JOURNAL OF BUDDHIST STUDIES

VOLUME XIX

CENTRE FOR BUDDHIST STUDIES, SRI LANKA

&
THE BUDDHA-DHARMA CENTRE OF HONG KONG
DECEMBER 2022
 © Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka
&
The Buddha-Dharma Centre of Hong Kong

ISSN 1391-8443

Published by
Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka
&
The Buddha-Dharma Centre of Hong Kong
with the sponsorship of
the Glorious Sun Charity Group, Hong Kong (旭日慈善基金)
 EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS

Ratna Handurukande Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus, University of Peradeniya

Y. karunadasa Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, University of Kelaniya
Visiting Professor, The Buddha-Dharma Centre of Hong Kong

P.D. Premasiri Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus, University of Sri Peradeniya

Chandima Wijebandara Ph.D.

Professor, University of Sri Jayewardenepura

Sumanapala GalmanGoda Ph.D.

Professor, University of Kelaniya
Academic Coordinator,
Nāgānanda International Institute of Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka

Zhihua Yao Ph.D.

Professor, Department of Philosophy,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong

EDITOR
Bhikkhu KL dHammajoti 法光
Director, The Buddha-Dharma Centre of Hong Kong
Chair Professor, School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China
 CONTENTS

The Role of Absorption for Entering the Stream 1

Bhikkhu AnālAyo

Eloquent Silence Revalorized: Some Comparative

Insights in Sanskrit and Japanese Parlance 35
Rohana Seneviratne

Jambūpati Sūtra: The Pali version of an Asian

classic translated: 65
Peter Skilling

A Preliminary Report on A Palm-leaf Manuscript of

Prajñākaramati’s Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā (1) 97
WAng Junqi, FAng Lan, liAo Juan, gAo Ting

Reinterpreting Absorption: A Critical Examination

of a Trend in Buddhist Studies 121
Bhikkhu AnālAyo

Some remarks on the Sūtra origins and development

of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma 151
KL DhAmmAjoti

Exposition on the Elements (Dhātunirdeśa)

Chapter I of the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya – Part IV 169
KL DhAmmAjoti
 CONTRIBUTORS
(In alphabetical order)

Bhikkhu AnālAyo Ph.D., D.Lit.

Professor,
Numata Center for Buddhist Studies,
University of Hamburg

Bhikkhu KL dHammajoti Ph.D.

Director,
The Buddha-Dharma Centre of Hong Kong
Chair Professor,
School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China

Ting Gao
Doctoral Student,
School of Business Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences,
University of Tsukuba

Lan FanG Ph.D.

Lecturer,
College of Chinese Culture, Guizhou University

Juan liao Ph.D.

Lecturer,
Department of Philosophy, Nankai University

Rohana seneviratne D.Phil.

Professor of Sanskrit,
University of Peradeniya

Peter skillinG (Bhadra rujiratHat) Ph.D.

Special Lecturer,
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
Honorary Associate,
Department of Indian Sub-Continental Studies,
University of Sydney
Junqi WanG Ph.D.
Associate Professor,
Institute for the Study of Buddhism and Religious Theory,
Renmin University of China
 Wang et. el.: Prajñākaramati’s Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā (1)

A Preliminary Report on
a Palm-leaf Manuscript of Prajñākaramati’s
Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā (1)*
WAng Junqi, FAng Lan, liAo Juan, gAo Ting

1. Introduction
The Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā (BCAP) composed by Prajñākaramati (c.
10–11th century) is the only officially published Sanskrit commentary on
Śāntideva’s renown Bodhicaryāvatāra (BCA). Since the critical edition
of BCAP was published in the early 20th century by Louis de La Vallée
Poussin (1914), it has been carefully studied by many scholars. However,
this early critical edition of BCAP is far from perfect. According to de
La Vallée Poussin’s “Introduction,” the critical edition is based on two
Sanskrit manuscripts, noting that: “The first is in the Nepalese character
and contains (with several large lacunae) the whole of the work; the
second, in the Maithili character, contains only the commentary on the
ninth chapter.” This means that the first eight chapters of his edition of
the BCAP are based only on a problematic Nepalese manuscript. There
are therefore significant lacunae in the commentaries to the BCA’s
verses: 1.1, 3.22–33, 4.1–45, 8.18–22, 8.24–25, 8.40–47, and 8.108–
186, as well as many smaller textual lacunae and unreadable passages
scattered throughout the whole text which ultimately have hindered the
exhaustive study of the text as a whole.

With the recent discovery of a BCAP Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscript in

the Tibetan Autonomous Region, further study of the BCAP has become
possible.1 This newly discovered palm-leaf manuscript measures around
32.1*6.2cm in size and is catalogued as ZX0617–ZB20 in the facsimile
edition. Each page generally contains six or seven lines in black ink with
space for a string hole slightly left of the center. Its scripts are mainly
written in the Proto-Bengali style. Even considering that the same scribe
would write in a different hand depending on circumstances— e.g., the
script would change if he was in a hurry to finish the day’s transcription,
etc.— we can identify the handwriting of at least three scribes in this
palm-leaf manuscript. One of them would have copied the leaf of a
Saṃghāṭasūtra manuscript (folio 71ab) that was inserted—probably
by accident—into the BCAP. The other two scribes who copied the
BCAP differ not only in the neatness of their writing as well as in the

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embellishment of akṣaras, but also in their unique choice of fonts. For

example, Scribe A who copied the majority of the manuscript tends to
use la in the typical Proto-Bengali style, although sometimes with
a transitional form, while Scribe B tends to write la (91A1) in the
Nāgarī style. The ca of the former is in the Nāgarī style, while the ca
(92A1) of the latter is generally in the Proto-Bengali style. A closer
study of their paleographical features will be done in the future.

On the whole, the manuscript is incomplete and only 120 leaves are left.
The folio 1a is the title page of this manuscript, which would seem to
contain information about the author, title, and owner. However, because
the catalogued photograph of the folio is very blurred it is impossible to
fully identify the Tibetan dbu med script on it and we cannot therefore
confirm all of its contents. In folio 1b the manuscript begins with the
maṅgala verses of BCAP followed by a commentary on BCA 1.1.
And the manuscript abruptly ends with a commentary on BCA 7.25.
Throughout the 120 leaves, the content is not continuous which would
suggest that many leaves must have long been lost.

Still, after a thorough examination it seems certain that the large lacunae in
the La Vallée Poussin (1914) critical edition related to the commentaries
on BCA 1.1, 3.28–33, and 4.1–45 can be complemented by the content of
the palm-leaf manuscript. This paper aims to supplement the La Vallée
Poussin (1914) edition, filling in lacunae in this early critical edition
with the information provided in the palm-leaf manuscript. Due to
length limitations, this paper will only include transcriptions for BCAP’s
commentaries on BCA 1.1, 3.28–33, and 4.1–14. The commentaries on
BCA 4.15–45 will be provided in the next paper. The following provides
information on the state of the manuscript at present.

2. The State of the Palm-leaf Manuscript

In general, the palm-leaf manuscript is relatively well preserved.
However, it has suffered some forms of material degradations such as
staining, ink fading, fragmentation,
and biological deterioration as well
as microbiological contamination.

I. Stains
Stains are the most common form of
deterioration on this manuscript. The Figure 1. Stains on the
stains cover up the text and cause palm-leaf manuscript
serious conglutination of leaves.
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 Wang et. el.: Prajñākaramati’s Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā (1)

II. Ink fading

The deterioration of the hand-
writing found on this manu-
script is mainly attributed
to ink fading. The surface
of the palm leaves is not
very water absorbent, and
the application of ink to the Figure 2. The palmleaf manuscript with ink fading
leaves is therefore not set
so that the script is easily
eroded and scraped away.

III. Damage and

fragmentation
Damage and fragmentation
usually occur at the edge Figure 3. The palmleaf manuscript is damaged
of the palm leaves. The
deterioration is caused by external conditions as the material ages or is
affected by chemical deterioration caused by acidity making the material
fragile and brittle.

IV. Biological degradation and

microbiological contamination
Palm leaves are organic
materials which are easily
attacked by mold, as well as
rodents and other pests. These Figure 4. Damage caused by
pests and the development of mice at the edges of leaves
mold on the manuscript lead to deterioration, damage, deterioration
caused by acidity and conglutination of the leaves to one another.

V. Fraying
The main reasons for the fraying
of palm-leaf manuscripts are
related to extensive wear and
tear, resulting in the separation
of the leaf fibers at the edge of
the manuscripts into filaments.

Figure 5. Fraying

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VI. Hole fraying

Palm-leaf manuscripts need to be
bound with string through holes
made near the middle of the material.
Hole fraying is the deformation of
the holes for binding the manuscript
caused by the string as a result of
extended handling and use. Figure 6. Hole fraying

3. A Comparative Table of the Folio Numbers and Their Contents

In studying the facsimile versions of the palm-leaf manuscripts in
the Tibetan Autonomous Region, we must first note the usage of two
different numbering systems as well as their differences. The first
system constitutes the folio numbers usually written on the verso of
a leaf. This form of numbering was done by the ancient scribe(s) that
may have transcribed the main body of the manuscript. Generally, these
ancient folio numbers faithfully reflected the sequence of the contents.
The second system is the folio numbers given by modern cataloguers
which are noted on the left side of the facsimiles on each side of the
leaves. They are usually unreliable for they do not necessarily reflect the
order of the manuscript contents, though they do reflect the order of the
leaves as they are preserved today. In order to distinguish between these
two forms of pagination, the former will be called Numbering-I and
represented as numbers accompanied by lowercase letters such as 1a,
and the latter Numbering-II as numbers accompanied by capital letters
such as 1A. Whenever the leaves of the manuscript themselves carry a
folio number, Numbering-I will always be applied in this paper. Only
when Numbering-I may not be applied will this paper use Numbering-II.

In the case of the BCAP manuscript analyzed in this article, neither of

the numbering systems represent the order of the original: Numbering-
II unreliable and Numbering-I is also rather arbitrary. Many folios in
the Numbering-I system simply do not follow, such as the example of
folios 38b and 39a which are commentaries on BCA 3.10 and 3.28,
respectively. In terms of the length of the text, there should be seven
more leaves between folios 38b and 39a. However, in this manuscript
not only were these seven leaves missing, but the scribe who wrote the
folio numbers in the manuscript was also seemingly unaware of this
lacuna.

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Additionally, Wang et al. (2021) has shown that the contents of folio
71(ab) do not belong to the BCAP but to the end of a Saṃghāṭasūtra
manuscript. Its folio number is continuous with the numbers of the
preceding and the following leaves of the BCAP manuscript, suggesting
that whoever numbered the manuscript was not aware that this single
leaf was pulled from a completely different text, the Saṃghāṭasūtra.

Of the remaining 120 leaves, not all of them carry a number given by
ancient scribes. The ancient folio numbering stops abruptly at 95. Given
that the leaves after folio 95(ab) no longer contain numbers inscribed in
Proto-Bengali, these leaves will be described only using the numbers
given by modern cataloguers. After folio 95(ab), the order of the remaining
leaves is unfortunately quite chaotic. For example, the correct order of
leaves according to content should be 89B(=95b)>96A>96B>112B>112
A>99B>99A>114A>114B>105A and so on. This suggests that at some
point in the past many of the leaves must have been flipped so that the
recto and the verso became confused and the original order of the folios
was lost. The borrowing and copying of manuscripts in ancient times, as
well as the confusion of leaves known from the common storage of many
manuscripts in one box, cannot reasonably explain these phenomena.
We would conjecture that the mix up may be the result of the manuscript
being poorly reconstituted after library shelves where it was stored
would have collapsed, allowing for folios from other texts to slip in by
mistake while also ruining the order of the original bound manuscript.

Additionally, there is a discontinuity among the leaves numbered by the

ancient scribe(s). For example, folio 5(ab) follows directly after folio
3(ab) and folio 84(ab) after folio 82(ab). This means that folio 4(ab) and
folio 83(ab) must have been lost at some point after the scribe numbered
them. We do not at present know where these missing leaves are located.

Briefly, all of these anomalies suggest that (1) some kind of accident
must have befallen the BCAP manuscript before it was paginated—we
suspect that it may have been an accident such as the collapse of a library
shelf—resulting in the loss and disordering of some of the leaves. This is
supported by the disorganized state of the leaves succeeding folio 95(ab).
We believe that after this accident (2) a careless scribe/librarian who
read and wrote in Proto-Bengali was instructed to sort the remaining
leaves of this manuscript. He sorted and numbered some of the existing
folios at that time, probably without realizing the loss of certain folios
or the inclusion of one leaf from a Saṃghāṭasūtra manuscript. (3) After
numbering up until folio 95(ab), he stopped pagination for some unknown

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reason leaving the subsequent leaves in an unnumbered and unordered

state. Then, (4) at some point in time after this scribe/librarian completed
the numbering, some leaves were lost once again, so that folios 4 and 83
are now missing.

In order to better demonstrate the complexities of this manuscript,

we have created a simple comparative table describing the order of
BCAP content, listing the folio numbers under both Numbering-I and
Numbering-II systems, as well as in the point in the manuscript where
the commentaries on individual BCA verses begin.
Num- Num- The start Num- Num- The start
bering-I bering- points for bering-I bering- points for
II commentaries II commentaries
on the verses on the verses
1a 1A Title, etc. 1b 1B BCAP’s maṅgala
verses, 1.1
2a 2A – 2b 2B –
3a 3A – 3b 3B –
5a 4A – 5b 4B 1.2
6a 5A 1.3 6b 5B 1.4
7a 6A – 7b 6B 1.5–6
8a 7A 1.7 8b 7B –
9a 8A 1.8 9b 8B 1.9
10a 9A 1.10 10b 9B 1.11
11a 10A – 11b 10B 1.12
12a 11A 1.13 12b 11B 1.14
13a 12A – 13b 12B 1.15
14a 13A 1.16 14b 13B 1.17
15a 14A – 15b 14B 1.18–19
16a 15A 1.20 16b 15B 1.21–23
17a 16A 1.24–25 17b 16B 1.26–27
18a 17A 1.28–30 18b 17B 1.31
19a 18A 1.32–33 19b 18B –
20a 19A 1.34 20b 19B –
21a 20A 1.35 21b 20B 1.36
22a 21A – 22b 21B 2.1

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23a 22A 2.2 23b 22B 2.3–5

24a 23A 2.6–7 24b 23B 2.8–2.9
25a 24A 2.10–11 25b 24B 2.12–14
26a 25A – 26b 25B 2.15–17
27a 26A 2.18–21 27b 26B 2.22–2.23
28a 27A 2.24–25 28b 27B 2.26–27
29a 28A 2.28–31 29b 28B 2.33–35
30a 29A 2.36–39 30b 29B 2.40–41
31a 30A 2.42–44 31b 30B 2.45–48
32a 31A 2.49–51 32b 31B 2.52–53
33a 32A 2.54–55 33b 32B 2.56
34a 33A 2.57–58 34b 33B 2.59–64
35a 34A 2.65–66 35b 34B 3.1
36a 35A 3.2–3 36b 35B 3.4–6
37a 36A 3.7–9 37b 36B 3.10
38a 37A – 38b 37B –
39a 38A 3.28–31 39b 38B 3.32–33
40a 39A 4.1 40b 39B –
41a 40A 4.2–3 41b 40B 4.4
42a 41A 4.5–6 42b 41B –
43a 42A 4.7 43b 42B 4.8–9
44a 43A 4.10–11 44b 43B 4.12–14
116A 4.15–16 116B 4.17–18
46a 44A 4.19–20 46b 44B 4.21–22
47a 45A 4.23 47b 45B 4.24–26
48a 46A 4.27–28 48b 46B 4.29–30
49a 47A 4.31–33 49b 47B 4.34–35
50a 48A 4.36–37 50b 48B 4.38–
51a 49A 4.39–40 51b 49B –
52a 50A 4.41 52b 50B 4.42–43
53a 51A 4.44 53b 51B 4.45–46
54a 52A 4.47 54b 52B 4.48
55a 53A – 55b 53B –

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56a 54A – 56b 54B 5.1

57a 55A 5.2 57b 55B 5.3–5.6
58a 56A 5.7 58b 56B 5.8
59a 57A 5.9 59b 57B 5.10; 5.11
60a 58A 5.12; 5.13 60b 58B 5.14–16
61a 59A 5.17 61b 59B 5.18
62a 60A 5.19 62b 60B 5.20–22
63a 61A 5.23 63b 61B 5.24
64a 62A 5.25–27 64b 62B 5.28–29
65a 63A 5.30 65b 63B 5.31–33
66a 64A 5.34–36 66b 64B 5.37–39
67a 65A 5.40–41 67b 65B 5.42
68a 66A 5.43–45 68b 66B 5.46–48
69a 67A 5.49–51 69b 67B 5.52–54
70a 68A – 70b 68B –
120A 5.55–57 120B 5.58–59
71a 69A Saṃghāṭasūtra 71b 69B Saṃghāṭasūtra
72a 70A 5.59–61 72b 70B 5.62–65
74a 71A 5.72–75 74b 71B 5.76–77
75a 72A 5.78–79 75b 72B 5.80
76a 73A 5.81–82 76b 73B 5.83–84
77a 74A 5.85 77b 74B –
78a 75A – 78b 75B –
79a 76A 5.86–87 79b 76B –
80a 77A – 80b 77B 5.88
81a 78A 5.89–90 81b 78B –
82a 79A 5.91–93 82b 79B –
84a 80A 5.97–98 84b 80B –
100B – 100A 5.99–101
109B 5.102–103 109A –
87a 81A 5.104 87b 81B –
88a 82A – 88b 82B –
89a 83A 5.105–106 89b 83B 5.107

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90a 84A 5.108–109 90b 84B 6.1

91a 85A – 91b 85B 6.2–5
92a 86A 6.6–7 92b 86B 6.8
93a 87A 6.9 93b 87B 6.10–11
94a 88A 6.12 94b 88B 6.13–14
95a 89A – 95b 89B 6.15
96A 6.16–19 96B 6.20–22
112B 6.23 112A 6.24–26
99B 6.27–6.28ab 99A 6.28cd
114A 6.29 114B 6.30
105A 6.31–32 105B –
111A 6.33–34 111B 6.35–37
93B 6.74–76 93A 6.77–78
97A 6.79 97B 6.80–81
91A 6.82 91B 6.83–84
118A 6.85 118B 6.86–87
92B 6.88; 6.89 92A 6.90–91–
94A 6.92 94B 6.93–94
104B 6.95 104A 6.96–98
98B 6.99–100 98A 6.101–102
113A 6.103–104 113B 6.105–106
117B 6.107–108 117A 6.109
119A 6.110–111 119B 6.112
107A 6.116–119 107B 6.120–121
103A 6.125–127 103B 6.128–130
90A 6.131; 7.1 90B 7.2
101B 7.3–4 101A 7.5–6
95B 7.7–10 95A –
110B 7.11–13 110A 7.14–15
102B 7.16– 102A 7.17
106B 7.18–19 106A –
115B 7.20–21 115A 7.22
108B 7.23–24 108A 7.25

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4. A Diplomatic Edition of the BCAP Commentaries on BCA 1.1,

3.28–33 and 4.1–14
4.1 Symbols and Abbreviations Used in the Transliteration:
* virāma
⊙ square space for binding hole
∽ sign for siddhaṃ
(nn) content omitted
[nn] content difficult to read
{nn} content deleted by small stroke(s) or erasure
<nn> content emended
| daṇḍa
|| double daṇḍa
¦ deleted daṇḍa or filling sign at the end of lines or before string
hole square
∅ the start point where the leaves are lost
/// leaf broken off here
P de La Vallée Poussin (1914)’s critical edition of BCAP
T the Tibetan translation of BCAP

4.2 The Maṅgala verses and commentary on the BCA’s verse 1.1
§1. (1b1) ∽ namo buddhāya ||
mūrddhnā praṇamya sugatān* sahadharmma¦☉kāyān
utkhātamohatarumūlahataprapañcān* |
jātyādiduḥkhahatasatvahitānuvṛ(1b2)ttīn
uddāmadhāmajayinaḥ sugatātmajāṃś ca ||2 k.1
bodhi☉caryāvatārasya gūḍhārthapadabodhanī |
svaprasannapadair vvākyaiḥ pañjikā kriyate mayā || k.2
a(1b3)rthaṃ yasmin paṭutaramatir bbodhicaryāvatāre
vaktuṃ śaktaḥ ☉ pravacanarasābhyāsamagnāntarātmā |
kin tasyārthaṃ jaḍamatir ahaṃ vaktum īśas tathāpi
śreyo’bhyā(1b4)saḥ phalati madhuraṃ yat tato smi pravṛttaḥ ||3 k.3

na nāma kāci☉d guṇalesavāsanā

matir mmamāsti pratibhāguṇorjjitā
tathāpi sanmitraniṣevaṇāphalaṃ
yad e(1b5)va me tādṛśi vāk* prasarppati ||4 k.4
sugatān sasutān sadharmakāyān
praṇipatyādarato ’khilāṃś ca vandyān |

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sugatātmajasaṃvarāvatāraṃ
kathayiṣyāmi yathāgamaṃ samāsāt || BCA 1.15
§2. ihāyam āryaśāntide☉vaḥ samadhigatasamastapravacanārthatattvaḥ |
pratilabdhasamādhimāhātmyaḥ samyak*saṃbodhim ā¦(1b6)kāṃkṣan* sat-
vān* karuṇāyamānaḥ svasukhanirapekṣa☉ḥ parahitasukhābhilāṣī bodhi-
satvaguṇapravaṇamānasaḥ svayam eva tadguṇābhyāsaparama(1b7)(ra)-
sasaṃvṛttaḥ6 pareṣām api tanmārggopadeśāya bodhica☉ryāvatāraṃ
karttukāmaḥ sugatān ityādivṛttam āha |
§3. asmin* śloke ratnatrayapraṇāma upā(2a1)dhyāyaprabhṛtīnām api
vandanīyānāṃ | abhidheyaka☉thanaṃ tatsambandhaprayojanābhidhā-
naṃ svātantryapa<ri>hāraḥ punaruktatāpa[r]i[hāraś] ceti pañcā(2a2)-
rthāḥ7 saṃkṣepataḥ pratipāditāḥ ||
§4. tatra sugatān* ☉sasutān* sadharmmakāyān iti ratnatrayanirddeśaḥ |
praṇipatyeti praṇā[makri]yāyāḥ || (2a3) ādarata iti tasyā eva viśeṣasya
akhilāṃś ca☉vandyām iti kalyāṇamitraprabhṛtīnām* | sugatātmaja-
samvarāvatāram ity abhidheyaka(2a4)thanaṃ kathayiṣyāmīti prayo-
janābhidhānaṃ | samba¦☉ndhapratipādanapadaṃ na8 {vṛ} vidyate |
sāmarthyād eva tu sa pratipattavyaḥ | yathāgamam iti svā(2a5)tantrya-
parihārapadaṃ | samāsād iti punarukta☉tāparihāravacanam iti sam-
udāyārthaḥ |
§5. avayavārthas tucyate9 | sugatān ity atra gata(2a6)śabdena sarv-
vapṛthagjanebhyo bhagavatāṃ vyavacche☉dam upadarśayati | teṣāṃ
saṃsārāntarggatatvāt* | bhagavatāñ ca10 saṃsāravinarggatatvā¦(2b1)t*11 |
suśabdas tu praśastādyarthatrayapravṛttiviśiṣṭaṃ12 sugatatvam āha | tenā-
yam arthaḥ | praśastaṃ yathā bhavati | evaṃ madhya{s}māpratipadā13
kleśādyāvaraṇaprahāṇaṅ gatāḥ suga¦(2b2)tāḥ | anena prahāṇasaṃpattir
uktā | yadi vā praśastaṃ | sarvvadharmmaniḥsvabhāvatātatvaṅ gatā adhi-
gatāḥ sugatāḥ | anenādhigamasaṃpad upadarśitā | anenaiva tī¦(2b3)rthika-
śāstṛbhyo bhagavatāṃ viśeṣaś copadarśito☉bhavati | teṣām ātmādi-
bhāvābhiniveśadṛṣṭeḥ14 praśastaṃ15 gamanābhāvāt* | ātmādīnāñ ca
pra(2b4)māṇabādhitatvāt* saṃsārapratipakṣatvāc16 ca na pra¦☉śastaṅ17
gamanaṃ | apunarāvṛttyā vā gatāḥ punarjanmano rāgādīnāñ ca
doṣāṇāṃ kāraṇasyā(2b5)haṃkārabījasyāvidyāyāḥ sarvvathā prahāṇāt*
☉sugatāḥ | anena śrotaāpannasakṛdāgāmibodhisatvebhyo pi bhagava-
tāṃ viśeṣo darśitaḥ | (2b6) teṣāṃ praśastagamane pi sarvvathā hetva-
prahāṇāt* | punarāvṛttisambhavāt* | viśeṣaṃ18 vā yāvadgantavyaṃ gatāḥ |
sarvvadoṣavāsanāyā19 api kāyavāgbuddhivaiguṇya(2b7)lakṣaṇāyāḥ sva-
yam adhigatamārggoktāv apāṭavasya vā sarvvathā prahāṇāt* suga-
tāḥ | etāvatā saṃpūrṇṇagāmitvaṃ bhagavatāṃ pratipāditaṃ | anenāpy

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anāgāmi(3a1)śrāvakapratyekabuddhebhyo bhagavatām asādhāraṇaguṇa-

tvam āveditaṃ | teṣām akliṣṭasya kāyavāgbuddhivaiguṇyasya svā-
dhigat{ā}amārggoktyapāṭavasya ca saṃbhavā¦(3a2)t* | evañ ca buddha-
tvam aśeṣaguṇādhāram20 asādhāram21 asādhāraṇam apareṣām iti22
sugataśabdena khyāpitaṃ | tān evambhūtān* sugatān ādarataḥ parama-
prasādena (3a3) praṇipatyeti | namaskṛtya sugatātmajasamvarāvatā☉raṃ
kathayiṣyāmīti sambandhaḥ |
§6. kiṃbhūtān* sugatān23 iti | svatāś24 ca munīnām iha labdhamudi(3a4)-
tādibhūmayo bodhisatvā eva gṛhyante teṣām evā¦☉dhikṛtatvāt*25 | taiḥ
saha | anena viśeṣaṇenāryasaṃghasya namaskāro ’ntarbhāvitaḥ |
§7. apa(3a5)raviśeṣaṇam26 āha | sadharmmakāyān iti | sarvvopadhivinir-
mukto27 bhagavatāṃ svābhāviko dharmmakāyaḥ | sa eva cādhigama-
svabhāvo dharmmaḥ | samūhārtho vā kāya(3a6)śabdo janakāyo balakāya
iti yathā | tena pravacanasyāpi grahaṇan tena saha | anenāpi dharmmasya
namaskāro ’ntarbhāvitaḥ | iti rartnatrayanamaskāro28 ’¦(3b1)yam ity
upaderśitaṃ29 ||
§8. nanu buddhād dharmmo dharmmataś cāryyasaṃgha iti kramaḥ | tat kim
iti buddhānantaram āryasaṃghas tadanu dharmma iti vyatikramanirde-
śaḥ | satyam iha śloka(3b2)bandhānurodhāt* vyatikramanirdeśo vedita-
vyaḥ | yojanā30 tu sugatān* sadharmmakāyān* sasutān* praṇipatyety
anukrameṇaiva kāryety adoṣaḥ31 | atha vā bo¦(3b3)dhisatvānām apy adhi-
gat{ā}adharmmatvād ānurūpyeṇa dharmmakā☉yo vidyata eva | teṣām
api saha dharmmakāyena namaskriyāpratipādanāya32 | te pi hi sa(3b4)-
madhigatadharmmatayā sugatatve niyatāḥ33 sugat{ā}aprāyā☉iti dharm-
māt pūrvvaṃ nirdeśa iti na kiñcid ayuktaṃ |
§9. kim etān eva nety āha | akhilāṃ¦(3b5)ś ca vandyān iti | aparān
api samastān* vandanīyān ācāryopādhyāyaprabhṛtīn api ādarataḥ
praṇipatyeti | iti pūrvvārddhena sugatādīnāṃ namaskṛtim a(3b6)bhi-
dhāyāparārddhenābhidheyādīni pratipādayann āha | sugatātmajetyādi |
ātmano jātā ātmajāḥ sugatānām ātmajā jinaputrā bodhisatvā i///
4.3 The commentaries on the BCA’s verses 3.28–33
jaganmṛtyuvināśāya jātam etad rasāyanam |
jagaddāridryaśamanaṃ nidhānam idam akṣayam || BCA 3.28
§10. (39a1) yad vidhinā niṣevya jarāmaraṇavinirmukto bhavatīti loka-
prasiddhiḥ | rasāyanam iva etad bodhicittaṃ | (jā)tam34 utpādaṃ punar
api caivaṃ saṃpraharṣayet* |

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jagadvyādhipraśamanaṃ bhaiṣajyam idam uttamam |

bhavādhvabhramaṇaśrāntajagadviśrāmapādapaḥ || BCA 3.29
§11. jaga(39a2)dvyādhīti | jagatāṃ vyādhayaḥ sarvvāḥ pīḍāḥ | u☉ttamaṃ
pradhānaṃ kāyika(mānasika)sarvvarogapraśamanahetutvāt*35 | idaṃ
bodhicittaṃ | bhavādhvani bhra(39a3)maṇaṃ | utpattibhavamaraṇabhav-
āntarābhavasva¦☉bhāvaṃ | saṃsāramārgge paryaṭanaṃ | tena śrāntaṃ
parikhinnaṃ |
durgatyuttaraṇe setuḥ sāmānyaḥ sarvayāyinām |
jagatkleśopaśamana uditaś cittacandramāḥ || BCA 3.30
§12. durggatayo narakapreta¦(39a4)tiryañcaḥ | tāsām uttaraṇaṃ tan-
nimittaṃ se(tuḥ sāmānyaḥ sādhāraṇa)ḥ36 |☉idaṃ bodhicittaṃ mamo-
ditam iti sarvvatra śeṣaḥ | sāmānyaḥ | sādhāraṇaḥ kleśai(39a5)r uṣmā
saṃtāpaḥ37 | tasya śamanāyā38 uditaḥ ¦☉prādurbhūtaḥ | cittam iti bodhi-
cittaṃ | tad eva candramāḥ | himaraśmiḥ | sarvvasantā¦(39a6)pāpaha-
raṇapaṭutvāt* |
jagadajñānatimiraprotsāraṇamahāraviḥ |
saddharmakṣīramathanān navanītaṃ samutthitam || BCA 3.31
§13. punar evaṃ | jagadajñāneti | ajñānam eva timiraṃ vastutatvasya
pidhāyakatvāt* | protsāraṇaṃ nirasanaṃ | mahāraviḥ sarvvasa¦(39b1)-
tvānāṃ | āntaratimirāpahāraṇāt* | punar apy evaṃ | sarddharmmeti39
bhagavatpravacanaṃ | tad eva kṣīram iva | tasya mathanaṃ śruta-
mayyādiprajñāmanthānena vivo(39b2)hanaṃ40 | navanītam iva bodhi-
cittaṃ | samutthitaṃ samutpannaṃ |
sukhabhogabubhukṣitasya vā janasārthasya bhavādhvacāriṇaḥ |
sukhasattram idaṃ hy upasthitaṃ sakalābhyāgatasattvatar-
paṇam || BCA 3.32
§14. prakārāntaram āha | sukhabhogetyādi | bubhukṣitasya | bhok-
tukāmasya idaṃ bodhicittaṃ | sarvvasukha(39b3)praśamanahetutvāt*41 |
asaṃprāptaphalatve pi dṛḍhā☉dhyāśayatayā saṃprāptaphalam iva
kathyate | tadyathā devaś ced vṛṣṭo niṣpannāḥ śālaya iti | (39b4) evaṃ
bodhicittaṃ samutpannañ cel labdhāḥ | sarvvā sa☉mpattaya iti |
abhyāgatāḥ | s42 tasyāgater āgamanāt* | tarppaṇam iti | sarvvasukhaiḥ
saṃtṛptija(39b5)nanāt* |
jagad adya nimantritaṃ mayā sugatatvena sukhena cāntarā |
purataḥ khalu sarvatāyinām abhinandantu surāsurādayaḥ ||
BCA 3.33

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§15. sāṃprataṃ kṛtabodhicittaṃ dṛḍhaniścayaḥ☉| samupajātacitta-

prasādaḥ prāha | jagad adyetyādi | sugatatvena buddhatvena | sukhena
cānta(39b6)rā | yāvad buddhatvaṃ nā[dh]igacchāmi tāvan madhye deva-
manuṣyasampattisukhena | purataḥ khalu sarvvatāyināṃ | sarvveṣāṃ
buddhānāṃ {sukhe} (bhaga)<va>tām43 agrataḥ | atra bhagava(40a1)-
nta eva sākṣibhūtā iti bhāvaḥ | abhinandintu surāsurādayaḥ | imaṃ
mamābhiprāyaṃ sarvajagaddhitasukhādhānanimnaṃ44 | abhyanumo-
dantāṃ prasannacittā de(40a2)vadaityayakṣādaya iti |
§16. prajñākaramatikṛtā☉yāṃ bociryāvatārapañjikāyāṃ45 tṛtīyaḥ paric-
chedaḥ || ||
4.4 The commentaries on the BCA’s verses 4.1–14
evaṃ gṛhītvā sudṛḍhaṃ bodhicittaṃ jinātmajaḥ |
śikṣānatikrame yatnaṃ kuryān nityam atandritaḥ || BCA 4.1
§17. iti pṛṣṭhapuṣṭi¦(40a3)m abhidhāya | pratipattisārasya hi bodhir na
ta¦☉dviparītasyeti pratipādayatum āha |46 evam ityādi || evaṃ sama-
nantarabodhicittaṃ (40a4) sudṛḍhaṃ gṛhītvā | śikṣāyā bodhisatva-
prati¦☉pattaye bodhisatvena satā yac chikṣaṇīyam ity arthaḥ | ullaṃ-
ghanam atikramaḥ | ta¦(40a5)dviparītas anatikramaḥ | tasmina47 yatnaṃ
tā☉tparyaṃ | atandrito ’nalasaḥ |
§18. yathoktam āryagayāśīrṣe pratipattisārāṇāṃ bo(40a6)dhisatvānām
bodhir nāpratipattisārāṇām iti | āryasamādhirāje coktaṃ | tasmāt prati-
pattisāro bhaviṣyāmīty evaṃ tvayā kumāra śikṣitavyaṃ | (40b1) tat
kasya hetoḥ pratipattisārasya hi kumāra na dullarbhā48 bhavaty
anuttarā samyaksambodhir iti | sā ca śikṣā49 bodhisatvasya pāramitā-
’pramāṇasaṃgrahā(40b2)vasthādibhedenākṣamatiratnameghādisūtre50
☉vistareṇa51 tathā laukikaśilpādisthāneṣv52 api yāvad* bodhi[sa]tvena
śikṣitavyaṃ | kiṃ (40b3) punar lokottareṣu dhyānādiṣu | anyathā ka☉thaṃ
sarvākāraṃ sarvvasatvārthaṃ53 karttuṃ samarthā bhaveyuḥ54 | sā ce-
yaṃ sa[ṃ]kṣepeṇa bodhisatvasya (40b4) prajñopāyarūpā pratipattiḥ | na
prajñāmātraṃ☉| nāpy upāyamātraṃ |55
§19. tatra prajñāpāramitāṃ tyaktvā dānādipāramitāsaṃgrahavastvā-
di(40b5)kaṃ sarvvam eva kṣetrapariśuddhimahābhogatā☉mahāpari-
vārasaṃpatsatvaparipākaṃ56 nirmmāṇādisakalābhyudayadharmmasaṃ-
grāhakaṃ (40b6) kuśalamūlam57 upāya58 ucyate | prajñā tu tasyai-
vopāyasyāviparitasvabhāvaparicchedahetur59 iti |60 ayaṃ cārtho vistareṇa
kamalaśīlabhāvanā¦(41a1)krame draṣṭavyaḥ | anenāpi paricchedena
tadrakṣāśurddhivarddhanāni61 kathitāni | yadi vā tadrakṣaiva kevalā |

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sahasā yat samārabdhaṃ samyag yad avicāritam |

tatra kuryān na vety evaṃ pratijñāyāpi yujyate || BCA 4.2
§20. pūrvvam eva bodhicittasamvarasyātmanaś ca balā(41a2)balaṃ
jñātvā samvaro grāhyaḥ | tato gṛhītasa☉mvareṇa bodhisatvenaivaṃ
cintayitavyam ity āha | sahaseti | [au]tsukyena | yat samārabdhaṃ | (41a3)
nāpi samyag vicāritaṃ | tatrārambham abhyupaga☉myāpi | evaṃ
yuktaṃ kuryān na veti dolāsaṃśrayaṇaṃ |
vicāritaṃ tu yad buddhair mahāprājñaiś ca tatsutaiḥ |
mayāpi ca yathāśakti tatra kiṃ parilambyate || BCA 4.3
§21. idan tu na ta[th]ety āha | vicāritam ityā(41a4)di | buddhair iti | tatra
tatra subāhuparipṛcchā¦☉disūtreṣu varṇṇitatvāt* | mahāprajñāś ca
tatsurair iti | āryamaitreyanāthaprabhṛt{ī}ibhiś ca ¦ (41a5) bodhisatvaiḥ |
āryagaṇḍavyūhādisūtreṣu |☉mayāpi ca yathāśaktīti svaprajñāsām-
arthyānurūpaṃ | tatra kiṃ parilambyate | kim iti vi(41a6)lambaḥ kriyate |
kim avaśiṣyate vā | yatra saṃdehaḥ | syāt* | tasmāt* yathāpratijñātasya
samārambha eva yuktaḥ | anyathā tu62 sarvvabuddhabodhisatvāḥ sade-
vaka(41b1)ś ca loko visamvāditā[ḥ] |
yadi caivaṃ pratijñāya sādhayeyaṃ na karmaṇā |
etāṃ sarvāṃ visaṃvādya kā gatir me bhaviṣyati || BCA 4.4
§22. yadi caivam ityādi | evaṃ pratijñāyeti | sarvvasatvān āśvāsyā-
tīrṇṇatāraṇāya | amuktamocanāya | anā[śva]stāśvāsanāya ||63 (41b2) sādha-
yeyaṃ na karmmaṇā | ya[di] kriyayā na saṃpā☉dayeyaṃ | tadaitān
sarvvadevamanuṣyādiṣaḍgatikān satvān* visamvādya [u]varya64 | kā
gati(41b3)r mme bhaviṣyati | narakādigater anyā gati(r) nnā☉stīti bhāvaḥ |
§23. ayaṃ cārtha āryasāga[ra]matisūtre deśitaḥ | syād yathāpi nāma
sāgara(41b4)mate rājā vā [rā]jamātrā65 vā sarvva(ṃ) nāgarañ janaṃ☉śvo
bhaktenopanimantryopekṣako bhavet* | nānnapānaṃ samudānayet* |
sa taṃ66 sarvvaja¦(41b5)nakāyaṃ visamvādayet* | tatra te ’nnapānabho-
ja☉nam alabhamānā uccagghayantaḥ67 prakram(eyuḥ | evam)68 eva
sāgaramate yo bodhisatvaḥ sarvvasatvān ā¦(41b6)śvāsyātīrṇṇatāraṇāya |
amuktamocanāya | anāśvastāśvāsanāya69 yāvan na bāhuśrutye ’bhiyo-
gaṃ karoti | nāpi tato nyeṣu kuśaleṣu bodhipakṣyeṣu (dharmeṣu)70
(42a1) ayaṃ bodhisatvo visamvādayati sadevakaṃ lokaṃ | evañ ca
taṃ pūrvvabuddhadarśinyo devatā uccagghayanti71 vivādayanti | du(r)-
llabhās te yajñāsvāmino ye (42a2) mahāyajñaṃ pratijñāyottārayanti
tasmā(t) tarhi sā☉garamate na sā bodhisatvena vāg bhāṣitavyā | yayā
sadevamānuṣāsuraṃ lokaṃ visa(42a3)mvādayed iti |72

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manasā cintayitvāpi yo na dadyāt punar naraḥ |

sa preto bhavatīty uktam alpamātre ’pi vastuni || BCA 4.5
§24. atilakṣapratijñātātikrame73 ¦☉pi phalato garīyasī syād āpattir ity
āha | manasyetyādi |74 idaṃ dāsyāmīti ci¦(42a4)ttena vikalpya | punas
taddānād yo nivarttate | sa pre☉bho75 bhavati paraloke | alpamātre
stokamātre {sti} bhaktādirūpe vastuni | ukta(42a5)m ity āgame kathitaṃ |
tathā carasā76 pratijñāyāda☉dato narakagatir uktā |
kim utānuttaraṃ saukhyam uccair udghuṣya bhāvataḥ |
jagat sarvaṃ visaṃvādya kā gatir me bhaviṣyati || BCA 4.6
§25. kim uta kiṃ punaḥ | anuttaraṃ | na vidyate uttaram ukṛṣṇaṃ77
(42a6) yasmāt tad anuttara’sākhyaṃ78 | asādhāraṇam abhyudayaniḥ-
śreyasalakṣaṇaṃ | uccair udghuṣya | mahatā saṃrambheṇa | buddhabodhi-
satvānāṃ sadevakasya ca loka(42b1)syāgrataḥ | jagad adya nimantritaṃ
mayetyādighoṣaṇā(ṃ) mahatīṃ kṛtvā | atīrṇṇān* tārayitāsmītyādikāṃ
vācaṃ bhāvato mahatodareṇa79 | tadartha(42b2)m asaṃpādayataḥ | kā
gatir mme bhaviṣyati |
§26. etac ca☉saddharmmasmṛtyupasthānasūtre kathitaṃ | kiñcinmā-
traṃ cintayitvāpy adadataḥ preta¦(42b3)gatir uktā | pratijñāta80 vādadato
narakagatiḥ |☉kiṃ punar anuttaram artham akhilasya jagataḥ pratijñā-
yāsaṃpādayataḥ |81
§27. atra82 evo(42b4)ktaṃ dharmmasaṃgītisūtre | satyagurukeṇa kulaputra
☉[bo]dhisatvena bhavitavyaṃ | satyasaṃgītiḥ kulaputra dharmma-
saṃgītiḥ | tatra kulaputra (42b5) katamat satyaṃ | yad bodhisatvo nuttarāyāṃ
samyaksa☉[mb]odhau cittam utpādya tac cittaṃ jīvitahetor api
na tyajati83 | na ca84 satveṣu viprati(42b6)padyate | idaṃ bodhisatvasya
satyaṃ | yat punar bodhisatvo nuttarāyāṃ samyaksambodhau cittam
utpādya punaḥ85 paścāt tac cittaṃ parityajati satveṣu ca86 vi¦(43a1)prati-
padyate | ayaṃ bodhisatvasya pratikṛṣṭo mṛṣāvāda iti |87
§28. syād etat* | āryaśāriputreṇa pūrvvajanmani bodhicittam utpādya
samyak*saṃbodhi(43a2)prārthayatā sambhāreṣu pravarttamānena | daśa-
buddha☉sahasrāṇi paryupāsitāni | tato māraviheṭhitena bodhicittaṃ
pratyākhyāta¦(43a3)m iti śrutiḥ | tathāpi śrāvakabodhiṃ samadhiga¦☉mya
saṃpādanasamartho babhūva | tat katham etan nīyatām ity āha |
vetti sarvajña evaitām acintyāṃ karmaṇo gatim |
yad bodhicittatyāge ’pi mocayaty eva tāṃ narān || BCA 4.7

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§29. vettītyādi | sarvvākā(43a4)[raṃ] sarvvavastutatvavedī buddho bha-

gavān eva jānā☉ti | acintyāṃ karmmaṇo gatiṃ | vicitrasvabhā-
vatvāt karmmagateḥ | nārvvāgdṛśām aya¦(43a5)m a[rth]o śocaraḥ88 | yad
buddhabodhisatvān āmukhā☉kṛtya gṛhītasya bodhicittasya parityāge
pi tān pūrvvapratijñāviṣayīkṛtān sa(42a6)tvān mocayaty eva saṃsāra-
duḥkhāt* | idan tu yuktam iha dṛśyate | na khalva89 sarvvathāryaśāriputreṇa
mukticittaṃ parityaktaṃ | sambodhicittaparityāge ¦(43b1) pi śrāvaka-
bodhir90 abhyupagamāt* | tatas tu [bhav]yam91 adhigamya yathābha[vya]-
ṃ92 satvān uttāritavān ity adoṣaḥ |
bodhisattvasya tenaivaṃ sarvāpattir garīyasī |
yasmād āpadyamāno ’sau sarvasattvārthahānikṛt || BCA 4.8
yo ’py anyaḥ kṣaṇam apy asya puṇyavighnaṃ kariṣyati |
tasya durgatiparyanto nāsti sattvārthaghātinaḥ || BCA 4.9
§30. prāsaṅgikaṃ parihṛtya prakṛtye yojayann āha | (43b2) bodhi-
satvasyetyādi | tenaiva93 yena sarvvasatvasa¦☉muddharaṇāya prati-
jñātaṃ tena | tena kāraṇena | kutaḥ | puna tat* | ity āha | yasmād i(43b3)-
tyādi | yasmāt sāpattiko bhavarś94 asau bodhisatva☉ḥ | sarvvasatvānām
arthaṃ hanti | yadi punar esyānyapudgalavyāpāreṇa95 satvārthahā-
ni(43b4)r bhavet* | tadā tasyaivānyasyāpattir ggarīyasī☉syād ity āha yo
py anya ityādi |
§31. anya iti | bodhisatvād aparaḥ | kṣaṇam apīti | ā(43b5)stāṃ tāvan ni
meṣamuhūrttārddhaghaṭikārddhapraharādi☉kālaṃ | ekakṣaṇam api
yāvat* | tasya puṇyavighnakāriṇaḥ | durggatisaṃkhyā karttum a(43b6)-
śakyā | kutaḥ satvārthaghātina iti tenāpi hi bodhisatvasya kuśalavighā-
taṃ kurvvatā ’śeṣasya satvasyārthaḥ pratihato bhavet* | kathaṃ puna¦(44a1)r
asya durggatiparyanto nāstīty atr<o>papattim āha |
ekasyāpi hi sattvasya hitaṃ hatvā hato bhavet |
aśeṣākāśaparyantavāsināṃ kimu dehinām || BCA 4.10
§32. ekasyāpi hītyādi | hitam ity upalakṣaṇa(ṃ) sukham api draṣ-
ṭavyaṃṃ96 | hato bhavet* | sugatihananāt* | aya(44a2)ñ cārthaḥ praśāntavi-
niściyaprātihāryasūtre97 prada☉rśitaḥ | yad uktaṃ | yaḥ kaścin mañjuśrīḥ
kulaputro vā kuladuhitā vā | jāṃbūṃdvīpakā(44a3)n98 sarvvasatvāna99
jīvitād vyaparopya sarvasvaṃ haret* |☉yo vānyo maṃjuśrīḥ kulaputro vā
kuladuhitā vā100 | bodhisatvasyaikakuśalacittasyā(44a4)ntarāyaṃ kuryāt* |
antaśas tiryagyonigatasyāpy e¦☉kakālopādānasahagatakuśalasyānt
arā-yaṃ101 | tasya102 tato ’saṃkhyeyataraṃ pāpa(ṃ) prasava(44a5)ti |
tat kasya he-toḥ | buddhotpādasa(ṃ)janakānāṃ kuśa☉lamūlānām103
antarāyasthito104 bhavatīti |105

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evam āpattibalato bodhicittabalena ca |

dolāyamānaḥ saṃsāre bhūmiprāptau cirāyate || BCA 4.11
§33. evam iti pūrvoktakrameṇa svādhyāpāreṇa sā(44a6)pattikatāyāṃ |
bodhicittasya ca sudṛḍhaṃ gṛhītatvāt* | pṛṣṭhatayākṛṣyate punaḥ purato
nīyate | iti dolāyamānatayā bhūmiprāptau | muditadibhūmipra(44b1)-
tilambhāya106 cirāyate | dīrghakālaṃ saṃsāre parikhidyate |
tasmād yathāpratijñātaṃ sādhanīyaṃ mayādarāt |
nādya cet kriyate yatnas talenāsmi talaṃ gataḥ || BCA 4.12
§34. tataḥ kim ucitam ity āha | tasmād ityādi | yathāpratijñātaṃ |
sarvvasatvasamuddharaṇāya svīkṛ(44b2)taṃ | sādhanīyaṃ saṃpādanīyaṃ
saṃpādanīyaṃ107 | mayāda☉rāt* | tātparyeṇa | paścāt kariṣyāmīty api
mansikarttavyaṃ | nādya ved108 iti | talenā(44b3)smi talaṃ gata iti |
durggatiparamparayā’dhastād gama☉nāt* |
aprameyā gatā buddhāḥ sarvasattvagaveṣakāḥ |
naiṣām ahaṃ svadoṣeṇa cikitsāgocaraṃ gataḥ || BCA 4.13
§35. syād etat* | kasyacit tathāgatasya samavadhānam adhigamya
sarvvātyayapratikṣepā(44b4)t kāśaka |109 durggater ity atrāha | aprameyā
ityādi | ¦☉asaṃkhyeyāḥ | anādisaṃsāravat* | buddhotpādasyānāditvāt* |
sarvvasatvagaveṣakāḥ | (44b5) aśeṣajagatāṃ hitasukhavidhānāya santā-
nāvalo☉kinaḥ | tathāpi naiṣāṃ tathāgatānāṃ svadoṣeṇa | ātmaduś-
caritena cikitsāgoca(44b6)raṃ gato haṃ | asādhyarogagrasto rogīva
mahāvaidyasya na bhadratāṃ prāptaḥ |
adyāpi cet tathaiva syāṃ yathaivāhaṃ punaḥ punaḥ |
durgativyādhimaraṇacchedabhedādy avāpnuyām || BCA 4.14
§36. kim atra kāraṇaṃ yat kadācin na bhūtaṃ tan na bhaviṣyati kim
ity āha | adyāpi vetyādi110 | ya(116A1)thaiveti111 | śikṣāsamvaraśithilaḥ |
akuśalād anivṛttaḥ cchedaḥ karacaraṇakarṇṇanāsikādīnāṃ | bhedaḥ
kuntaśaktiśaraprabhṛtibhis teṣām eva | ā(116A2)diśabdhād vadhabandha-
natāḍanaprabhṛtayo gṛhyante |

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Acknowledgement
Special thanks go to Diwakar Acharya and Péter-Dániel Szántó (All Souls
College, University of Oxford) for useful comments and suggestions.

This paper is supported by fund for building world-class universities

(disciplines) of Renmin University of China and National key R&D program
of China (2022YFF0903903).

References
Bendall, Cecil. 1970. Çikshāsamuccaya: A Compendium of Buddhistic
Teaching. Bibliotheca Buddhica. I. Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag.
La Vallée Poussin, Louis de. 1914. Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā = Prajñā-
karamati’s Commentary to the Bodhicaryāvatāra of Çāntideva.
Calcutta: Asiatic Society.
Tucci, Giuseppe. 1958. “First Bhāvanākrama of Kamalaśīla.” In Minor
Buddhist Texts Parts One and Two. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Vaidya, P. L. 1960. Bodhicaryāvatāra of Śāntideva with the Commentary
Pañjikā of Prajñākaramati. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts 12. Darbhanga:
The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in
Sanskrit Learning.
Wang, Junqi, Lan Fang, Juan Liao, and Meifang Zhang. 2021. “A Fragment
of the Saṃghāṭasūtra Interpolated in the Manuscript of the
Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā (ZX0617–ZB20).” Journal of Buddhist
Studies 18: 87–95.
普仓. 2016. “龙树《宝鬘论颂》梵文写本的初步报告.” 西藏贝叶经研究,
26–36.
松田和信. 2019. “ラトナーカラシャーンティの般若波羅蜜修習次第.” 佛
教大学仏教学会紀要 24: 21–32(L).
陆辰叶. 2020. “新出梵文写本《般若灯中观本颂》.” 复旦学报(社会科学
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Notes

1 This BCAP Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscript is included in several volumes of the facsimiles
of the palm-leaf manuscripts preserved in the TAR which have become available to
scholars in recent years. Based on these manuscripts, Phutshang (2016) introduced
one manuscript of Nāgārjuna’s Ratnāvalī; Matsuda (2019) prepared a transcription
of Ratnākaraśānti’s Prajñāpāramitābhāvanākrama; Takanori Fukita introduced the
manuscript of Aśvaghoṣa’s Gaṇḍīkāstava at the 70th JAIBS conference in 2019;
Chenye Lu (2020) discussed the chapter titles and the verse numbers of Nāgārjuna’s
Madhyamakārikā using its complete Sanskrit manuscript; Wang et al. (2021) discussed
the interpolation of one leaf of a Saṃghāṭasūtra manuscript in the BCAP manuscript.
2 Metre: Vasantatilakā.
3 Metre: Mandākrāntā. A similar verse appears in the start section of the ninth chapter
of BCAP which reads: yatrācāryo guṇanidhir asau śāntidevaḥ prakāśaṃ, vaktuṃ śaktaḥ
pravacanamahāmbhodhipāraṃ prayātaḥ | kiṃ tasyārthaṃ hatamatir ahaṃ vaktum īśas
tathāpi, prajñābhyāsāt sukṛtam asamaṃ yat tato ’smi pravṛttaḥ || BCAP (de La Vallée
Poussin 1914, 342.6–343.2)
4 Metre: Vaṃśastha. Cf. na nāma kācid guṇaleśavāsanā mater na me ’sti pratibhāguṇo
’rjitaḥ | tathāpi sanmitraniṣevaṇāphalaṃ yad eva me tādṛśi vāk prasarpati || ibid. But de
La Vallée Poussin (1914)’s footnote shows that his manuscript also reads matir mamāsti
pratibhāguṇorjitā being identical with ours.
5 The BCAP often does not cite the BCA’s verses in their entirety when commenting. To
facilitate reading, this paper follows de La Vallée Poussin’s practice of adding the BCA’s
verses before the relevant commentary of the BCAP. And the BCA’s verses are pulled
from Vaidya (1960).
6 -paramasa-] -paramarasa- > -paramasa-. Cf. T: yon tan de la goms pas ro mchog la
zhugs = tadguṇābhyāsaparamarasasaṃvṛttaḥ.
7 pañcārthāḥ] Cf. T: don bdun = saptārtha. The Tibetan reading differs from the pañcārtha
of the Sanskrit text, but this difference does not appear to come from the Sanskrit base
text of the Tibetan translation, but is simply caused by the ... dang ... dang structure of the
Tibetan translation.
8 na] Cf. P: tu na.
9 tucyate] tūcyate > tucyate. Cf. P: tūcyate.
10 ca] Cf. P: tu.
11 -vinarggatatvāt] -vinirggatatvāt > -vinarggatatvāt. Cf. P: -vinirgatatvāt.
12 -pravṛttiviśiṣṭaṃ] Cf. P: -vṛttiviśiṣṭaṃ.
13 de La Vallée Poussin (1914) notes that his Nepalese Manuscripts also reads madhyamāpra-.
Cf. T: dbu ma’i don rtogs pas = madhyamārthapratipadā.
14 -dṛṣṭeḥ] = T: lta bas. Cf. P: -[vaśāt].
15 praśastaṃ] Cf. P: praśasta-.
16 saṃsārapratipakṣatvāc] Cf. P: saṃsārāpratipakṣatvāc = T: ’khor ba’i gnyen po ma yin
pa’i phyir.
17 na praśastaṅ] Cf. P: apraśastaṃ.
18 viśeṣaṃ] Cf. P: niḥśeṣaṃ = T: ma lus par (Derge)/ma lus pa (Peking).
19 -doṣavāsanāyā] = T: nyes pa ... kyi bag chags. Cf. P: -vāsanāyā.
20 aśeṣaguṇādhāram] = T: yon tan ma lus pa’i gzhi. Cf. P: aśeṣaguṇasaram.
21 asādhāram is caused by an eyeskip back to the former -dhāram.
22 apareṣām iti] = T: gzhan dag dang ... zhes. Cf. P: aparayogibhi[ḥ].
23 sugatān] sasutān > sugatān. Cf. P: sasutān = T: sras bcas.
24 svatāś] sutāś > svatāś. Cf. P: sutāś = T: sras.
25 evādhikṛtatvāt] Cf. P: evātrādhikṛtatvāt = T: nyid ’dir dbang bar gyur pa’i phyir.
26 aparaviśeṣaṇam] Cf. P: aparaṃ viśeṣaṇam.
27 sarvvopadhivinirmukto] Cf. P: sarvāpa///kto; T: spros pa thams cad dang bral ba’i =
sarvaprapañcavinirmukto.
28 rartna-] ratna- > rartna-. Cf. P: ratna- = T: dkon mchog.

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29 upaderśitaṃ] upadarśitaṃ/upadeśitaṃ > upaderśitaṃ. Cf. P: u///; T: nye bar bstan pa.
30 yojanā] = T: sbyar ba ni. Cf. P: yojanāt.
31 kāryety adoṣaḥ] = T: bya ste | des na nyes pa med do. Cf. P: [na kaścid atra] doṣaḥ.
32 namaskriyāpratipādanāya] = T: phyag ’tshal ba bstan pa’i don du’o. Cf. P: namaska[raṇaṃ]
pratipādanīyaṃ.
33 sugatatve niyatāḥ] Cf. P: sugatatvaniyatāḥ.
34 tam] jātam > tam. Cf. T: skyes pa = jātam.
35 kāyika-] Cf. T: lus las byung ba dang | yid las byung ba’i = kāyikamānasika-.
36 seḥ] Cf. T: spyi ste thun mong gi stegs = setuḥ sāmānyaḥ sādhāraṇaḥ.
37 This suggests that the BCAP reads jagatkleśoṣmaśamana, not jagatklesopasamana in
pāda C.
38 śamanāyā] śamanāya (?) > śamanāyā. Cf. T: sel ba’i phyir = śamanāya; BCA:
upaśamane.
39 sarddharmmeti] saddharmmeti > sarddharmmeti.
40 vivohanaṃ] viloḍanaṃ (?) > vivohanaṃ. Cf. T: dkrugs pa’o.
41 -praśamana-] -prasavana-(?) > -praśamana-. Cf. T: ’byung ba’i.
42 Several akṣaras seem to be omitted. Cf. T: ’gron po ste | de dang de’i ’gro bar = sārthas
tasya tasyāgater.
43 vatām] Cf. T: bcom ldan ’das = bhagavatām.
44 -ādhāna-] Cf. T: gzhi = ādhāra.
45 bociryāvatāra-] bodhicaryāvatāra- > bociryāvatāra-.
46 Cf. yathoktam āryagayāśīrṣe “pratipattisārāṇāṃ bodhisattvānāṃ bodhir nāpratipatti-
sārāṇām” iti | BhK 1, §5 (Tucci 1958, 193).
47 tasmina] tasmin* > tasmina. Cf. T: de la = tasmin.
48 dullarbhā] durllabhā > dullarbhā.
49 śikṣā] = T: bslab pa. Cf. BhK: pratipattir.
50 -saṃgrahāvasthādi-] -saṃgrahavastvādi- > -saṃgrahāvasthādi-. Cf. T: bsdu ba’i
dngos po la sogs pa’i = -saṃgrahavastvādi-. -ākṣamatiratnameghādisūtre] -ākṣaya-
matiratnameghādisūtreṣu > -ākṣamatiratnameghādisūtre. Cf. T: blo gros mi zad pa dang |
dkon mchog sbyin la sogs pa’i mdo rnams las = BhK: akṣayamatiratnameghādisūtreṣu.
51 vistareṇa] Cf. T: rgya cher bslab par bya’o = vistareṇa śikṣitavyā; BhK: vistareṇa varṇitā.
52 -śilpādisthāneṣv] = BhK; Cf. T: bslab pa la sogs pa la gnas pa rnams = -śikṣādisthāneṣv.
53 sarvvasatvārthaṃ] Cf. T: sems can gyi don = BhK: sattvārthaṃ.
54 karttuṃ samarthā bhaveyuḥ] = T: bya bar nus par ’gyur. Cf. BhK: kuryuḥ.
55 Cf. yathoktam āryagayāśīrṣe “pratipattisārāṇāṃ bodhisattvānāṃ bodhir nāprati-
pattisārāṇām” iti | āryasamādhirāje coktam: | “tasmāt ‘pratipattisāro bhaviṣyāmi’ ity
evaṃ tvayā kumāra śikṣitavyam | tat kasya hetoḥ | pratipattisārasya hi, kumāra, na dur-
labhā bhavaty anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhir” iti | sā ca pratipattir bodhisattvasya pāramitā
’pramāṇasaṃgrahavastvādibhedena akṣayamatiratnameghādisūtreṣu vistareṇa varṇitā |
tathā laukikaśilpādisthāneṣv api yāvad bodhisattvena śikṣitavyam | kiṃ punar lokottareṣu
dhyānādiṣu | anyathā kathaṃ sarvākāraṃ sattvārthaṃ kuryuḥ | sā ceyaṃ saṃkṣepeṇa
bodhiattvasya prajñopāyarūpā pratipattir na prajñāmātraṃ nopāyamātraṃ … BhK 1, §5
(Tucci 1958, 193–94).
56 -mahābhogatāmahāparivāra-] Cf. BhK: -mahābhogaparivāra-; T: longs spyod chen po
dang | khor che ba dang. -saṃpatsatvaparipākaṃ] Cf. BhK: -saṃpatsattvaparipāka-; T:
yang dag par sems can = -samyaksatva-.
57 kuśalamūlam] = T: dge ba’i rtsa ba. Cf. BhK: kuśalam.
58 upāya] om. in T.
59 tasyaivopāya-] = T: thabs de nyid. Cf. BhK: tasyaiva copāya-. -āviparita-] -āviparīta- >
-āviparita-. Cf. T: phyin ci ma log pa’i = BhK: ’viparīta-.
60 Cf. tatra prajñāpāramitāṃ tyaktvā dānādipāramitāsaṃgrahavastvādikaṃ sarvam eva
kṣetrapariśuddhimahābhogaparivārasaṃpatsattvaparipākanirmāṇādikasakalābhyudaya-
dharmasaṃgrāhakaṃ kuśalam upāya ucyate | prajñā tu tasyaiva copāyasyā’viparītasva-
bhāvaparicchedahetuḥ | BhK 1, §6 (Tucci 1958, 194).
61 -śurddhi-] -śuddhi- > -śurddhi-. Cf. em. ātmabhāvasya bhogānāṃ tryadhvavṛtteḥ śubha-
sya ca | utsargaḥ sarvasatvebhyas tadrakṣāśuddhivardhanam || ŚSk (Bendall 1970, 17).

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62 tu] Cf. T: ’dir = atra.

63 Cf. sarvasatvān āśvāsyātīrṇatāraṇāyāmuktamocanāyānāśvastāśvāsanāya ... ŚS (Bendall
1970, 12.15–16). T adds yongs su mya ngan las ma ’das pa yongs su mya ngan las ’da’
(Derge)/bsla (Peking) bar bya ba’i phyir dbugs dbyung nas.
64 [u]varya] pratārya (?) > uvarya. Cf. T: brid na.
65 [rā]jamātrā] Cf. ŚS: rājamātro.
66 sa taṃ] Cf. T: des ... de. Cf. ŚS: satyaṃ.
67 uccagghayantaḥ] Cf. ŚS: uccagghantaḥ.
68 Several akṣaras are omitted in the manuscript. This is caused by eyeskip forward to the
same me.
69 T adds yongs su mya ngan las ma ’das pa yongs su mya ngan las (Peking: om.) bzla ba’i
phyir.
70 kuśaleṣu bodhipakṣyeṣu] Cf. T: dge ba byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos rnams kyi =
kuśaleṣu bodhipakṣyeṣu dharmeṣu; ŚS: bodhipakṣyakuśalamūleṣu dharmeṣu.
71 uccagghayanti] Cf. ŚS: uccagghanti.
72 Cf. āryasāgaramatisūtre pi deśitaṃ | syād yathāpi nāma sāgaramate rājā vā rājamātro
vā sarvaṃ nāgarakaṃ janaṃ śvo bhaktenopanimantryopekṣako bhaven nānnapānaṃ
samudānayet satyaṃ sarvajanakāyaṃ visaṃvādayet | tatra te ’nnapānabhojanam ala-
bhamānā uccagghantaḥ prakrāmeyuḥ | evam eva sāgaramate yo bodhisatvaḥ sarvasatvān
āśvāsyātīrṇatāraṇāyāmuktamocanāyānāśvastāśvāsanāya yāvan na bāhuśrutye ’bhiyo-
gaṃ karoti nāpi tato ’nyeṣu bodhipakṣyakuśalamūleṣu dharmeṣu, ayaṃ bodhisatvo
visaṃvādayati sadevakaṃ lokaṃ | evaṃ ca taṃ pūrvabuddhadarśinyo devatā uccagghanti
vivādayanti | durlabhās te yajñasvāmino ye mahāyajñaṃ pratijñāyottārayanti | tasmāt
tarhi sāgaramate na sā bodhisatvena vāg bhāṣitavyā yayā sadevamānuṣāsuraṃ lokaṃ
visaṃvādayet || ŚS (Bendall 1970, 12.12–13.3).
73 atilakṣa-] atisūkṣma- (?) > atilakṣa-. Cf. T: shin tu chung ba.
74 manasyetyādi] Cf. BCA: manasā (Vaidya 1960, 44).
75 prebho] preto > prebho. Cf. T: yi dags = preto.
76 carasā] vacasā > carasā. Cf. T: tshig tu = vacasā.
77 ukṛṣṇaṃ] utkṛṣṭaṃ > ukṛṣṇaṃ. Cf. T: gong na.
78 sākhyaṃ] -ṃ saukhyaṃ > ’sākhyaṃ. Cf. BCA: anuttaraṃ saukhyam; T: bde ba = sau-
khyaṃ.
79 mahatodareṇa] mahatādareṇa > mahatodareṇa. Cf. T: gus pa chen pos (Derge)/po
(Peking).
80 pratijñāta] = T: dam bcas pa las. Cf. ŚS: pratijñātaṃ.
81 Cf. saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtre hi kiñcin mātraṃ cintayitvāpy adadataḥ pretagatir
uktā pratijñātaṃ cādadato narakagatiḥ | kiṃ punar anuttaram artham akhilasya jagataḥ
pratijñāyāsaṃpādayataḥ | ŚS (Bendall 1970, 12.5–7).
82 atra] Cf. T: de bas na = ŚS: ata.
83 tyajati] Cf. ŚS: parityajati.
84 ca] = T: yang. ŚS: om..
85 punaḥ] ŚS: om..
86 ca] = T: ’ang. ŚS: om..
87 ata evoktaṃ dharmasaṃgītisūtre, satyagurukeṇa kulaputra bodhisatvena bhavitavyaṃ |
satyasaṃgītiḥ kulaputra dharmasaṃgītiḥ | tatra kulaputra katamat satyaṃ yad bodhisatvo
’nuttarāyāṃ samyaksaṃbodhau cittam utpādya tac cittaṃ jīvitahetor api na parityajati na
satveṣu vipratipadyate | idaṃ bodhisatvasya satyaṃ || yat punar bodhisatvo ’nuttarāyāṃ
samyaksaṃbodhau cittam utpādya paścāt tac cittaṃ parityajati satveṣu vipratipadyate
’yaṃ bodhisatvasya pratikṛṣṭo mṛṣāvāda iti | ŚS (Bendall 1970, 12.7–12).
88 śocaraḥ] gocaraḥ > śocaraḥ. Cf. T: spyod yul.
89 khalva] khalu > khalva.
90 śrāvakabodhir] śrāvakabodher > śrāvakabodhir.
91 [bhav]yam] Cf. T: nus pa de la.
92 yathābha[vya]ṃ] Cf. T: skal (?) > bskal (Derge)/sgal (Peking).
93 tenaiva] Cf. T: des na ste; BCA: tenaivaṃ (?).
94 bhavarś] bhavaty > bhavarś. Cf. T: gyur na.

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95 esyā-] asyā- > esyā-. Cf. T: ’di la.

96 draṣṭavyaṃṃ] Two anusvāras are written on the top and right side of the akṣara vya.
97 -viniściya-] -viniścaya- > -viniściya-.
98 jāṃbūṃdvīpakān] jāṃbūdvīpakān > jāṃbūṃdvīpakān. Cf. ŚS: jāmbūdvīpakān.
99 sarvvasatvāna] sarvvasatvān* > sarvvasatvāna. Cf. ŚS: sarvasatvāñ.
100 vā] ŚS: om.
101 ekakālopādānasahagatakuśalasyā-] ekālopadānasahagatakuśalasyā- > ekakālopādāna-
sahagatakuśalasyā-. Cf. T: kham gcig tsam ster ba las byung ba’i dge ba’i; ŚS: ekā-
lopadānasahagatasya kuśalamūlasyā-.
102 tasya] Cf. T: de ni = ŚS: ayaṃ.
103 kuśalamūlānām] = T: dge ba’i rtsa ba rnams kyi. Cf. ŚS: sakuśalamūlānām.
104 antarāyasthito] = T: bar chad byed par gnas par. Cf. ŚS: antarāyaḥ sthito.
105 Cf. praśāntaviniścayaprātihāryasūtre ’py aparo ’nartha uktaḥ || yaḥ kaścin mañjuśrīḥ
kulapatro (kulaputro) vā kuladuhitā vā jāmbūdvīpakān sarvasatvāñ jīvitād vyaparopya
sarvasvaṃ haret | yo vā ’nyo mañjuśrīḥ kulaputro vā kuladuhitā bodhisatvasyaikaku-
śalacittasyāntarāyaṃ kuryād antaśas tiryagyonigatasyāpy ekālopadānasahagatasya
kuśalamūlasyāntarāyaṃ kuryād ayaṃ tato ’saṃkhyeyataraṃ pāpaṃ prasavati | tat kasya
hetoḥ | buddhotpādasaṃjanakānāṃ sakuśalamūlānām antarāyaḥ sthito bhavati | ŚS
(Bendall 1970, 83.20–84.5).
106 muditadi-] muditādi- > muditadi-.
107 saṃpādanīyaṃ saṃpādanīyaṃ] This gemination is caused by an eye-jump.
108 ved] ced > ved.
109 kāśaka |] kāśaṅkā / kā śaṅkā (?) > kāśaka |. Cf. T: dogs pa ga la yod.
110 vetyādi] Cf. BCA: cet (Vaidya 1960, 44).
111 yathaiveti] Cf. T: de bzhin.

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