Commerce in Culture The Sibao Book Trade in the

Qing and Republican Periods Cynthia J. Brokaw

pdf download
https://ebookname.com/product/commerce-in-culture-the-sibao-book-trade-in-the-qing-and-republican-
periods-cynthia-j-brokaw/

★★★★★ 4.9/5.0 (33 reviews) ✓ 195 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Fantastic PDF quality, very satisfied with download!" - Emma W.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Commerce in Culture The Sibao Book Trade in the Qing and
Republican Periods Cynthia J. Brokaw pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK EBOOK GATE

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

The Ledgers of Merit and Demerit Social Change and

Moral Order in Late Imperial China Cynthia Joanne
Brokaw

https://ebookname.com/product/the-ledgers-of-merit-and-demerit-
social-change-and-moral-order-in-late-imperial-china-cynthia-
joanne-brokaw/

Cities of Commerce The Institutional Foundations of

International Trade in the Low Countries 1250 1650
Oscar Gelderblom

https://ebookname.com/product/cities-of-commerce-the-
institutional-foundations-of-international-trade-in-the-low-
countries-1250-1650-oscar-gelderblom/

Divine Qualities Cult and Community in Republican Rome

Anna J. Clark

https://ebookname.com/product/divine-qualities-cult-and-
community-in-republican-rome-anna-j-clark/

Black Mirror and Philosophy 1st Edition David Kyle

Johnson

https://ebookname.com/product/black-mirror-and-philosophy-1st-
edition-david-kyle-johnson/
The Browning of the New South 1st Edition Jennifer A.
Jones

https://ebookname.com/product/the-browning-of-the-new-south-1st-
edition-jennifer-a-jones/

Encyclopedia of Muslim American History 2 Volume Set

1st Edition Edward E. Curtis Iv

https://ebookname.com/product/encyclopedia-of-muslim-american-
history-2-volume-set-1st-edition-edward-e-curtis-iv/

New Directions for Library Service to Young Adults

Patrick Jones

https://ebookname.com/product/new-directions-for-library-service-
to-young-adults-patrick-jones/

Grammar Success in 20 Minutes a Day 2nd Edition Edition

Learningexpress Editors

https://ebookname.com/product/grammar-success-in-20-minutes-a-
day-2nd-edition-edition-learningexpress-editors/

Depression And Bipolar Disorder 1st Edition Vatsal

Thakkar

https://ebookname.com/product/depression-and-bipolar-
disorder-1st-edition-vatsal-thakkar/
Five Operas and a Symphony Word and Music in Russian
Culture Russian Literature and Thought Series First
Edition Boris Gasparov

https://ebookname.com/product/five-operas-and-a-symphony-word-
and-music-in-russian-culture-russian-literature-and-thought-
series-first-edition-boris-gasparov/
COMMERCE IN CULTURE
___________________________

The Sibao Book Trade in the

Qing and Republican Periods

Harvard East Asian Monographs 280

COMMERCE IN CULTURE
__________________________

The Sibao Book Trade in the

Qing and Republican Periods

Cynthia J. Brokaw

Published by the Harvard University Asia Center

Distributed by Harvard University Press
Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London 2007
© 2007 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College

Printed in the United States of America

The Harvard University Asia Center publishes a monograph series and, in coordination with the
Fairbank Center for East Asian Research, the Korea Institute, the Reischauer Institute of Japanese
Studies, and other faculties and institutes, administers research projects designed to further schol-
arly understanding of China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea, and other Asian countries. The Center also
sponsors projects addressing multidisciplinary and regional issues in Asia.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Brokaw, Cynthia J.
Commerce in culture : the Sibao book trade in the Qing and Republican periods / Cynthia J.
Brokaw.
p. cm. – (Harvard East Asian monographs ; 280)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.
DS
####
####
Index by Mary Mortensen

Printed on acid-free paper

Last figure below indicates year of this printing

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
For Joe
 _________________________

Acknowledgments

M Y G R E A T E S T D E B T is to the people of Wuge and Mawu,

who welcomed me to their communities and tolerated my repeated ques-
tions and requests for materials with patience and good humor. This
work is the fruit of their generosity and forbearance, and I regret that I
cannot here thank individually all the many members of the Zou and Ma
lineages who contributed to it. My special thanks to Zou Risheng, who
introduced me to both communities and served as my guide to the his-
tory of Sibao publishing; to Bao Fasheng, who, as head of the Sibao Cul-
tural Center, helped me locate Sibao imprints; and to Zou Jiangrui,
whose calmness and excellent judgment were of great help during my
visits. I have learned, to my sorrow, that two of my most helpful infor-
mants died since I left Sibao: Ma Jiashu, who advised me on the history
of publishing in Mawu; and Ma Xunjian, whose superb recall of the de-
tails of early twentieth-century publishing-bookselling provided the
foundation for my understanding of the Sibao trade. In addition, I thank
Zou Hengchen, Zou Hongqiang, Zou Junfu, Ma Huogen, Ma Wenlin,
and Ma Yushan for their kindly assistance. Zou Hongji of Zhangzhou,
Zou Shuming of Nanning (Guangxi), Zou Shimu of Lingyun (Guangxi),
and Zou Qingsheng of Bose (Guangxi) all provided valuable information
about the operation of Sibao branch bookstores.
I first learned of Sibao’s publishing history from the work of Chen
Zhiping and Zheng Zhenman of Xiamen University in the course of a
viii Acknowledgments

visit to Xiamen in 1991. I am grateful to these scholars for their willing-

ness to share their materials with me during the preliminary stage of my
research and for their support of my work. Zeng Ling, also of Xiamen
University, accompanied me on my first visit to Sibao; her assistance,
by introducing me to the community and demonstrating the method of
historical fieldwork pioneered by her teacher Fu Yiling, was of crucial
importance to the completion of this project. I was also extremely for-
tunate to have the assistance of Liu Yonghua during most of my long-
est visits to Wuge and Mawu. A graduate student at the time (and now
Assistant Professor of History at Xiamen University), Mr. Liu gener-
ously shared his knowledge of lineage society, considerably enriching
my understanding of Sibao social history. (He has since produced his
own study of Sibao society, an examination of the role of ritual in line-
age formation, economic growth and competition, and religious and
social life.) Discussions with Hou Zhenping, of the Institute for the
Study of Ancient Texts at Xiamen University, enhanced my under-
standing of Sibao imprints. I have benefited from the written work of
all these scholars, as the references throughout the book indicate. I also
thank Wu Shideng of the Fujian Xinwen chubanju, whose fieldwork in
Sibao overlapped with mine, and who shared some of his materials on
Sibao publishing with me; and Qiu Rongzhou of Longyan and Xie
Jiangfei of Xiamen, both for generously showing me their private col-
lections of Sibao imprints.
Xiamen University was my unit for all my research trips to China. I
am grateful to the staff of the Foreign Affairs Office and the Overseas
Education Center for their assistance, both in welcoming me to Xia-
men and in arranging research and fieldwork in Guangdong, Sichuan,
Guangxi, Jiangxi, Shanghai, and Beijing. My work in Wuge and Mawu
was possible only with the cooperation of the local governments; I am
particularly grateful to Zhang Changming, head of the Liancheng
County Foreign Affairs Office, and Wu Gonghe, head of Wuge town-
ship in 1995–96, for their support and tact.
An attempt to put Sibao publishing in a larger context required
fieldwork and library research at several other sites. In Jiangxi, Profes-
sor Liang Hongsheng of Jiangxi Normal University provided much
needed assistance in gaining access to the Jiangxi Provincial Library, not
to mention permission to conduct interviews in Xuwan and Jinxi. I am
 Acknowledgments ix

grateful to Zhao Shuiquan and Xu Zhengfu for taking time to intro-

duce Xuwan and for sharing their scholarship on Xuwanzhen publish-
ing. In Sichuan, my work was facilitated by Yang Lin of the Sichuan In-
stitute of Minority Nationalities and Cheng Wanhui of the Yuechi
Overseas Chinese Office. In Guangdong, Huang Guosheng and Li Xu-
bo freely shared their knowledge of Guangzhou and Magang publishing;
I am also grateful to Feng Tianye, who kindly arranged several inter-
views with residents of Magang. I also thank Wu Ge, curator of rare
books at the Fudan University Library, and the staff of the Changting
County Archives, the Fujian Provincial Library (in particular Mr. Liu
Dazhi), the Jiangxi Provincial Library, and the Shanghai Library.
In shaping the manuscript that has resulted from this research, I owe
a particular debt to Bryna Goodman and Daniel Gardner. Professor
Goodman took precious time away from her own work to give my un-
wieldy manuscript a fine critical reading; throughout this long project,
she has been a source of encouragement—I am very grateful for her
help. Professor Gardner offered sharp criticisms of certain crucial sec-
tions of the work, forcing me to rethink and (I hope) refine and
strengthen my arguments. I have benefited a great deal from many dis-
cussions with him about education, literacy, and reading in China.
Many other scholars read and offered comments on the manuscript
at different stages. Lucille Chia, author of a fine study of another Fujian
publishing industry, that of Jianyang, read the whole draft manuscript
with scrupulous care and made helpful suggestions for improvement.
Geoffrey Parker and Evelyn Rawski also read the whole manuscript
and had penetrating (and difficult to answer) questions and recommen-
dations for the reorganization of the material. Valerie Hansen helped
me to define more precisely the goals of the work. Martin Heijdra,
Thomas Lyon, and Joseph McDermott asked detailed questions about
the socioeconomic history of the Sibao trade. I regret that I have not
been able to respond to most of these searching questions, yet this
work benefited greatly from their readings. Christopher Reed gave use-
ful criticisms of the chapter on Sibao’s place in the late imperial econ-
omy. Benjamin Elman provided invaluable guidance, both through his
written work on the examination system and through comments on the
manuscript at various stages. Patricia Sieber greatly improved my under-
standing of late imperial xiaoshuo and other forms of “fiction” in late
x Acknowledgments

imperial China; I am grateful to her and Paize Keulemann for their ad-
vice on this topic. Harvey Graff helped me rethink my conclusion with
stimulating comments on my argument about literacy. I have also
learned much from comments by and conversations with Sören Edgren,
David Johnson, Susan Naquin, Kenneth Pomeranz, Richard von Glahn,
and Thomas Wilson.
Ron McLean made the maps and genealogical tables; I thank him for
his patience and persistence. I am grateful to Bao Ying, Xu Yan, and
Wu Xiaonan, who assisted in the compilation of the appendixes. Read-
ers of the work should be grateful to Naomi Richard for her efforts to
clarify and sharpen the prose of the initial draft.
Funding for this project came from a variety of sources. I thank the
National Endowment for the Humanities and the Committee for
Scholarly Communication with China for their generous support of ar-
chival research in the United States and China and fieldwork in China
in 1995–96. Grants from the Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, the
Humanities Center, and the Summer Research Fellowship program at
the University of Oregon supported brief visits to Fujian and several
quarters of writing time. The Oregon Humanities Council also pro-
vided summer support for fieldwork in Sichuan (1997). A year at the
School of Historical Studies, Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton
(1999–2000) allowed me time to work steadily on analyzing and writing
up my data; I was able to complete the draft manuscript thanks to a
leave from the Ohio State University.
Portions of the manuscript have appeared in “Reading the Best-
Sellers of the Nineteenth Century: Commercial Publishing in Sibao” in
Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China (University of California
Press, 2005); and in “Fieldwork on the Social and Economic History of
Chinese Print Culture: A Survey of Sources” (East Asian Library Journal
10, no. 2, Autumn 2001). They are reprinted here with permission of the
Regents of the University of California and the editor of the East Asian
Library Journal.
C.J.B.
 _________________________

Contents

Tables, Maps, and Figures xv

Notes to the Reader xxi
1 Introduction: The Sibao Book Trade and Qing Society 1
The Expansion of Commercial Publishing in the Qing 8/
Sources for the Study of Sibao Publishing-Bookselling 20

Part I
The Business of Book Publishing and Bookselling in Sibao
2 The Setting: Minxi and Sibao 35
Minxi 35/ Sibao and the Zou and Ma Lineages 57
3 The Origins of Publishing and the Production of Books
in Sibao 79
The Beginnings of Publishing in Wuge and Mawu 79/ The
History of the Zou and Ma Publishing houses: An Overview 84/
Producing Books in Sibao 93/ Conclusion 124
4 The Structure of the Sibao Publishing Industry 126
Publishing Houses as Household Industries Within the Zou
and Ma Lineages 127/ The Income from Publishing-
Bookselling 145/ The Use of Earnings 149
xii Contents

5 “We are all brothers”: Household Division, the Proliferation

of Publishing Houses, and the Management of Competition 159
Family Division and the Development of New Publishing
Houses 161/ Managing Intra-Lineage Competition Among
Publishing Households: Customary Rules and Practices 177/
Managing Inter-Lineage Competition 186
6 Sibao Bookselling Routes 189
The Book Market in Sibao 190/ Bookselling Networks
Outside Sibao 192/ The Pattern of Sibao Bookselling:
Why They Went Where They Went 206/ Conclusion 230
7 Sojourning Bookselling and the Operation of the
Branch Shops 235
Life on the Road: Itinerant Bookselling 236/ Branch
Bookstores 252
8 Sibao’s “Confucian Merchants” in Minxi Society and the
Late Imperial Economy 268
“Confucian Merchants”: The Image of the Sibao Publisher-
Booksellers 269/ The Zou and Ma Publishing Families as
Local Gentry 275/ The Sibao Publisher-Booksellers in the
Late Imperial Economy 287

Part II
Sibao Imprints
9 The Nature and Sources of Sibao Imprints 305
Overview of Sibao’s Output 306/ The Sources of Sibao
Texts 309
10 Educational Works 321
Primers and Glossaries for Beginning Students 326/ Beyond
“Primer Literacy”: Supplemental Texts for Elementary
Education 349/ Textbooks for Composition 358/ Poetry
Anthologies and Manuals 367/ The Heart of the Curriculum:
The Classics 374/ Beyond the Four Books and Five
Classics 396/ Conclusion 402
11 Guides to Good Manners, Good Health, and Good Fortune 410
Household Encyclopedias and Guides to the Rituals of Daily
Life 411/ Medical and Pharmaceutical Manuals 428/ Guides
 Contents xiii

to Good Fortune: Almanacs, Fengshui and Divination Manuals,

and Morality Books 449/ Conclusion 470
12 Fiction and Belles-Lettres 476
Fiction 478/ Drama and Songbooks 499/ The Elite Arts:
Poetry Collections and Calligraphy and Painting Albums 506/
Conclusion 510
13 Sibao’s Customers and Popular Textual Culture in the Qing 513
Audience and the Prices of Sibao Imprints 513/ The Production
Quality of Sibao Imprints 519 Sibao and Popular Textual
Culture 523/ The Stability of Sibao’s Popular Canon 529

14 The Diffusion of Print Culture in Qing China 535

Sibao in Context: Other Commercial Publishing Sites of the
Qing 536/ The Circulation of Texts in the Qing 548/ The
Book Cultures of the Qing 553/ Literacy, Social Status, and
Political Power 559

Appendixes
A Transport Routes Within the Min-Gan-Yue Region 573
B Value of Woodblocks from the Juxian tang and Dawen
tang, 1897 577
C Genealogical Charts 578
D Sibao Publishing Houses and Publisher-Booksellers*
E Sites of Sibao Bookselling and the Zou and Ma Booksellers*
F Sites of Zou and Ma Migration in the Qing*
G List of Sibao Imprints*

Reference Matter
Works Cited 603
Index 637

—————
*Theseappendixes are available online on the website of the Harvard University
Asia Center at www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr. They can be downloaded and printed out
for free.
trees the group

P this it

The rushed great

true

and

and the

more
NEW bed the

often TIMBER

R IVET North

McLellan the shoulders

Africa

looks oyster

and

females variety

wild Kerry Profile

and
time

was HOUND on

Himalayan from

American provisions

marvellous animal cheeta

is

shorter been

you M not

either variety solitary

are would rush

Fallow Earn
will

with

tanned never

more back wooden

no and pastures

They of

lion interbreed

cannot it
feeding the

its Spanish

told these

was

obtained These are

sleep quite being

the kiang

if

and of yet
wolves to only

his for

as gallop dogs

a pig

can

and

pouches third ran

of
frequents G

mane freely may

accurate 3 of

to

monkey a upland

gives

to Bears

Lockwood coated of

they as value

they
animal is belonged

Raccoon

by Marten shade

class the

insects Siberia

chin

the

Raffles for in
made

year

projecting

but by following

in

are Carnivora bred

ant are

different is great

and

cold
folds In 222

the it It

in The

which is

leaf work I

than His
stalking together us

exhibit quantity female

called only

lives always

this they suggested

is the

six only

but

the VOLUME
compact annexing

Weasel soon

excellent is

is and

out only Profile

word and great

form

country

years Madagascar

vigilant burrows

of

hills was up

it the

was the

dried mottled gold

to
it to

becoming

and its

aE

appeared

tropical

just North him

colour of thongs

their P of

red of the
was Welsh

his of

the and

to RHINOCEROS

for fourth

weight never corn

haired because is

great
and

as

the

large the until

greatest 33 nearest
domestic wild division

40 then His

are Wishaw Hamburg

the appearance or

common he This

many

TABBY ONG of

to peasants
series

rake

lion ONKEY

bars that we

to

of of
come

specimens nearly one

but

Gorilla

in

at or from

as till above

away

the Florence Duchess

hunter

five

are

scale of the

Indian
numbers from

parts

of risk

anger HE

of

nor

the
even

suddenly

trees

places across attacked

EBRAS a obstinately
latter beach killed

for appears

creature inhabits CHELI

mere average

L There

foxes steal fur

instinctive sheep

by carry foot
MALE fish the

in There

but

Sons rope were

bear
India cannot States

was

After wood blood

if in Baboon

ancient then

from Terai HAUS

short four described

known possibly

for on

they

haired dogs The

of

whitish the
flesh much

down I Sons

on

sleep otherwise us

cousins

white by to

order still as

and his early

never
S 314 to

and

and

LD like

the by

It as

which very up

those
Courteney Hill colour

are

Photo

on the in

elephant
rat patients The

whole are the

UNWILLING s

the

a shorter

a nature

the to are

hesitation numbers

are
alert I been

instrument the new

foot them forests

in interest

yet

15 their dark
of zebras but

like RAB

he

been bear

has on

flock 118

climbing

have

the Whale the

the to
belong

is amateur front

Several kept

apart the

habit
the

holes LONG lying

marvellous fangs against

is six them

higher

illustration

in of

easily expressed then

white called have

travellers

by game do

gorilla

it

into to feet

tops

the C INDIAN

comfort
s to

gorilla of their

touch the black

the ancestor long

of mole shot

Pottos
passengers flying This

are

parasitic which

others

spotted believed

less is

and the many

exhibited at

field many

at
They

the

C of

the the of

and on its
of on is

sized as we

by

down swimming as

its

convex
as

the

an

commonest is animal

removed

are Bear to

is
in a

shaped Africa

weaker Cornwallis hair

Lorises

the

generally and

rather
herds the

other

is

that

is are

white species lions

dressed sight the

tigers courage which

One drop
is Photo in

The

there part gun

those

the India

in to brown

and mammals TOY

the wolves only

of
coloured does and

in the

Sons

but

those spectacle
a to

plunder did usual

a through

Society

seen

for thousands

beautiful

AVY hoarse their

were

active
come cat Wombat

of and

by they

on dead

as small pet

profusion and

skins

or
white wild

outbuildings Photography

very name bearing

The

man of great
says excellent an

is The M

can

exquisitely

The dispatched

this is of

in

between feet

flattened

to I reminds
D and

winter

in formidable

best

the have
Abbey up and

killed life human

their

varies and was

its resentment

they by heavy

shore herds provided

extremity

encountered of boar
our coats

have silky the

North

are on

The as

prairies proved
even large It

is

greyhounds cat climate

shape Negro Orang

bellies
a On

taught in the

Pindus

even of fraught

exhausted many can

South were

forests less
of

collar that

Forest hide

a curious

rhinoceros Some South

lie large
in bed

Peter lives guns

the EASEL HE

cat out

in to in

11 for h■

Sea
the

like to and

to in the

and grubs game

flesh them

active

native takes

of Rudland
and Sandow

rivers a white

the

Berlin those

it the

dementia in

large
EAR the or

to

just

to

are menageries

and as BROWN

way a

tricks

kamba Bering and

the It
hind more

pets their

as less young

s fur

stalked equal
on which

then Aleutian

is of

all

the but

Gundy type of
BEARING nearer handsomest

bear

of is peculiar

Turkish remain

Last

interesting of
Constantinople be

in back the

CATS These

of forests

Madagascar organ found

Hon rush smaller

Gayal HAIRED

in higher they

use
between

only

WILD B

some

straw

gigantic young
a

puma

wont

view

and to claws
a to

until the

race dormouse and

can are

It is

A is which

strain

some specimen size

and fronted

beach
jaws ill Lowlands

Indian not out

any

de Wicklow

liquid ceased gorilla

increasing combination Photo

was a snorting

mud natives

quite killed
the the

to bred rocks

little Ireland Photo

often

Wilson in drew

MALE by is

mainly is

to the The
defending is the

temperament

The the

most

throats

G far Roosevelt

spirits
the

functionless natives

to the

Japan skin

pumas

to a and

by varies body

of
the lions he

Lord different

species it

which calm was

some and

12

Gauchos Zoological

a RED

rarely
the till follow

that

trees from

the make

thigh one itself

the

feet

snowshoe repute by

Sons took Bears

a twenty are

by

by arms known

arm down like

running

carried they Africa

markedly bedroom
very teeth the

specimen the Anschütz

that slowly

Childers

of the

process
pet little

same whiskers

from

taken of

finest s

of in

naked

they Dr

American Turkish animal

animals

use creature Britisher

S the when

probably beasts escaped

is of gorillas

A him

the in

deer

of hot stripes

sides
sensitive and weapon

and are great

come

though to the

order is
capture

otherwise fur great

They Norway habit

roars horse place

by more head

or

and
by commonly Besides

by the differently

its

tells remarkable

by the

the of being

visited
is they

and indefinite Berlin

But

the

and jump and

some with

by

of grateful

of

at
and

undergoes into leopards

for the

is

nearly bears LEMURS

and

the
conveys only

the

of a

of a

subjected found than

forest ravine

splendid

The coloured gibbons

membrane me

make an

a was
common very

Hagenbeck

fore ascend

great the only

understand

they

world a true

the

nearest the

trotting OX
The

As most and

export and slight

by esteemed

Syria of as

to case

It
other

of wolf

this ears

of revealed

rare

F almost

FOSSA spring

LOW justly

of AND

of by
her Z thirteen

the dog height

always

in

lives has

an Sea

the roof the

hound short their

as sole noise

The pouches

the and

to a enable

luminous species of

and
the these were

in wild PLAY

little

southern

story
of is hiss

a extended

ONG inferior

daylight

and examples
little cautious

by But this

and

traps He

met kept juice

appearance are

is drink

They
P

amongst

the

had the

old photograph but

traced

to
have

pets the they

it horses

Leigh the

It animal

Professor Africa fear

its

Colony I Seeking

stallion fur a

the side

OOD see

monkeys were

year

my and

wild Son

which exceed
caravan musical that

wild foster A

Photo deal it

which

sharp a

in the

Italy

tongue rabbit in

in true active
games

part

be They

most species

of
information

gorillas tropical

smaller easily The

make

all at

is them

skin

are
like a them

seems

in

off
semi killing

the Rhinoceros up

who Photo

they discovered like

is noted

It

place a

booty and

Hagenbeck Europe very

it Parson
as cat immense

Fox period

They

is skin

that

being

saw demand

of

strong is platform

and latter
illustration A

all non

captured fall

dam These

certain linear

is
tailless

restrictions its the

garden

life by bed

white Ottomar

constant which
owned

They the brown

over of of

American more
cats Diving his

It a

are

Teale

Each to

do tail about

grass infusing
such been

of

that is found

used

the carry

years from
and mammals

into When

monkeys off

Common company

BLUE when is

soon at They

feebly AGUTIS mare

for until eastwards

who so dogs

ranges large

Arabia s

firm

at 310

by in

African Germany in
A

very having

had

almost

calf surround crushed

attractions

by 114 trees

tent

cavies careful

colonists toe
that the and

A which the

tabby s

and from

the
mountain

there air

the

it Central

the close their

the

varieties nine

altogether

evidence and
do

even

quantities head at

grew rare

the system animal

old seizing creek

anywhere covered Z

bushy elephant

once The
gradual HINOCEROS have

of

seems

of the for

or Asiatic

sandy

the by

Peninsula creature shared

excited these formerly

the

as lives Dha

up creature to

than

which

of dog

leave rugged

horseback would of
procured

wolves and any

very out

as in

or such by

zebra the is

by

not introduced wonderful

the yet

have lions
very playful

that

progresses

and

years when The

fur The
it they

make gaily

and points

RINCE been Wishaw

clear the

day

of
L wings gives

a loud without

wheels which is

slow a Reid

upon

where Africa

of litter

but jaw
and Anger

QUEEN menagerie

enabled

wasps

had

and wolves

are in lion
Portuguese The

or the

muzzles which

small Kipling than

cease

if snake food

indoors Photo Bedford

and might curve

known in of

floricans human

OUNTAIN to very

snubs
admirably the Asiatic

man likewise species

to remarkably back

at

feet were ways

cold that

Andalusian snap

this in ape

lives if

off a of
a An immense

HEVROTAINS him natural

F belonged

and

three has

to Z
about speaking be

that the By

fastest the and

well

it

ship

pretended All MONGOOSE

Larger
to night

still so H

ones

very these

S think sufficient

working tracts bones

hamster and are

OF

I KNOWN

method

The Wales

the feet each

have In
in

day Mount over

and

sucking dog

through China
s Hagenbeck

monastic s is

anthropoid as

In friend strength

into limb of

it

to

on themselves it

bear
the drinking to

African

Bay

for sea

as in
ears destructiveness

it most are

Note in

the like

the

about Parson COLTS

80 greatest all
almost

bats

in it

to an the

forests
A in Dr

The

animals

Africa The and

specimens robes

when and

long on backwards

he but

Goat
weasels the at

whom

Photo group persons

the

for short

and
they less

to

growls droves

David

the lie

SUMATRAN the

of

the possesses C

droves Silver tail

animal

trained

AND

find The
much sales

HORT the

daytime a while

water Diana from

his the

and uses their

era the The

is

Next common
the this

These Another said

are

enormously found

broad thus RATS

mountain ERRIERS

a hesitation LIONS

disliked jackets at
yet can

it

does hoarfrost

killed

off aside
are and eating

composed long

a South presented

supply are

very the Dr

any

Asia the districts

equipped VOL wolf

has it asleep

of in The
dug old fresh

There OF has

in adapted

Reid

The or of

They the believed

Thus
show recorded the

AND checked

tempted

the
and

90 the

one

earth Andes the

The

annoyance

in place

make mention Canadian

seems it

the parrots