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Microelectronics 2nd ed Edition Jerry C Whitaker Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Jerry C Whitaker
ISBN(s): 9781420037593, 1420037595
Edition: 2nd ed
File Details: PDF, 14.42 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
 Microelectronics
Second Edition

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Microelectronics
Second Edition

Jerry C. Whitaker

Boca Raton London New York

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

This material was previously published in The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition. © CRC Press LLC 2005.

Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3391-1 (Hardcover)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3391-0 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005053102

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.

No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Microelectronics / [edited by] Jerry C. Whitaker.-- 2nd ed.

p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-3391-1 (alk. paper)
1. Microelectronics. I. Whitaker, Jerry C.

TK7874.M4587 2005
621.381--dc22 2005053102

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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Preface

The discipline of microelectronics has played a fundamental role in shaping the electronics industry, as
well as related industries that rely on electronic components and subsystems. In a realm where changes
happen frequently and dramatically, the constant themes that have persisted are miniaturization, increased
speed, reduced power consumption, and reduced cost. These effects have resulted in an increased demand
for microelectronics in all sectors of consumer, industrial, and military products. Advancements in man-
ufacturing have enabled these devices to be produced in very high volumes, thereby reducing the cost per
device. In turn, the lower cost fuels future demand which pushes the industry for further miniaturization
and higher volume manufacturing.
The combination of reduced size, increased speed, and increased capacity of microelectronics devices
was first observed by Gordon E. Moore (the legendary Chairman of Intel)who during the 1960s commented
that the feature size of semiconductor transistors reduced by 10 percent per year. In fact, the reduction has
been even more dramatic than that. The capacity of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) integrated
circuits has quadrupled approximately every three years. The increased density of transistors contained in
microelectronic devices has resulted in a phenomenon of virtually “free computing power.”
The digital revolution of the 1980s ushered in the so-called Information Age, and with it came substantial
growth of data recording systems, primarily associated with the desktop computer. The transition to digital
systems is far from complete, but it has already had far-reaching impact. Perhaps most important is the
nearly universal usability of digital information. Any form of expression that can be quantified can be
turned into a digital bit stream, and carried in tandem with any other type of expression.
Computers manipulate data and in this context they can be thought of as the engines necessary to
organize and access information. Computers are rapidly changing the world—from the workplace to the
home—ranging from traditional stand-alone mainframes to embedded computational devices. Almost
every piece of equipment or appliance contains one or more microprocessors.
The market demand for microelectronics has evolved from largely a military-driven demand to one that
is now largely consumer-driven. Consequently, the device features have also been targeted at consumer
needs, such as low power, low cost, and mass market applications, rather than military needs, such as
meeting military specifications for reliability and packaging, specialized applications, and the resulting
high cost of such devices. The performance of microelectronics is measured, thus, from the viewpoint of
the technological aspects of the device, as well as from the viewpoint of end user effectiveness. The goal is
to enable the end user of the devices to perform complex tasks in a more efficient manner than what was
previously possible.
This Handbook focuses on the technological issues within specific microelectronic technologies and
examines how they affect the push of technology that drives the next generation of microelectronics.
The chapters describe the three primary elements of microelectronics technology: materials, devices, and
applications.
This Handbook strives to give the reader a broad understanding of the technologies shaping microelec-
tronics and how these technologies affect the end uses of the devices.

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Contributors

Samuel O. Agbo Tom Chen James E. Goldman

California Polytechnic State Department of Electrical Purdue University
University Engineering West Lafayette, Indiana
San Luis Obispo, California Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado Margaret H. Hamilton
Constantine N. Hamilton Technologies, Inc.
Anagnostopoulos James G. Cottle Cambridge, Massachusetts
Microelectronics Technical Hewlett-Packard
Division San Francisco, California Rangachar Kasturi
Eastman Kodak Company Department of Computer
Yariv Ephraim Science
Rochester, New York
Department of Electrical and Pennsylvania State University
Praveen Asthana Computer Engineering State College, Pennsylvania
IBM Corporation George Mason University
San Jose, California Fairfax, Virginia David A. Kosiba
Pennsylvania State University
David F. Besch Eugene D. Fabricius State College, Pennsylvania
University of the Pacific EL/EE Department
Stockton, California California Polytechnic State Paul P.K. Lee
University Microelectronics Technical
Bruce W. Bomar San Luis Obispo, California Division
Department of Electrical and Eastman Kodak Company
Computer Engineering Robert J. Feugate, Jr. Rochester, New York
University of Tennessee Space College of Engineering and
Institute Technology Élvio João Leonardo
Tullahoma, Tennessee University of Arizona University of Campinas
Flagstaff, Arizona São Paulo, Brazil
John R. Brews
University of Arizona Paul D. Franzon Honoch Lev-Ari
Tucson, Arizona Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering Computer Engineering
Paulo Cardieri North Carolina State University Northeastern University
University of Campinas Raleigh, North Carolina Boston, Massachusetts
São Paulo, Brazil
Susan A. Garrod Shih-Lien Lu
Jonathon A. Chambers Department of Electrical Department of Electronics and
Cardiff School of Engineering Engineering Computer Engineering
Cardiff University Purdue University Oregon State University
Wales, United Kingdom West Lafayette, Indiana Corvallis, Oregon

vii

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Álvaro Augusto Machado William J.J. Roberts Stuart K. Tewksbury
Medeiros Atlantic Coast Technologies, Department of Electrical and
University of Campinas Inc. Computer Engineering
São Paulo, Brazil Silver Spring, Maryland Stevens Institute
of Technology
Victor Meeldijk
Joy S. Shetler Hoboken, New Jersey
Network Processing Group
Intel Corporation Computer Engineering
Parsippany, New Jersey Program Jerry C. Whitaker
California Polytechnic Advance Television Systems
John D. Meyer State University Committee
Printing Technologies San Luis Obispo, Washington, DC
Department California
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Palo Alto, California Bogdan M. Wilamowski
Sidney Soclof
Wayne Needham California State University Department of Electrical and
Intel Corporation San Gabriel, California Computer Engineering
Chandler, Arizona Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Fabrizio Pollara Sawasd Tantaratana
Jet Propulsion Lab Department of Electrical and
California Institute of Computer Engineering Michel D. Yacoub
Technology University of Massachusetts University of Campinas
Pasadena, California Amherst, Massachusetts Pathumthaui, Brazil

viii

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Contents

1 Semiconductor Materials
Stuart K. Tewksbury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

2 Thermal Properties
David F. Besch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

3 Semiconductors
Sidney Soclof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

4 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor

John R. Brews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

5 Integrated Circuits
Tom Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

6 Integrated Circuit Design

Samuel O. Agbo and Eugene D. Fabricius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

7 Digital Logic Families

Robert J. Feugate, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

8 Memory Devices
Shih-Lien Lu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

9 Microprocessors
James G. Cottle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

10 D/A and A/D Converters

Susan A. Garrod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

11 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits

Constantine N. Anagnostopoulos and Paul P.K. Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

12 Digital Filters
Jonathon A. Chambers, Sawasd Tantaratana and Bruce W. Bomar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

13 Multichip Module Technology

Paul D. Franzon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Review 1: Key terms and definitions

Learning Objective 1: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 2: Study tips and learning strategies
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 14: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 15: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 16: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 3: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 20: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 25: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 4: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 33: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 34: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 40: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 42: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 45: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 48: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Unit 6: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 52: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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