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NEWLY UPDATED

THE
ORIGIN
OF THE
BIBLE
tyndale house publishers, inc.
carol stream, illinois
Visit Tyndale online at www.tyndale.com.
TYNDALE and Tyndale’s quill logo are registered trademarks of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.
The Origin of the Bible
Copyright © 2012 by Tyndale House Publishers. All rights reserved.
Previously published in 1992 and 2003 as The Origin of the Bible by Tyndale House Publishers
under ISBN 978-0-8423-8367-7. First printing by Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., in 1992.
Designed by Erik M. Peterson
Scripture quotations marked NIV are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version,®
NIV.® Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan.
All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com.
Scripture quotations marked KJV are taken from the Holy Bible, King James Version.
Scripture quotations marked RV are from the Holy Bible, English Revised Version, 1881.
Scripture quotations marked RSV are taken from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible,
copyright © 1952 [2nd edition, 1971] by the Division of Christian Education of the National
Council of the Churches in the United States of America, Used by permission. All rights
reserved.
Scripture quotations marked NRSV are taken from the New American Standard Bible,®
copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977 by The Lockman
Foundation. Used by permission.
Scripture quotations marked TLB are taken from The Living Bible, copyright © 1971 by
Tyndale House Foundation. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Carol
Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved.
Scripture quotations marked NLT are taken from the Holy Bible, New Living Translation,
copyright © 1996 by Tyndale House Foundation. Used by permission of Tyndale House
Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved.
Permission granted by InterVarsity Press, England, to reproduce three articles from the
New Bible Dictionary (editor, J. D. Douglas), revised edition, 1982: “Bible” by F. F. Bruce,
“Inspiration of the Bible” by J. I. Packer, and “Canon of the Old Testament” by R. T.
Beckwith.
Permission granted by Philip Comfort to reproduce and adapt portions from The Complete
Guide to Bible Versions, published by Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 1991.
Permission granted by Baker Book House to reproduce and adapt portions of The Question for
the Original Text of the New Testament by Philip W. Comfort, 1992.
Order under ISBN 978-1-4143-7932-6.
CONTRIBUTORS
Harold O. J. Brown, Ph.D.
former Professor of Biblical and Systematic Theology
The Forman Professor of Ethics in Theology
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School

R. T. Beckwith, M.A.
former Director, Latimer Trust, Oxford

F. F. Bruce, M.A.
former Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis
University of Manchester, England

Philip W. Comfort, Ph.D.

Senior Editor, Bible Department, Tyndale House Publishers
Visiting Professor, New Testament, Coastal Carolina University

Raymond L. Elliott, M.A. (Theology), M.A. (Linguistics)

Member Emeritus of Wycliffe Bible Translators/Summer Institute of
Linguistics—translated the New Testament into Nebaj Ixil

Milton C. Fisher, Th.M., Ph.D., D.D.

former Professor of Old Testament
Reformed Episcopal Theological Seminary

R. K. Harrison, Ph.D., D.D.

former Professor, Wycliffe College
University of Toronto

Carl F. H. Henry, Th.D., Ph.D.

former Visiting Professor
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School

Mark R. Norton, M.A.

Editorial Director, Bible Department, Tyndale House Publishers

J. I. Packer, M.A., D.Phil., D.D.

Professor of Systematic Theology
Regent College
 Leland Ryken, Ph.D.
Professor of English
Wheaton College

Larry Walker, Ph.D.

former Professor of Old Testament and Semitic Languages
Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary

Victor Walter, M.A., Th.M.

former Chairperson of Practical Theology
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
former Pastor, Cheyenne Evangelical Free Church
 CONTENTS
Introduction...ix

SECTION ONE
The Authority and Inspiration of the Bible
The Bible
F. F. Bruce...3
The Authority of the Bible
Carl F. H. Henry...13
The Inspiration of the Bible
J. I. Packer...29
The Inerrancy and Infallibility of the Bible
Harold O. J. Brown...37

SECTION TWO
The Canon of the Bible
The Canon of the Old Testament
R. T. Beckwith...51
The Canon of the New Testament
Milton Fisher...65
Old Testament and New Testament Apocrypha
R. K. Harrison...79

SECTION THREE
The Bible as a Literary Text
Literature in Bible Times
Milton Fisher...97
The Bible as Literature
Leland Ryken...111
 SECTION FOUR
Bible Texts and Manuscripts
Texts and Manuscripts of the Old Testament
Mark R. Norton...155
Texts and Manuscripts of the New Testament
Philip W. Comfort...185

SECTION FIVE
Bible Translation
Biblical Languages
Larry Walker...217
Bible Translation
Raymond L. Elliott...239
History of the English Bible
Philip W. Comfort...273
Versions of the Bible
Victor Walter...311
Recent Developments
Philip W. Comfort...333
 INTRODUCTION
THE BIBLE. No other book has had so many books written about
it—so why yet another one? Though there are many books that
help readers ­understand the content of the Bible, few explain
its origins. This volume provides an overview of how the Bible
was first inspired, canonized, read as sacred literature, copied in
ancient Hebrew and Greek manuscripts, and translated into the
languages of the world.
The first section, “The Authority and Inspiration of the Bible,”
focuses on the Bible’s divine inspiration, lasting authority, and
infallibility. The second section, “The Canon of the Bible,” reveals
the processes that went into selecting the thirty-nine books of the
Old Testament and the twenty-seven books of the New Testa-
ment to be part of canonized Scripture. This section also has an
essay on the Old Testament and New Testament apocrypha. The
third section, “The Bible as a Literary Text,” elucidates the liter-
ary background of the Bible and shows how the Bible is a literary
masterpiece. The fourth section, “Bible Texts and Manuscripts,”
describes the ancient biblical manuscripts that have been discov-
ered and used in forming editions of the Hebrew and Greek texts.
The fifth section, “Bible Translation,” provides information about
the biblical languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek) and Bible trans-
lation itself. Furthermore, this section gives a brief history of the
English Bible and of other versions in many languages.
I hope this book will inspire fresh appreciation for our Bible and
greater ­understanding of the processes that went into making the
Bible the inspired text that it is.

Philip W. Comfort
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