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Animal Welfare

Andy Butterworth
Editor

Marine Mammal
Welfare
Human Induced Change in the Marine
Environment and its Impacts on Marine
Mammal Welfare
Animal Welfare

Series Editor
Clive Phillips
School of Veterinary Science
University of Queensland
Gatton, Queensland
Australia
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5675
Andy Butterworth
Editor

Marine Mammal Welfare

Human Induced Change in the Marine
Environment and its Impacts on Marine
Mammal Welfare
Editor
Andy Butterworth
Clinical Veterinary Science
University of Bristol
Langford
Bristol
United Kingdom

ISSN 1572-7408
Animal Welfare
ISBN 978-3-319-46993-5    ISBN 978-3-319-46994-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46994-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017943546

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Animal Welfare Series Preface

Animal welfare is attracting increasing interest worldwide, especially in developed

countries where the knowledge and resources are available to, at least potentially,
provide better management systems for farm animals, as well as companion, zoo,
laboratory and performance animals. The key requirements for adequate food,
water, a suitable environment, companionship and health are important for animals
kept for all of these purposes.
There has been increased attention given to animal welfare in the West in recent
years. This derives largely from the fact that the relentless pursuit of financial reward
and efficiency, to satisfy market demands, has led to the development of intensive
animal management systems that challenge the conscience of many consumers in
this part of the world, particularly in the farm and laboratory animal sectors.
Livestock are the world’s biggest land users, and the farmed animal population is
increasing rapidly to meet the needs of an expanding human population. This results
in a tendency to allocate fewer resources to each animal and to value individual
animals less, for example in the case of farmed poultry where flocks of over twenty
thousand birds are not uncommon. In these circumstances, the importance of each
individual’s welfare is diminished.
In developing countries, human survival is still a daily uncertainty, so that provi-
sion for animal welfare has to be balanced against human welfare. Animal welfare
is usually a priority only if it supports the output of the animal, be it food, work,
clothing, sport or companionship. However, in many situations the welfare of ani-
mals is synonymous with the welfare of the humans that look after them, because
happy, healthy animals will be able to assist humans best in their struggle for sur-
vival. In principle the welfare needs of both humans and animals can be provided
for, in both developing and developed countries, if resources are properly hus-
banded. In reality, the inequitable division of the world’s riches creates physical and
psychological poverty for humans and animals alike in many parts of the world.
Increased attention to welfare issues is just as evident for zoo, companion, labo-
ratory, sport and wild animals. Of growing importance is the ethical management of
breeding programmes, since genetic manipulation is now technically advanced, but
there is less public tolerance of the breeding of extreme animals if it comes at the

v
vi Animal Welfare Series Preface

expense of animal welfare. The quest for producing novel genotypes has fascinated
breeders for centuries. Dog and cat breeders have produced a variety of deformities
that have adverse effects on their welfare, but nowadays the breeders are just as
active in the laboratory, where the mouse is genetically manipulated with equally
profound effects.
The intimate connection between animals and humans that was once so essential
for good animal welfare is rare nowadays, having been superseded by technologi-
cally efficient production systems where animals on farms and in laboratories are
tended by increasingly few humans in the drive to enhance labour efficiency. With
today’s busy lifestyles, companion animals too may suffer from reduced contact
with humans, although their value in providing companionship, particularly for cer-
tain groups such as the elderly, is beginning to be recognised. Animal consumers
also rarely have any contact with the animals that are kept for their benefit.
In this estranged, efficient world, people struggle to find the moral imperatives to
determine the level of welfare that they should afford to animals within their charge.
A few people, and in particular many companion animal owners, strive for what
they believe to be the highest levels of welfare provision, while others, deliberately
or through ignorance, keep animals in impoverished conditions in which their health
and well-being can be extremely poor. Today’s multiple moral codes for animal care
and use are derived from a broad range of cultural influences, including media
reports of animal abuse, guidelines on ethical consumption and campaigning and
lobbying groups.
This series has been designed to contribute towards a culture of respect for ani-
mals and their welfare by producing learned treatises about the provision for the
welfare of the animal species that are managed and cared for by humans. The early
species-focused books were not detailed management blueprints; rather they
described and considered the major welfare concerns, often with reference to the
behaviour of the wild progenitors of the managed animals. Welfare was specifically
focused on animals’ needs, concentrating on nutrition, behaviour, reproduction and
the physical and social environment. Economic effects of animal welfare provision
were also considered where relevant, as were key areas where further research is
required.
In this volume the book series again departs from a single species focus to
address the welfare of marine mammals. Editor Andy Butterworth has drawn from
his research in this field to gather a large group of authors that consider the topic
from a variety of angles. Given that this is an emerging science, which hitherto had
attracted little attention, it is evident from the contributed chapters that there are
serious welfare issues that should be a focus of immediate attention. Prominent
among these are the following concerns: impacts of climate change and associated
habitat destruction on the welfare of polar bears in particular, the growing volume
of marine debris that damages or kills mammals when they get wrapped in or eat it,
the harmful effects of ocean noise, causing cetaceans to become stranded, and the
killing of marine mammals, including seals and otters, for their fur. Much of the
science is so new that reliable methods of assessing welfare are only just being
developed, and some are outlined in this book for the first time. The role and hus-
Animal Welfare Series Preface vii

bandry of marine mammals in captivity in zoos and aquaria is considered, with

prominence given to the role of polar bears in raising awareness of the plight of this
species in coping with climate change. The book will undoubtedly become a stan-
dard reference work in this emerging area of animal welfare science, and it is hoped
that it will stimulate a new determination to address the risks to welfare that are the
focus of the book.

St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Clive Phillips

Contents

1 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Andy Butterworth
2 Anthropogenic Ocean Change: The Consummate
Threat to Marine Mammal Welfare ���������������������������������������������������������� 9
Steven C. Amstrup and Flavio Lehner
3 Of Poisons and Plastics: An Overview of the Latest
Pollution Issues Affecting Marine Mammals������������������������������������������ 27
Mark Peter Simmonds

Part I Cetaceans 

4 Welfare Implications of Cetacean Bycatch and Entanglements������������ 41

Sarah J. Dolman and Michael J. Moore
5 From Hunting to Watching: Human Interactions with Cetaceans ������ 67
E.C.M. Parsons and Danielle Monaghan-Brown
6 Welfare Issues Associated with Small Toothed Whale Hunts:
An Example, the ‘Drive Hunt’ in Taiji, Japan���������������������������������������� 91
Andy Butterworth, Diana Reiss, Philippa Brakes, and Courtney Vail
7 Din of the Deep: Noise in the Ocean and Its Impacts
on Cetaceans �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 111
Lindy Weilgart
8 Evaluating the Welfare Implications of Climate Change
for Cetaceans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 125
Mark Peter Simmonds
9 Managing the Welfare of Marine Mammals at Mass Strandings
in Golden Bay, New Zealand������������������������������������������������������������������ 137
Mike Ogle

ix
x Contents

10 Social Change in Cetacean Populations Resulting

from Human Influences�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 147
Philippa Brakes
11 Cetaceans in Captivity���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161
Rob Lott and Cathy Williamson
12 Assessing the Welfare of Cetacea������������������������������������������������������������ 183
Isabella L.K. Clegg and Andy Butterworth

Part II Seals

13 The Welfare Impact on Pinnipeds of Marine Debris

and Fisheries�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 215
Andy Butterworth and Sue Sayer
14 Loss of Habitat: Impacts on Pinnipeds and Their Welfare������������������ 241
Sheryl Fink
15 Welfare Aspects of Commercial Hunting and Climate Change���������� 253
Rebecca Aldworth
16 Assessing the Welfare of Pinnipeds�������������������������������������������������������� 273
Isabella L.K. Clegg and Andy Butterworth

Part III Sirenians

17 Human Interactions with Sirenians (Manatees and Dugongs)������������ 299

Robert K. Bonde and Mark Flint
18 Impacts of Marine Debris and Fisheries on Sirenians������������������������� 315
Helen Owen, Jaylene Flint, and Mark Flint
19 Impact of Climate Change and Loss of Habitat on Sirenians ������������ 333
Helene Marsh, Eduardo Moraes Arraut, Lucy Keith Diagne,
Holly Edwards, and Miriam Marmontel
20 Sirenian Health and Well-Being in Managed Care������������������������������ 359
Michael T. Walsh and David J. Blyde
21 Assessing Welfare of Individual Sirenians in the
Wild and in Captivity������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 381
Mark Flint and Robert K. Bonde

Part IV Polar Bear

22 Human–Polar Bear Interactions in a Changing Arctic:

Existing and Emerging Concerns ���������������������������������������������������������� 397
Todd C. Atwood, Kristin Simac, Stewart W. Breck, Geoff York,
and James Wilder
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