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This page intentionally left blank
 Introduction to
Database
Management

Mark L. Gillenson, Paulraj Ponniah, Alex Kriegel,

Boris M. Trukhnov, Allen G. Taylor, and Gavin Powell

with Frank Miller

Credits
PUBLISHER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Anne Smith Courtney Leshko
ACQUISITIONS EDITOR CREATIVE DIRECTOR
Lois Ann Freier Harry Nolan
MARKETING MANAGER COVER DESIGNER
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Kelly Tavares

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This book was set in Times New Roman by Techbooks, printed and bound by R.R. Donnelley. The cover was
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This book is printed on acid free paper.⬁
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
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To order books or for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945).

ISBN-13 978-0-470-10186-5

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 PREFACE
College classrooms bring together learners from many backgrounds,
with a variety of aspirations. Although the students are in the same
course, they are not necessarily on the same path. This diversity, cou-
pled with the reality that these learners often have jobs, families, and
other commitments, requires a flexibility that our nation’s higher edu-
cation system is addressing. Distance learning, shorter course terms,
new disciplines, evening courses, and certification programs are some
of the approaches that colleges employ to reach as many students as
possible and help them clarify and achieve their goals.
Wiley Pathways books, a new line of texts from John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., are designed to help you address this diversity and the need for flex-
ibility. These books focus on the fundamentals, identify core competencies
and skills, and promote independent learning. Their focus on the funda-
mentals helps students grasp the subject, bringing them all to the same
basic understanding. These books use clear, everyday language and are
presented in an uncluttered format, making the reading experience more
pleasurable. The core competencies and skills help students succeed in
the classroom and beyond, whether in another course or in a profession-
al setting. A variety of built-in learning resources promote independent
learning and help instructors and students gauge students’ understanding
of the content. These resources enable students to think critically about
their new knowledge and apply their skills in any situation.
Our goal with Wiley Pathways books—with their brief, inviting
format, clear language, and core competencies and skills focus—is to
celebrate the many students in your courses, respect their needs, and
help you guide them on their way.

CASE Learning System

To meet the needs of working college students, Introduction to Database
Management uses a four-part process called the CASE Learning System:

▲ C: Content
▲ A: Analysis
▲ S: Synthesis
▲ E: Evaluation

Based on Bloom’s taxonomy of learning, CASE presents key topics in

databases in easy-to-follow chapters. The text then prompts analysis,
vi PREFACE

synthesis, and evaluation with a variety of learning aids and assessment

tools. Students move efficiently from reviewing what they have learned,
to acquiring new information and skills, to applying their new knowl-
edge and skills to real-life scenarios.
Using the CASE Learning System, students not only achieve academic
mastery of database topics, but they master real-world skills related to that
content. The CASE Learning System also helps students become inde-
pendent learners, giving them a distinct advantage in the field, whether
they are just starting out or seeking to advance in their careers.

Organization, Depth, and Breadth of the Text

▲ Modular Format. Research on college students shows that they
access information from textbooks in a non-linear way. Instructors
also often wish to reorder textbook content to suit the needs of
a particular class. Therefore, although Introduction to Database
Management proceeds logically from the basics to increasingly more
challenging material, chapters are further organized into sections that
are self-contained for maximum teaching and learning flexibility.
▲ Numeric System of Headings. Introduction to Database Management
uses a numeric system for headings (e.g., 2.3.4 identifies the
fourth subsection of Section 3 of Chapter 2). With this system,
students and teachers can quickly and easily pinpoint topics in
the table of contents and the text, keeping class time and study
sessions focused.
▲ Core Content. The topics in Introduction to Database Management
are organized into 12 chapters.

Chapter 1, Introducing Data and Data Management, introduces

students to fundamental concepts relating to data and data manage-
ment. Among the topics covered are the role data plays as a business
resource, how business practices can be used to understand data col-
lection requirements, and potential data management concerns such as
data accuracy, data security and data accessibility.
Chapter 2, Introducing Databases and Database Management,
examines the nuts and bolts of what makes up a database and a
database management system (DBMS). The chapter introduces stu-
dents to key database concepts such as data repository, data dictionary,
database software, data abstraction, data access and transaction sup-
port, and basic database types, such as production databases, decision
support databases and mass deployment databases. The chapter also
 PREFACE vii

covers the evolution of the hierarchical, network, relational, and object-

oriented database models, and describes the primary database system
architectural components, as well as the people and procedures
involved in creating a DBMS.
Chapter 3, Data Modeling, explores the process of creating a data
model. The chapter begins by introducing the design process, the use
of data diagrams, the main types of databases (transactional databases,
decisions support systems and hybrids), and the goals of data model-
ing. It also examines the incorporation of business rules into the design
process. It then looks at the key components of a relational database
model: entities, attributes and relationships, including an introduction
to some fundamental database objects such as tables, views and index-
es, and the various types of relationships (binary, unary, and ternary)
that might be included in a database model. The chapter concludes by
examining modeling tools and comparing some data models based on
different businesses.
Chapter 4, Designing a Database, focuses on the process of creat-
ing a relational database design. It covers the entity-relationship to rela-
tional table conversion process, and describes how to convert simple
entities, and various types of binary and unary relationships to rela-
tional tables, including choosing the foreign keys needed to establish
and maintain relationships. Two case studies in which E-R diagrams are
converted relational tables are included. The chapter then delves into
the process known as normalization, which helps identify duplicate
data and optimize data storage, and provides an in-depth look at the
three normal forms.
Chapter 5, Implementing a Database, examines the final physical
design issues and the basic implementation process. It introduces the
types of utilities available for object creation and examines data integri-
ty and performance optimization needs. It concludes with a section on
database object implementation, and how to create basic tables, indexes,
and views.
Chapter 6, Understanding the SQL Language, introduces the SQL
language standard and the types of variations that have been added
by different DBMSs. It covers basic language components through
simple command examples, such as the use of the SELECT statement
to retrieve values from a single table and to evaluate expressions. The
chapter also introduces the concept of operators and SQL language
functions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of DDL and DML
statements, including the standard SQL syntax for selected com-
mands such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, ALTER and
DROP.
viii PREFACE

Chapter 7, Data Access and Manipulation, examines the use of the

SELECT statement for data access and data manipulation. It covers
using the SELECT statement to run data retrieval queries and how to
build queries with SELECT statement keywords, as well as various
methods for filtering the result set and organizing the data returned by
a query. The chapter also describes how to use joins and subqueries to
combine the results from multiple tables into a single result. The chap-
ter concludes with a look at the basics of using batches and scripts to
execute sets of statements as a group and to save these so that they can
be retrieved and executed later.
Chapter 8, Improving Data Access, covers a variety of topics related
to improving data access, including improving access performance,
simplifying access, and protecting table data from unauthorized
access. The chapter introduces the concept of bottlenecks and exam-
ines the types of symptoms they are likely to cause, and the most likely
solutions to correct performance problems. The chapter also looks at
how to design indexes and views to support and control data access
and help improve query response. The chapter concludes with a dis-
cussion about using procedures and functions both to automate
database operations (including data access queries) and to control
access to database data.
Chapter 9, Database Administration, focuses on administration
roles and responsibilities. The chapter begins with a look at how
administration roles can be justified, and then examines the different
roles of data administrators and database administrators, and the
responsibilities related to each. The chapter concludes with an exami-
nation of about issues relating to administration tasks, such as choos-
ing the proper utilities and using automation appropriately.
Chapter 10, Transactions and Locking, focuses on the basics of
transactions, which are a key part of almost all database applications. It
covers ACID properties and transaction commands, and the differences
between implicit and explicit transactions. It next examines possible
concurrency problems and methods used by various DBMSs to avoid
those problems. It concludes with a look at SQL Server transaction
support, including isolation level support and methods for detecting
and clearing deadlocks.
Chapter 11, Data Access and Security, covers a topic that is critical
to any database design. The chapter begins by introducing data server
and database connectivity concepts and requirements. From there, it
moves on to including server and database access requirements in the
database design and implementation, focusing on a two-tier security
system with separate server-level and database-level principals, including
 PREFACE ix

their role in the connection process. Finally, it introduces access per-

missions and data protection methods as a way to protect against and
recover from data loss.
Chapter 12, Supporting Database Applications, looks at the three
most common database configurations for application support. It starts
with a look at centralized database configurations and variations on the
traditional client/server model. Then, it looks at distributed database
configurations that might be used to support enterprise applications,
including options for implementing a distributed data environment
and the role of replication in maintaining distributed data. It concludes
with an examination of issues related to supporting Internet-based
applications.

Pre-reading Learning Aids

Each chapter of Introduction to Database Management features the follow-
ing learning and study aids to activate students’ prior knowledge of the
topics and orient them to the material.

▲ Pre-test. This pre-reading assessment tool in multiple-choice for-

mat not only introduces chapter material, but it also helps stu-
dents anticipate the chapter’s learning outcomes. By focusing
students’ attention on what they do not know, the self-test pro-
vides students with a benchmark against which they can measure
their own progress. The pre-test is available online at
www.wiley.com/college/gillenson.
▲ What You’ll Learn in This Chapter. This bulleted list focuses on
subject matter that will be taught. It tells students what they will
be learning in this chapter and why it is significant for their
careers. It will also help students understand why the chapter is
important and how it relates to other chapters in the text.
▲ After Studying This Chapter, You’ll Be Able To. This list
emphasizes capabilities and skills students will learn as a result of
reading the chapter. It sets students up to synthesize and evaluate
the chapter material, and relate it to the real world.

Within-text Learning Aids

The following learning aids are designed to encourage analysis and syn-
thesis of the material, support the learning process, and ensure success
during the evaluation phase:
x PREFACE

▲ Introduction. This section orients the student by introducing the

chapter and explaining its practical value and relevance to the book
as a whole. Short summaries of chapter sections preview the topics
to follow.
▲ “For Example” Boxes. Found within each section, these boxes tie
section content to real-world examples, scenarios, and applications.
▲ Figures and tables. Line art and photos have been carefully cho-
sen to be truly instructional rather than filler. Tables distill and
present information in a way that is easy to identify, access, and
understand, enhancing the focus of the text on essential ideas.
▲ Self-Check. Related to the “What You’ll Learn” bullets and found
at the end of each section, this battery of short answer questions
emphasizes student understanding of concepts and mastery of
section content. Though the questions may either be discussed in
class or studied by students outside of class, students should not
go on before they can answer all questions correctly.
▲ Key Terms and Glossary. To help students develop a professional
vocabulary, key terms are bolded in the introduction, summary,
and when they first appear in the chapter. A complete list of key
terms appears at the end of each chapter and again in a glossary at
the end of the book with brief definitions. Knowledge of key terms
is assessed by all assessment tools (see below).
▲ Summary. Each chapter concludes with a summary paragraph that
reviews the major concepts in the chapter and links back to the
“What You’ll Learn” list.

Evaluation and Assessment Tools

The evaluation phase of the CASE Learning System consists of a vari-
ety of within-chapter and end-of-chapter assessment tools that test how
well students have learned the material. These tools also encourage stu-
dents to extend their learning into different scenarios and higher levels
of understanding and thinking. The following assessment tools appear
in every chapter of Introduction to Database Management:

▲ Summary Questions help students summarize the chapter’s

main points by asking a series of multiple choice and true/false
questions that emphasize student understanding of concepts and
mastery of chapter content. Students should be able to answer all
of the Summary Questions correctly before moving on.
 PREFACE xi

▲ Applying This Chapter questions drive home key ideas by asking

students to synthesize and apply chapter concepts to new, real-life
situations and scenarios.
▲ You Try It questions are designed to extend students’ thinking,
and so are ideal for discussion or writing assignments. Using an
open-ended format and sometimes based on Web sources, they
encourage students to draw conclusions using chapter material
applied to real-world situations, which fosters both mastery and
independent learning.
▲ Post-test should be taken after students have completed the
chapter. It includes all of the questions in the pre-test, so that stu-
dents can see how their learning has progressed and improved. The
post-test is available online at www.wiley.com/college/gillenson.

Instructor Package
Introduction to Database Management is available with the following teach-
ing and learning supplements. All supplements are available online at
the text’s Book Companion Web site, located at www.wiley.com/college/
gillenson.

▲ Instructor’s Resource Guide. Provides the following aids and

supplements for teaching an introduction to databases course:
▲ Sample syllabus. A convenient template that instructors may
use for creating their own course syllabi.
▲ Teaching suggestions. For each chapter, these include a chapter
summary, learning objectives, definitions of key terms, lecture
notes, answers to select text question sets, and at least 3 sug-
gestions for classroom activities, such as ideas for speakers to
invite, videos to show, and other projects.
▲ PowerPoint Slides. Key information is summarized in 10 to 15
PowerPoint slides per chapter. Instructors may use these in class
or choose to share them with students for class presentations or
to provide additional study support.
▲ Test Bank. One test per chapter, as well as a mid-term, and two
finals: one cumulative, one non-cumulative. Each includes true/
false, multiple choice, and open-ended questions. Answers and page
references are provided for the true/false and multiple choice ques-
tions, and page references for the open-ended questions. Questions
are available in Microsoft Word and computerized test bank formats.
xii PREFACE

Student Project Manual

The inexpensive Introduction to Database Management Project Manual
contains activities (an average of five projects per textbook chapter)
designed to help students apply textbook concepts in a practical way.
Easier exercises at the beginning graduate to more challenging projects
that build critical-thinking skills.
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