for the continued vibrant and significant use
of Catalan, especially in creative patterns that do not quite fit traditions of any
stripe. This book tries to give both a critical and a sympathetic view of the ideo-
logical foundations of contemporary Catalanism, with the former framed well
within the latter. This is in part to redress a public record that I find imbalanced.
The book is primarily addressed to an audience outside of Catalonia, especially
in the United States, where Catalanist voices are rarely heard except among a
relatively small circle of supporters.
While writing this book, I have found that the news about Catalonia that
reaches the United States and Northern Europe is generally filtered through the
perspective of the Spanish state, in part because most international reporting
originates in Madrid, and in part because of the invisibility to social scientists,
journalists, and lay audiences of the banal nationalism of already existing states.
As a result, I often encounter systematic incomprehension of the Catalanist
definition
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