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Fausto Pedro García Márquez
Alexander Karyotakis
Mayorkinos Papaelias Editors

Renewable
Energies
Business Outlook 2050
Renewable Energies
Fausto Pedro García Márquez
Alexander Karyotakis Mayorkinos Papaelias
•

Editors

Renewable Energies
Business Outlook 2050

123
Editors
Fausto Pedro García Márquez Mayorkinos Papaelias
ETSI Industriales de Ciudad Real Metallurgy and Materials
University of Castilla-La Mancha University of Birmingham
Ciudad Real Birmingham
Spain UK

Alexander Karyotakis
Renewable Energy
Terna Energy
Athens, Attiki
Greece

ISBN 978-3-319-45362-0 ISBN 978-3-319-45364-4 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45364-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016963312

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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Printed on acid-free paper

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Preface

This book presents the main advances in renewable energy sources and looks into
the Business Outlook of the sector until 2050. Each chapter discusses the key issues
expected to influence renewable energy in the forthcoming years. This book inte-
grates analytic principles with business practice in the renewable energy sector. It
provides an interface between the main disciplines of economic/engineering/
technology and the organisational, administrative and planning abilities of man-
agement applied in renewable energy. It is complementary to other subdisciplines
such as economics, financial management, marketing, decision-making and risk
analysis.
This book is intended for wide use among engineers, economists, strategists,
managers, researchers and scientists conducting research or working on renewable
energy-related disciplines. The authors of this book describe their original work in
the area or provide material for case studies successfully applying engineering
management in case studies.
This work provides a comprehensive overview of current renewable energy
technologies and their basic principles. It also addresses the financial aspects of
renewable energy projects and analyses their profitability, covering the most rele-
vant topics for engineers, economists, managers and scientists who are actively
involved in renewable energy research and management. The authors are
researchers and professionals active in renewable energy, supplementing the main
content with revealing case studies and best-practice examples.
Renewable energy is essential for the world economy and the current and future
generations’ welfare, contributing in a balanced way to the attainment of the general
goal of energy security and environmental protection. However, there are also dif-
ferent technical, economic, societal and financial challenges and limitations for the
deployment of renewable energy sources, distribution and consumption which need
to be addressed. In order to understand and overcome these challenges and barriers
in further promoting renewable energy growth, it is important to model, analyse and
assess the cost-effectiveness and societal and environmental impact of various
renewable energy solutions systemically. Chapter “Multiple Criteria Performance
Modelling and Impact Assessment of Renewable Energy Systems—A

v
vi Preface

Literature Review” aims to review relevant performance modelling, impact

assessment and decision analysis techniques for renewable energy systems.
Chapter “Towards Energy Self-sufficiency in Large Metropolitan Areas:
Business Opportunities on Renewable Electricity in Madrid” introduces the para-
digm of the large metropolitan areas that are generally associated with high energy
demand but low energy production, thus acting as vast energy drains. Reducing
energy import levels in this type of region may bring about relevant business
opportunities. Given the increasingly significant role of green (low-carbon) energy
in current and future energy policies, these opportunities are expected to be closely
linked to renewable energy. In this chapter, the energy system model of the region
of Madrid (Spain) is used to evaluate novel energy scenarios to 2050 based on
alternative electricity import levels. As indigenous electricity supply increases,
wider market horizons arise for renewable energy technologies as a plausible
option. Overall, through the case study of Madrid, it is shown that the path towards
clean energy self-sufficiency has the potential to act as an effective catalyst for
business opportunities on renewables in large metropolitan areas.
Chapter “How Do Energy Engineers of the Future Think. Analysis of Master
Students’ Proposals” considers the projects on renewable energy developed by
postgraduate students, as it is significant to know the vision of the new generation of
energy engineers. These projects can be used as a source of creativity and innova-
tion. The projects of 168 international students pursuing EIT KIC InnoEnergy
masters, more specifically M.Sc. RENE and M.Sc. SELECT, were analysed. The
students were gathered in 25 teams and worked on projects and challenges following
their own ideas. The students’ proposals were listed and classified according to
technologies, degree of radical innovation, complexity, scope, TRL and agents that
would develop the solutions. The typical proposal is based on solar energy, involves
several elements, has, at least initially, a limited scope, uses commercially available
technology and is adapted to the case in all other respects. This vision seems to be
very promising to spread renewable energy solutions.
Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems use the thermal energy coming from
the sun in the form of solar radiation for generating electricity. This renewable
energy source will require the use of new technologies in the future to expand
further. Chapter “Concentrated Solar Power: Present and Future” describes the main
characteristics of CSP systems, their technical issues and maintenance management.
The solar thermal industry employs different CSP plant types based on parabolic
trough, linear Fresnel, solar towers, dish Stirling and solar chimney technologies.
Each of these technologies is analysed compared with the others. The operational
expenditure (OPEX) costs of CSP must be reduced further in order to increase its
competitiveness in comparison with other power generation sources and increase
market penetration prospects. The chapter also presents the main maintenance
management approaches, including inspection strategies for ensuring structural
integrity during operation.
Big Data is becoming the most powerful tool to analyse the huge amount of data
that the condition monitoring and SCADA systems currently collect. Cloud pro-
cessing is among the benefits offered by Big Data, allowing analysis of data in real
Preface vii

time from different parts of the world. The technological advances in mass data
processing can be exploited to treat information from thousands of sensors. Chapter
“Concentrated Solar Plants Management: Big Data and Neural Network” presents a
new approach for optimal condition monitoring and control of CSP Plants spread
over different geographical locations. The information from condition monitoring
sensors and data for the optimal control of the plants need a cloud platform for joint
analysis with forecast data (meteorological, demand of other plants, etc.). The main
processing tool used is based on neural networks, responsible for correlating the
obtained signals in real time, to determine anomalous results and generate alarms.
Chapter “Wind Energy Power Prospective” deals with wind energy and wind
farm operation and maintenance. Wind farms, in contrast to the conventional power
plants, are exposed to variable weather conditions. As a result of these variations,
wind turbines are subjected to high variable mechanical loads, which require a high
level of maintenance to provide cost-effective power production and ensure unin-
terrupted operation throughout the intended design lifetime. The demand for wind
energy has been rising at an exponential rate in recent years, due to the reduction in
operating and maintenance costs, as well as increasing reliability of industrial wind
turbine models. Wind turbine operators employ condition monitoring systems that
collect information regarding the actual condition of the main components of the
turbine, enabling maintenance crews to determine anomalous operating situations in
time to intervene and correct faults.
Weather conditions have a key role in the amount of energy produced by wind
farms. Ice can appear in regions with cold conditions or during winter season. Ice
on blades reduces the efficiency of the turbines, increases failures and downtime,
causing imbalance of the rotor and resulting in power generation losses and hence
reduced profitability. This makes necessary the research and development of new
methods for detection, prevention and removal of ice from blades. Chapter
“Managing Costs and Review for Icing Problems” presents the current state of the
art in dealing with blade icing, including some techniques and methods of detec-
tion, anti-icing and de-icing. Finally, an economicotechnic study concerning
commercial ice detection systems is carried out.
Chapter “Big Data and Wind Turbines Maintenance Management” focuses on
the analysis of the Big Data associated with wind farm maintenance. An analysis
of the data collected by Condition Monitoring and Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition Systems is carried out. This analysis is done using two methods whose
objectives are to reduce the amount of data and, therefore, to facilitate the data
processing. Two case studies are presented in order to clarify how these methods
should be applied.
The Icelandic society is conveniently located where the Eurasian and
North-American tectonic plates meet. This allows for relatively easy and cheap
access to geothermal energy. Icelanders have benefited from this since settlement,
first through direct use of the warm water but later on by co-producing electricity.
The nation also benefits from large glacial rivers, offering potential for energy
harvesting. Chapter “Societal and Environmental Impact of High Energy Return on
Investment (EROI) Energy Access” explores the benefits of renewable energy in
viii Preface

this region, using Iceland as a case study. It is demonstrated by exploring the energy
return on investment (EROI) for the Nesjavellir geothermal and Fljotsdalsstod
hydropower plant and the CO2 mitigation provided by the resources as the Icelandic
society no longer needs to rely on fossil fuels for electricity and heating. This
chapter demonstrates systematically how societies may benefit ecologically but also
energetically from access to renewable energy sources.
Chapter “Future Maintenance Management in Renewable Energies” describes
the future of maintenance management in renewable energy industry. The impor-
tance of non-destructive testing (NDT) is highlighted. NDT involves the use of a
variety of inspection techniques for detecting internal or surface discontinuities in
structures, or determining certain properties of materials. The results of NDT
processes contribute to the improvement of quality, public safety and prevention of
faults. Effective NDT approaches can help reduce the corrective/preventive main-
tenance requirements of a renewable energy plant as well as increase the operational
lifetime of certain components.

Ciudad Real, Spain Fausto Pedro García Márquez

Athens, Greece Alexander Karyotakis
Birmingham, UK Mayorkinos Papaelias
2016
Contents

Multiple Criteria Performance Modelling and Impact Assessment

of Renewable Energy Systems—A Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ting Wu, Dong-Ling Xu and Jian-Bo Yang
Towards Energy Self-sufficiency in Large Metropolitan Areas:
Business Opportunities on Renewable Electricity in Madrid . . . . . . . . . 17
Diego García-Gusano, Diego Iribarren and Javier Dufour
How Do Energy Engineers of the Future Think. Analysis
of Master Students’ Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Jordi Olivella, Josep Bordonau, Gema Calleja and Enrique Velo
Concentrated Solar Power: Present and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Mayorkinos Papaelias, Fausto Pedro García Márquez
and Isaac Segovia Ramirez
Concentrated Solar Plants Management:
Big Data and Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Alfredo Arcos Jiménez, Carlos Q. Gómez and Fausto Pedro García
Márquez
Wind Energy Power Prospective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Carlos Quiterio Gómez Muñoz and Fausto Pedro García Márquez
Managing Costs and Review for Icing Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Jesús María Pinar-Pérez and Fausto Pedro García Márquez
Big Data and Wind Turbines Maintenance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Alberto Pliego, Raúl Ruiz de la Hermosa
and Fausto Pedro García Márquez

ix
x Contents

Societal and Environmental Impact of High Energy

Return on Investment (EROI) Energy Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Reynir Smari Atlason and Runar Unnthorsson
Future Maintenance Management in Renewable Energies . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Carlos Quiterio Gómez Muñoz and Fausto Pedro García Márquez
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