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Editor
Maulin P. Shah

Industrial Wastewater Reuse

Applications, Prospects and Challenges
Editor
Maulin P. Shah
Environmental Microbiology Lab, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India

ISBN 978-981-99-2488-2 e-ISBN 978-981-99-2489-9

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2489-9

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive

license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04
Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Contents
Constructed Wetlands and Vermifiltration Two Successful
Alternatives of Wastewater Reuse:​A Commentary on Development
of These Alternate Strategies of Wastewater Treatment
Aditi Nag, Sonia Sethi and Tejaswini Kumawat
Treatment of Metallurgical Wastewater by a Combination of Zero
Valent Iron and Coagulation Technology
Khac-Uan Do, Thi-Lien Le and Thuy-Lan Nguyen
Valorization of Sugarcane Vinasse for Fungal Biomass Protein
Production:​Potential Application as Fish Feed Ingredient
Macarena Maria Rulli and Veró nica Leticia Colin
Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater:​Eco-Toxicity and
Sustainability Assessment
Pranjal P. Das, Ankush D. Sontakke, Niladri Shekhar Samanta and
Mihir K. Purkait
Membrane and Disinfection Technologies for Industrial
Wastewater Treatment
Deepti, Anweshan, Simons Dhara and M. K. Purkait
Holistic Approach to Remediate Heavy Metals and Radionuclides
Sonia Sethi
The Role of Nanotechnology in Bioremediation of Pollutants
Anitha Thulasisingh, Abhitha Venkataramakrishnan,
Pontiana Ritika Clement and Sathishkumar Kannaiyan
Nanobiotechnolog​y:​A Sustainable Approach for Marine
Environment Bioremediation
Samia S. Abouelkheir, Basma A. Elsherbiny,
Sabrina Mohamed Moffit, Nairouz H. Mahmoud, Jihan H. Mohamed,
Bahaa Abdella and Mostafa M. El-Sheekh
Cell Immobilization for the Fungal Bioremediation of Wastewater
Contaminated with Heavy Metals
Hugo Leonardo André Genier, Iara Rebouças Pinheiro,
Mariana Aparecida de Freitas Abreu and Filippe Elias de Freitas
Soares
Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Abel Inobeme, Alexander Ikechukwu Ajai,
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Jonathan Inobeme, Muniratu Maliki,
Elijah Yanda Shaba, Efosa John Osarenre, John Tsado Mathew,
Chinenye Anastina Eziukwu, Tawakalit Kelani,
Oyedolapo Bamigboye and Stanley Okonkwo
Genetically Modified Microbe Mediated Metal Bioaccumulation:​A
Sustainable Effluent Treatment Strategy
Sougata Ghosh, Bishwarup Sarkar, Jeerawan Khumphon and
Sirikanjana Thongmee
Nano-Remediation:​Ecofriendly Approach in Pollutants Removal
Anu Kumar, Bhanu Krishan, Sunny Dhiman, Shivani and
Gunjan Mukherjee
Bioremediation of Soils Polluted with Hexavalent Chromium Using
Bacteria
Sushma Rani Tirkey, Shristi Ram, Prerana Chandrashekhar and
Sandhya Mishra
New Bioremediation Technologies to Remove Heavy Metals and
Radionuclides
Jaidev Bhatt, Snehal Desai, Nilesh S. Wagh and Jaya Lakkakula
Water Reuse Planning, Policy, Monitoring Requirements and
Standards/​Criteria
Shipra Jha and Garima Tyagi
Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Future Cities
Muhammad Mohsin, Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti, Muhammad Zeshan,
Ambreen Ashar, Samarah Younis, Nyla Amjed and Mubashar Alam
Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphate Removal from Port Water Using
Microalgal Biotechnology Toward Sustainable Development
Kanchan Udata, Paidi Murali Krishna, Kamalesh Prasad and
Subir Kumar Mandal
Bioremediation of Organic and Heavy Metal Co-contaminated
Environments
Bahaa Abdella, Nairouz H. Mahmoud, Jihan H. Mohamed,
Sabrina Mohamed Moffit, Basma A. Elsherbiny and Mostafa M. El-
 Sheekh
Algal Microbial Symbiotic System-From a Biological Process to
Biorefinery
Sarveshwaran Saravanabhupathy, Rajlakshmi, Sayantan Santra,
Mohan Das, Subhara Dey, Subhodeep Banerjee, Reddhy Mahle and
Rintu Banerjee
Emphasizes the Role of Nanotechnology in Bioremediation of
Pollutants
Saikat Ghosh, Priyanka Dheer, Nilaya Kumar Panda, Soumya Biswas,
Sourav Das, Pankaj Kumar Parhi, Sumira Malik and Rahul Kumar
Treatment of Trace Organics and Emerging Contaminants Using
Traditional and Advanced Technologies
Oranso T. Mahlangu, Lebea N. Nthunya, Mxolisi M. Motsa,
Heidi Richards and Bhekie B. Mamba
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
M. P. Shah (ed.), Industrial Wastewater Reuse
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2489-9_1

Constructed Wetlands and

Vermifiltration Two Successful
Alternatives of Wastewater Reuse: A
Commentary on Development of These
Alternate Strategies of Wastewater
Treatment
Aditi Nag1 , Sonia Sethi1 and Tejaswini Kumawat1
(1) Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India

Aditi Nag
Email: [email protected]

Keywords Alternate technologies – Constructed wetlands –

Sustainable solutions – Wastewater reuse – Vermifiltration

1 Introduction
Water that has undergone physical, chemical, or biological changes as a
consequence of the incorporation of pollutants, rendering it
inappropriate for particular uses like drinking, is referred to as
wastewater. Because water is so important to man’s daily activities,
“trash” is dumped into the water. It is common knowledge that a
significant portion of the supplied water is wasted, necessitating its
treatment. In order to safeguard the environment and the general
public's health, wastewater treatment is the technique and procedure
for removing the bulk of toxins present in wastewater. Therefore,
wastewater management comprises managing wastewater in a way
that promotes environmental protection, public health, and political,
social, and economic stability.

2 History of Wastewater Treatment

Although drainage systems were developed well before the eighteenth
century, wastewater treatment is a relatively modern activity. This was
delivered to rural communities and spread throughout agricultural
grounds. The introduction of flush toilets in the nineteenth century
resulted in an increase in the volume of waste generated on these
agricultural grounds. Due to this transportation difficulty, towns began
to employ drainage and storm sewers to carry wastewater into water
bodies, notwithstanding Edwin Chadwick's proposal in 1842 that “rain
should go to the river and sewage should go to the land.” Waste
discharged into waterways resulted in severe pollution and health
issues for downstream consumers. The use of centralized wastewater
systems was planned and promoted. Communities that discharge into
the facility bear the expense of wastewater treatment.
Today, there have been significant advancements in the production
of portable water from wastewater. In recent years, regardless of the
receiving stream's capacity, a minimum treatment level has been
needed before discharge licenses have been given. Currently, the focus
is turning away from centralized systems and toward more sustainable
decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS), particularly in
developing nations like Ghana, where wastewater infrastructure is
lacking and traditional methods are difficult to maintain.

3 Objectives of Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater treatment is necessary for:
a. Decrease in the amount of biodegradable organic compounds in the
environment.

b. A reduction in nutrient concentrations in the environment and

water bodies, making them eutrophic, allowing algae and other
aquatic plants to proliferate.
c. Pathogens secreted in vast amounts in the feces of diseased animals
and people are eliminated.

d. Water recycling and reuse for a growing population, putting further

strain on already restricted water supplies.

Groundwater supplies are being depleted, making the distribution

of water both temporally and spatially a considerable concern (National
Academy 2005).

4 Characteristics of Wastewater
Wastewater has different qualities depending on where it comes from.
Industrial wastewater with municipal or household wastewater
characteristics might be discharged simultaneously. Because the
qualities of wastewater change by industry, different treatment
techniques are required. Physical, chemical, and biological pollutants
are the three types of contaminants found in wastewater. The following
are some of the indicators used to identify these pollutants:
A. Physical
Total dissolved solids (TDS) are made up of inorganic salts and
trace amounts of organic matter dissolved in water.
Electrical conductivity (EC) measures the salt concentration.
Suspended solids (SS) are solid particles that are suspended in
water but are not dissolved.

B. Chemical
Dissolved oxygen (DO) indicates the amount of oxygen in water.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) indicates the amount of
oxygen required by aerobic bacteria to break down the organic
material in a water sample in a predetermined amount of time.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) measures how much organic
matter in a sample is capable of being oxidized by a potent
chemical oxidant.
Organic compound total (TOC).
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