LANGUAGE OF SET

Mathematics in the Modern World

Jessica V. Pascua
SET
SET
EXAMPLES
• A set is a well-defined
collection of distinct
objects. S={a, b, c, d, e}
• The objects inside a
set is called elements.
• Capital letters are b∈ S
used to denote sets.
• Small letters are used
for elements z∉S
Set Description
EXAMPLES

1. ROSTER Method
-Listing down all the If V is a set of Vowels in the
elements between { } and English Alphabet, then
is separated by commas.

V = {a, e, i, o, u}
Set Description
EXAMPLES

2. SET-BUILDER Notation
-stating the property If V is a set of Vowels in the
or properties they must English Alphabet, then
have to be elements of a
set.
V= {x│x is a vowel in the alphabet}

{x│x has property P}

The set consisting the days of the week.
• ROSTER Method
A={Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday}

• Set-Builder Notation
A= {x│x is a day of the week}

• True or False

JULY ∈ A TUESDAY ∈ A FRIDAY ∉ A

The set of prime numbers between 1 to 9.
• ROSTER Method

P={2, 3, 5, 7}

• Set-Builder Notation

P= {x│x is a prime number between 1 to 9}

• True or False

1∉ P 5∈P 27 ∉ P
 BASIC
NUMBER SET
NATURAL NUMBERS WHOLE NUMBERS

• Denoted by N • Denoted by W
• It is the set of counting • It is formed when the
numbers. number 0 is included into
N= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …} the set of Natural Numbers.

Subsets: W={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
• Prime Numbers
P={2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …}
• Composite Numbers
C={6, 8, 9, 10, 12, …}
• {1}
 Odd Numbers (O)

INTEGERS Odd numbers are

integers not divisible
by 2.
• Denoted by Z
O= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …}
• The set of positive
integers ( 𝑍 + ) and
negative integers Even Numbers (E)
( 𝑍 − )including the
number 0
Even numbers are
integers divisible by 2.

E={2, 4, 6, 8, …}
RATIONAL IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
• Denoted by Q • Denoted by Q’
• Any numbers that can be • These are the non-
expressed𝒂 as the ratio of two terminating and non-
integers. 𝒃 repeating.
Subset:
▪ Integers
▪ Pure Fractions Example:
▪ Terminating decimals
▪ 0.67, 0.954
2 = 1.4142135 …
▪ Non-terminating but
repeating decimals.
𝜋 = 3.1415927 …
▪ 0.333…
▪ 0.272727…
REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
TYPES OF SET
❖Infinite Set
• Has unlimited number of elements
Example: Set of Natural Numbers, Set of Integers, etc.
❖Finite Set
• Has a limited number of elements
Example: Set of letters in the alphabet. │A│= 26
❖Empty Set
• Also called a null set and is denoted by ∅ or { }
❖Equal Set
• Two sets are equal set iff they have exactly the same elements.
❖Equivalent Set
• Two sets are equivalent set if they have the same number of
elements.
EXERCISE
▪ Set of months that start with letter Z. Empty Set

▪ Set of counting numbers. Infinite Set

▪ A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, B={1, 3, 5, 7, 9} Equivalent Sets

▪ Set of vowels in the English alphabet. Finite Set

▪ Z= {a, b, c, d}, Y={ a, b, c, d} Equal Sets

Subset
EXAMPLES
• Denoted by ⊆ A={a, b, c, d, e}
• A set whose every B={1, 4, 7, 9}
element is in another
set, is said to be a X= {a, e} 𝑿⊆𝑨
subset.
• 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 means For all Q={1, 7} 𝒀⊆𝑨

element x, if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 Y ={a, c, d} 𝒁⊈𝑨

then 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵
R={4, 5, 6} 𝑸⊆𝑩
• 𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵 means There
exist an element x Z={b, d, z} 𝑹⊈𝑩
such that 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 but 𝑥 ∉
𝐵 S= {1, 7, 9} 𝑺⊆𝑩

Note:
𝑨⊆𝑨 ∅⊆𝑨
 SET
OPERATIONS
UNION
EXAMPLES
The union of set A and
set B is a set that contains
all elements of either A and A={2,4,6,8,10}
B. B={1,2,3,4,5}
𝐴∪𝐵={𝑥 |𝑥∈𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥∈𝐵}
𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 =?
𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎 ∪ 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓
= {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎}
INTERSECTION
EXAMPLES
The intersection of
set A and set B is a set that
contains all elements found
in both A and B
A={2,4,6,8,10}
𝐴∩𝐵={𝑥 |𝑥∈𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥∈𝐵} B={1,2,3,4,5}
𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 =?

𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎 ∩ 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓
= {𝟐, 𝟒}
DIFFERENCE of Set
EXAMPLES
The difference of set 𝐴
and set 𝐵 is the set whose
elements are those that
belong to 𝐴 but not to 𝐵. A={2,4,6,8,10}
𝐴−𝐵={𝑥 | 𝑥∈𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥∉𝐵 } B={1,2,3,4,5}

𝑨 − 𝑩 =?

𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓
= {𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎}
COMPLEMENT
EXAMPLES
The complement of the
set 𝐴 is the set of elements
which belong to 𝑈 but not to 𝐴.
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
𝑨𝒄 = {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑼 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ∉ 𝑨} A={2,4,6,8,10}

𝑨𝒄 =?
𝒄
𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗
PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem:
In a college, 60
students enrolled in
chemistry,40 in physics, 30
in biology, 15 in chemistry
and physics,10 in physics
and biology, 5 in biology
and chemistry. No one
enrolled in all the three.
Find how many are enrolled
in at least one of the
subjects.