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Pastors and Pluralism
in Wiirttemberg,
1918-1933
 DAVID J. DIEPHOUSE

pastors and pluralism

in Miirttemberg

1918-1933

PRINCETON
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
 Copyright © 1987 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street,
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be

found on the last printed page of this book
ISBN 0-691-05501-7
Publication of this book has been aided by the
Whitney Darrow Fund of Princeton University Press
This book has been composed in Linotron Aldus
Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books
are printed on acid-free paper, and binding materials are
chosen for strength and durability. Paperbacks, although satisfactory
for personal collections, are not usually suitable for library rebinding
Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press,
Princeton, New Jersey
For m y Parents
 CONTENTS

PREFACE IX
LIST OF A B B R E V I A T I O N S Xlii
INTRODUCTION 3

O N E Church, State, and Society in Wiirttemberg

before 1918 26

T W O BeyondThroneandAltar 53
SeparationofChurchandState 54
The Church Law of 1924 77
The New Order in Practice 91

THREE Democracy and the Limits of Church Reform 101

The Impact of Revolution 104
Between Involvement and Indifference 131

F O U R ClergyandtheClassroom 160
The Decline of Compulsion 165
Schoolmasters and Religious Instruction 179
Pastors as Pedagogues 193

FIVE The Social Volkskirche 209

MandatesforActivism 211
The Crusade for a Moral Community 219
The Diaconal Imperative 241

six Politics and Pastoral Responsibility 258

The Volkskirche and the Party State 261
Politics in the Parish 274
The Church and the Proletariat 301

VLL
 CONTENTS

SEVEN Toward National Renewal 310

Challenges to the Volkskirche Synthesis 312
Between Activism and Neutrality 337

CONCLUSION 356

SOURCES 371

INDEX 381

Vlll
 PREFACE

HIS STUDY grew out of an interest in the social and political

dynamics of Weimar Germany as well as a concern to un­
derstand the contours of German religious history, particularly
the development of the Protestant territorial churches. Al­
though often overshadowed in historical analyses by the Church
Struggle of the 1930s, the Weimar era can legitimately be
viewed as a watershed in the history of the German churches.
The collapse of the monarchy in 1918—and with it the symbiotic
alliances of throne and altar that for centuries had shaped Prot­
estant institutional consciousness—not only triggered a tempo­
rary crisis in church-state relations; more importantly, it forced
churchmen out of the deceptive security of an apparently stable
public order, confronting them with their increasingly marginal
position in a society where the currents of modernization threat­
ened to make "church religion" practically irrelevant. The pres­
ent book is a case study in this crisis of ecclesiastical purpose. It
deals primarily with churchmen's responses to a changing insti­
tutional environment, their struggles to reconcile traditional
values and loyalties with the pluralism of an emerging mass so­
ciety. In so doing, it seeks to make a modest contribution to what
has lately become a sizable body of scholarship on the role of the
Protestant churches during the years between the November
Revolution and the consolidation of the Hitler regime. By con­
centrating on the territorial church in Wurttemberg, it also seeks
to broaden the focus of inquiry found in previous works on this
topic, which have dealt largely if not exclusively with Prussia.
Although it deals with churchmen, this study is not conceived
as church history in any narrow sense. It treats theological de­
velopments only tangentially and only to the extent that they
bear upon the central theme of the church's position in society.
Nor is it primarily an exercise in theory-building, although I
have made casual use of certain social science categories and
 PREFACE

would hope that my notions about the church's institutional

character might be of some broader conceptual interest. My
chief intent has been to provide an analytical narrative that il­
luminates both general patterns and specific textures of histori­
cal experience. This is, in short, the work of a historian, not a
theologian or social scientist, and as such no doubt reflects all the
limitations (though I hope also a few of the strengths) of its cho­
sen scholarly genre. To claim total objectivity for such an enter­
prise would be more than a little foolhardy, not to say presump­
tuous; I will be satisfied if I have managed to achieve a fair
measure of both empathy and critical distance, at least to the de­
gree possible for someone who is neither German nor Lutheran.
This book has been uncommonly long in the making, and
space will not permit a complete listing of the many persons and
institutions who have helped me along the way. My first debt is
certainly to Arno Mayer, who has been prodigal with counsel
and encouragement since I first broached the topic as a graduate
research project; that any resemblance between the resulting
doctoral thesis and the present work is largely coincidental rep­
resents a tribute to his forbearance, as it does to the trenchant
critiques of Carl Schorske and James Obelkevich. I also owe
much to Hartmut Lehmann, who shared with me his intimate
knowledge of Wurttemberg church affairs. Daniel Borg gener­
ously read successive drafts of the manuscript, and his sugges­
tions improved the final product more than either of us would
probably care to admit. Beate Ruhm von Oppen and Richard
Gutteridge provided helpful advice at an early stage. So too did
Hans Mommsen, who saved me from several elementary blun­
ders, and also, somewhat later, my friend and former colleague
Joseph Held. At Princeton University Press, appreciation is due
to R. Miriam Brokaw, who first advised on the manuscript, and
to Joanna Hitchcock, who saw it through the publication process.
To my fellow historians at Calvin College, among whom much
of the work took shape, I owe thanks for support and charity
quite beyond the bounds of collegial duty; among those who
read, discussed, or otherwise helped foster development of the
project, special mention should be made of Bert De Vries, who

χ
 PREFACE

prepared the map, and also Frank Roberts, Dale Van Kley, and
Edwin Van Kley. To all of the above, and to others not men­
tioned by name, belongs much of the credit for whatever virtues
the book may possess. The flaws that surely remain must of
course be laid to my account alone.
Financial support in the form of a National Defense Education
Act fellowship and travel grant from Princeton University made
possible an extended initial research stay in Germany; of sub­
sequent shorter visits, one was underwritten in part by a sum­
mer award from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst.
Completion of the project was aided materially by a stipend from
the National Endowment for the Humanities as well as sabbati­
cal support from Calvin College. In Stuttgart I received unstint­
ing assistance from staff members at the Landeskirchliches Ar-
chiv. I should like to thank especially the director, Gerhard
Schafer, who placed the archive's facilities so generously at my
disposal, as well as Hermann Ott, who was the soul of hospitality
both personal and professional. I am also grateful to the Evan-
gelischer Oberkirchenrat for permission to explore at will among
its files. The staffs of various libraries, especially the Wiirttem-
bergische Landesbibliothek, Princeton University's Firestone Li­
brary, the Speer Library of Princeton Theological Seminary, and
the Calvin College and Seminary Library, were invariably ac­
commodating. Virginia Bullock, Marie Westveer, and Heidi
Vanden Akker shared the task of wordprocessing with what
often seemed quite unwarranted enthusiasm; Cindy Boender
performed heroics in coordinating the work and preparing the fi­
nal copy for publication.
For myriad kindnesses on my several visits to Stuttgart, I owe
a special debt of appreciation to Briinhilde and Epifanio Proietto;
their friendship and generosity will never be fully repaid. My
daughters Rachel, Amy, and Miriam have done everything in
their very considerable power to alter their father's priorities,
and if their own projects have substantially delayed completion
of this one, they have also helped keep it in proper perspective.
My greatest debt, as in everything, is to my wife, Evelyn. She
has shared in the work from its inception, somehow finding time

Xl
 PREFACE

in her own busy schedule as parent and professional to dispense

advice, encouragement, and needed doses of healthy Frisian
common sense. That she has not lost her good humor in the
process seems little short of miraculous. I trust that she appre­
ciates the true scope of her contribution.
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ARCHIVES

DA Dekanatsarchiv
LKA Landeskirchliches Arehiv (Stuttgart)
LKA/SS Landeskirchliehes Archiv, Sammelstelle fur
evangelisches Sehrifttum
OKR/AR Evangeliseher Oberkirehenrat (Stuttgart),
Altregistratur
Gen. Generalia
OA Ortsakten
Pers. Personalia
PfB Pfarrberiehte

ORGANIZATIONS

csvD Christlich-Sozialer Volksdienst

DDP Deutsche Demokratische Partei
DEKA Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenausschuss
DkA Dekanatsamt
DNVP Deutschnationale Volkspartei
DVP Deutsche Volkspartei
EPW Evangelischer Pfarrverein in Wiirttemberg
EVB Evangelischer Volksbund fur Wiirttemberg
KM Kultusministerium
LKT Landeskirchentag
LKV Landeskirchenversammlung
NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
pfA Pfarramt
SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
USPD Unabhangige Sozialdemokratische Partei
DeutschIands
WEK Wiirttemberg Evangelisches Konsistorium
 ABBREVIATIONS

PERIODICALS

BWKG Blatter fur wurttembergische Kirchengeschichte

CW Die Christliche Welt
EGBfS Evangelisches Gemeindeblatt fur Stuttgart
EKBfW Evangelisches Kirchenblatt fur Wiirttemberg
EVB, Mit- Mitteilungen des Ev. Volksbundes an seine Mit-
teilungen glieder
KAfW Kirchlicher Anzeiger fur Wiirttemberg
K] Kirchliches Jahrbuch
MfPT Monatsschrift fur Pastoraltheologie
RGG Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart
SAfW Staatsanzeiger fur Wiirttemberg
SDZ Suddeutsche Zeitung (Stuttgart)
SES Stuttgarter Evangelisches Sonntagsblatt
SHW Statistisches Handbuch fur Wiirttemberg
SM Schwabischer Merkur
SNT Stuttgarter Neues Tagblatt
ST Schwabische Tagwacht
ZfWLG Zeitschrift fur wurttembergische Landesgeschichte

xiv
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