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Hit and Lead Profiling Identification and Optimization of
Drug like Molecules 1st Edition Bernard Faller Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Bernard Faller, László Urbán, Raimund Mannhold
ISBN(s): 9783527323319, 3527323317
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.13 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
Hit and Lead Profiling

Edited by
Bernard Faller and Laszlo Urban
Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry
Edited by R. Mannhold, H. Kubinyi, G. Folkers
Editorial Board
H. Timmerman, J. Vacca, H. van de Waterbeemd, T. Wieland

Previous Volumes of this Series:

Wolfgang Jahnke, Daniel A. Erlanson Eckhard Ottow, Hilmar Weinmann (Eds.)
Fragment-based Approaches Nuclear Receptors as Drug
in Drug Discovery Targets
Vol. 34 Vol. 39
2006, ISBN: 978-3-527-31291-7 2008, ISBN: 978-3-527-31872-8

Jörg Hüser (Ed.) Han van de Waterbeemd,

Bernard Testa (Eds.)
High-Throughput Screening
in Drug Discovery Drug Bioavailability
Vol. 35 Estimation of Solubility, Permeability,
Absorption and Bioavailability
2006, ISBN: 978-3-527-31283-2
2., Completely Revised Edition
Vol. 40
Klaus Wanner, Georg Höfner (Eds.)
2008, ISBN: 978-3-527-32051-6
Mass Spectrometry in Medicinal
Chemistry Roberto Todeschini, Viviana Consonni
Applications in Drug Discovery
Molecular Descriptors for
Vol. 36
Chemoinformatics
2007, ISBN: 978-3-527-31456-0
Volume I: Alphabetical Listing
Volume II: Appendices, References
Raimund Mannhold (Ed.)
Vol. 41
Molecular Drug Properties 2009, ISBN: 978-3-527-31852-0
Measurement and Prediction
Vol. 37 Wolfgang Sippl, Manfred Jung (Eds.)
2007, ISBN: 978-3-527-31755-4
Epigenetic Targets in Drug
Roy J. Vaz, Thomas Klabunde (Eds.) Discovery
Vol. 42
Antitargets
2009, ISBN: 978-3-527-32355-5
Prediction and Prevention of Drug
Side Effects
Vol. 38
2008, ISBN: 978-3-527-31821-6
Hit and Lead Profiling

Identification and Optimization

of Drug-like Molecules

Edited by
Bernard Faller and Laszlo Urban
Series Editors All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully
produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and
Prof. Dr. Raimund Mannhold publisher do not warrant the information contained
Molecular Drug Research Group in these books, including this book, to be free of
Heinrich-Heine-Universität errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that
Universitätsstrasse 1 statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or
40225 Düsseldorf other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Germany
[email protected] Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

Prof. Dr. Hugo Kubinyi British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Donnersbergstrasse 9 A catalogue record for this book is available from the
67256 Weisenheim am Sand British Library.
Germany
[email protected] Bibliographic information published by
the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
Prof. Dr. Gerd Folkers The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this
Collegium Helveticum publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
STW/ETH Zurich detailed bibliographic data are available on the
8092 Zurich Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de
Switzerland
[email protected] # 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim

Volume Editors All rights reserved (including those of translation into

other languages). No part of this book may be
Dr. Bernard Faller reproduced in any form – by photoprinting,
Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or
Forum 1 translated into a machine language without written
4002 Basel permission from the publishers. Registered names,
Switzerland trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not
[email protected] specifically marked as such, are not to be considered
unprotected by law.
Dr. Laszlo Urban
Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany
250 Massachusetts Ave. Printed on acid-free paper
Cambridge, MA 02139
USA Cover Design Schulz Grafik-Design, Fußgönheim
[email protected] Composition Thomson Digital, Noida, India
Printing Strauss GmbH, Mörlenbach
Bookbinding Litges & Dopf Buchbinderei GmbH,
Heppenheim

ISBN: 978-3-527-32331-9
 V

Contents

List of Contributors XIX

Preface XXV
A Personal Foreword XXVII

Part I

1 Process Logistics, Testing Strategies and Automation Aspects 3

Hansjoerg Haas, Robert S. DeWitte, Robert Dunn-Dufault,
and Andreas Stelzer
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The Process from Raw Ingredients to Data 3
1.2.1 Compound Management 5
1.2.2 Cell Biology 6
1.2.3 Lead Profiling 7
1.2.4 Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 7
1.3 DMPK Testing Strategies: the Process from Data to Decisions 8
1.4 New Questions, New Assays and New Technologies Challenge
the Process 10
1.5 Organizational Models to Scale Up the Process 11
1.5.1 Food Court 11
1.5.1.1 The Fast Food Restaurant 12
1.5.1.2 The Family Restaurant Chain 12
1.6 Critical Factors to Improve the Process 13
1.7 Materials in ADME/Tox Screening 14
1.8 Machines and Equipment in ADME/Tox Screening 17
1.8.1 Liquid Handlers 17
1.8.2 Detection and Analysis 17
1.9 Software, Data Retrieval, Analysis, Manipulation and Interpretation 18
1.10 Environment and Management ¼ Organizational Structure in
ADME/Tox Screening 19

Hit and Lead Profiling. Edited by Bernard Faller and Laszlo Urban
Copyright Ó 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-32331-9
VI Contents

1.11 Methods in ADME/Tox Screening 20

1.11.1 Examples of Whole-Process Approaches 20
1.11.1.1 Automation Islands with Manual Data Upload to a LIMS System 21
1.11.1.2 Complete Physical Integration and Automation 21
1.11.1.3 Federated Physical Automation with Software Integration 22
1.12 Conclusions 22
References 23

2 Prediction of Drug-Likeness and its Integration into the Drug

Discovery Process 25
Ansgar Schuffenhauer and Meir Glick
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Computational Prediction of Drug-Likeness 26
2.2.1 Machine Learning 26
2.2.2 Empirical Rules and Their Basis 30
2.2.3 Drug-Likeness of Natural Products 32
2.2.4 Do Ligands of Different Target Classes Differ in Their Drug-Like
Properties? 34
2.2.5 Unwanted Structural Elements 34
2.3 What is the Best Practice in Utilizing Drug-Likeness in Drug
Discovery? 35
2.4 Concluding Discussions 37
References 38

3 Integrative Risk Assessment 41

Bernard Faller and Laszlo Urban
3.1 The Target Compound Profile 41
3.1.1 Introduction 41
3.1.2 The Importance of the Projected Clinical Compound Profile
in Early Drug Discovery 42
3.1.3 The Impact of Delivery On the Design of the Drug Discovery Process 43
3.2 The Concept of Hierarchical Testing in Primary and Follow-Up
Assays 45
3.2.1 Impact of Turn-Around Time 47
3.2.2 Assay Validation and Reference Compounds 47
3.2.3 Requirements of Profiling Assay Quality 48
3.2.4 The Importance of Follow-Up Assays 48
3.3 Exposure Assays 49
3.3.1 Basic Absorption Assays 49
3.3.1.1 Solubility Assays 50
3.3.1.2 Permeability Assays 50
3.3.2 Active Transports and Efflux 51
3.3.3 Metabolism 51
3.3.4 Distribution and Elimination 51
3.3.5 Drug–Drug Interactions 53
 Contents VII

3.3.6 iviv Correlations 53

3.4 Iterative Assays: Link Between Assays 54
3.5 Specific Safety Profiling Assays 56
3.5.1 Sensitivity and Specificity of Safety Assays should be Adjusted
to the Phase of Drug Discovery 58
3.5.2 Addressing Species Specificity in Early In Vitro Assays 58
3.6 Data Reporting and Data Mining 59
3.6.1 Decision Making: Trend Analysis, Go/No Go Decisions 60
3.7 Integrative Risk Assessment 61
References 64

Part II

4 Solubility and Aggregation 71

William H. Streng
4.1 Importance of Solubility 71
4.2 Factors Influencing Solubility 72
4.3 Methods Used to Determine Solubility 74
4.4 Approaches to Solubility 76
4.5 Solubility in Non-Aqueous Solvents and Co-Solvents 78
4.6 Solubility as a Function of pH 79
4.7 Effect of Aggregation Upon Solubility 83
4.8 Dependence of Dissolution upon Solubility 86
4.9 Partitioning and the Effect of Aggregation 87
4.10 Solubility in Simulated Biological Fluids 89
References 90

5 In Silico Tools and In Vitro HTS Approaches to Determine

Lipophilicity During the Drug Discovery Process 91
Sophie Martel, Vincent Gasparik, and Pierre-Alain Carrupt
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Virtual Filtering: In Silico Prediction of log P and log D 92
5.2.1 Lipophilicity of Neutral Substances: In Silico Methods to
Predict log PNoct 92
5.2.1.1 2D Fragmental Approaches 92
5.2.1.2 Prediction Methods Based on 3-D Molecular Structure 95
5.2.1.3 General Comments on the Prediction of log Poct 96
5.2.2 Prediction Models for log P in Other Solvent/Water Systems of
Neutral Compounds 97
5.2.3 Prediction Models for log P of Ionic Species (log PI) 97
5.3 Experimental Filtering: the ADMET Characterization of a
Hit Collection 98
5.3.1 HTS log P/log D Determination Based on Microtiterplate Format 98
5.3.2 Chromatographic Methods 100
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 Nursing - Summary Sheet
Summer 2022 - Faculty

Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Garcia

Date: August 12, 2025

Appendix 1: Key terms and definitions

Learning Objective 1: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 2: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 15: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 17: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 3: Ethical considerations and implications
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 22: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 4: Current trends and future directions
Practice Problem 30: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 31: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 36: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 37: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Section 5: Research findings and conclusions
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 42: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 47: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 6: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 53: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 7: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 60: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 8: Literature review and discussion
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 71: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 73: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 74: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 9: Practical applications and examples
Example 80: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 84: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Section 10: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 93: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 95: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 98: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 99: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 11: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 101: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 103: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 107: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 109: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 109: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 12: Critical analysis and evaluation
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 114: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 116: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 118: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 119: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 13: Fundamental concepts and principles
Example 120: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 121: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 122: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 123: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 123: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 125: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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