HISTORY

GRADE 12

TERM 2 - 2023

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. TOPIC PAGE/S

1 Analysing Source-Based Questions 3
2 How to prepare for Source-Based questions 4
3 How to answer Source-Based questions
 Usefulness
 Reliability
 Limitations
5-9
 Bias
 Messages
 Comparison of Sources
 Paragraphs
4 Essay writing skills/frames 10
PAPER 2
(Content; Mind Maps; Activities)
5 Civil Resistance in South Africa 1970s to
11 - 26
1980s
6 Black Consciousness Movement 27 - 34
7 Globalisation 35 - 43
8 The Road to Democracy 44 - 50
9 Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) 51 - 60

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ASSESSING SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS IN GRADE
In the assessment of learners’ ability to work with historical sources, the cognitive levels, the
associated historical skills and the weighting of questions across grades must be taken into
account. An elaboration is contained in the following table.
COGNITIVE
HISTORICAL SKILLS QUESTION VERBS EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS
LEVELS
 Extract evidence from  According to the  What information in the source
LEVEL 1 sources. source tells you about….?
30%  Selection and  List  Quote two reasons from the
[15] organization of relevant  Identify source ….
information from  Quote  What do you understand by the
sources.  State term …...?
 Define historical  Name  Definition of concept or historical
(1x1); (2x1), concepts  Give terms in your own words
(1x2), (3x1)

These questions require learners to interpret information in the source and not to extract
information directly from the source.
 Explanation of historical  Explain the historical term …. In
LEVEL 2
concepts/terms (in the the context of ….
40%
context of…)  Explain  Use the source and your own
[20]
 Interpretation of  Comment on. knowledge
evidence from sources.  Explain … in the  What do you think?
(1x2)
 Explain information context…  What messages are conveyed
(2x2)
gathered from sources.  What messages …? regarding …
 Analyze evidence from
sources.
 Interpret and evaluate  Compare,  Explain to what extent the
evidence from sources.  Contrast, evidence in source 1A…...?
 Engage with sources to  Comment on…,  Compare the evidence in Source
determine its  Explain the 1A and 1B…. regarding …
usefulness, reliability, usefulness,  Comment on the
bias and limitations. limitations, usefulness/reliability/limitations
LEVEL 3
 Compare and contrast  Write a paragraph of the information in Source 1B
30%
interpretations and regarding ….
[15]
perspectives presented
in sources and draw
(1x2)
independent
(2x2)
conclusions.
(8)
 Interpretation,
evaluation and
synthesis of evidence
from the relevant
sources (paragraph
writing)

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 HOW TO PREPARE FOR SOURCE-BASED
QUESTIONS

When preparing for source-based questions remember the

following

1.
Know the
content and
background
2.
8. Read key
Read through question and
your responses identify the
focus area

7.
To prepare
3.
Provide for source - Know the
responses
according to based concepts and
timelines
mark allocation
questions

4.
6. Use a pencil to
Analyse the highlight the
questions key ideas in the
source
5.
Understand the
phrasing of
questions

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 HOW TO ANSWER SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS?

Remember!!
 The key question provides the focus of the content in the sources.
 It will also be asked as the paragraph question.
 Make brief notes about each source you could include in the paragraph.

1 . The source will be labelled e.g. Source 1C

2. The source will be contextualised- it will indicate what the source

is about, why it was written, who wrote (owner of) the source,
when it was written and where the event took place.
3. Read the source with understanding.

4. Highlight concepts / terms. In this source e.g. communism/amnesty

Mark Allocation

o The mark allocation will indicate how much information you are required to provide in your response.
o Your responses should be clear, concise and be guided by the mark allocation.

Response 1…
(2 x 1) (2) Write 2 short responses from the Response 2…
source (extraction of information)
(1 x 2) (2) Write 1 complex response e.g., Response 1…
definitions or explanations

Write 2 complex responses

Interpretation / explanation Response 1…
(2 x 2) (4)
Response 2…

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Skills in Answering Source-Based Questions

RELIABLE
The following questions will help you to USEFUL
answer a question on reliability … The following questions will help you to
answer a question on usefulness …
o What type of source is it? (Is it a
 What does the source tell you?
primary or secondary source?)
 (Validity) o Who created the
o Who created the source? (Author)
source? o When was it created?
o When was it created? (Date)
(Date) o Look at the purpose – is
o Why was it produced? (Purpose)
it informative (fact) or
o Where was it produced?
opinionated is the source positive
or negative?
WHAT MAKES A SOURCE
 (Bias)
UNRELIABLE?
 Do you agree with what the
o A biased source only gives one’
source is showing?
person’s perspective on the
event in question.  Would it be ‘typical’ at the time?
(Relevance)
o If a source contains a lot of
 What does the source not show us
emotional language
o If there is a hint that it might be that we need to know? (Limitations)
exaggerated.  Can you relate this source to
another? (Corroboration)

GUIDELINES ON ASCERTAINING THE RELIABILITY OF A SOURCE Remember: No

source is 100% reliable

o A source is likely to be more reliable if it was created at the time of an event in question
(primary source that gives first-hand information).
o Sources created by people who were directly involved in an event can be more reliable
o These sources will usually be biased but they show us how a key role-player
experienced the event in question.
o Sources written by historians are also considered more reliable, however, be aware of
the context in which they were written (e.g., is the historian biased?)

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 WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF A SOURCE?
o One sided view
o Bias
o Facts are deliberately omitted/exaggerated
o Propaganda

BIAS
Bias is when the creator’s perspective is so strongly for or against something that the
information in the source is clearly unbalanced or prejudiced. All sources contain some
degree of bias, but it is not always possible to detect it.
How do I detect bias in a source?
 Look for times in a source where any of the following happen:
 When describing people or events, the language is too positive and does
not admit anything negative
 When describing people or events, the language is too negative and does
not admit anything positive
 The source fails to mention very important information of which you are aware
 The source provides clearly incorrect information

CARTOON ANALYSIS

Caricature (Exaggeration)
Political Cartoons  Cartoonists draw people or
 All political cartoons rely on simple characters with physical features
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visual code rather than words. that are larger than they naturally
 Once we learn the code we can are.
 Symbolism Labelling

 Cartoonists use simple objects or  To help their audience

symbols, that the general public would understand what each
be familiar with. person represents in their
 These symbols are used to represent drawings, cartoonists often
important concepts or ideas. write a name on the major
 While you are interpreting a cartoon figures.
identify any symbol and try to work out  So, when you are interpreting
PO what concept the image is meant to a cartoon, look for the labels.
represent.
LITICAL CARTOON S COMPARING SOURCES

Comparing information from different sources: When you are asked to

All political
compare cartoons rely heavily
information from u asources, whether it be similar or differences, you
very simple visual ‘code’ rather than
are expected to gather information from both sources which correspond or
MESSAGES
relying solely on words to convey use it
differ to each other.
two ‘decode’ the specific message of a
o For example, you will say “Source A says…” and Source B confirms this
cartoon.
by saying…
The markmessages
What allocation … will be as follows:
Source
o To A answer
say… these questions, you are required to explain and /or clarify
Sourceinformation
B confirmsinthis by saying…
a source, i.e. interpret the message that the creator is trying
Remember, it
to expose.is important that you find a link in both sources to compare. If
theomark allocation
In some is (2x2)
instances, (4)could
you then you compare
be asked by providing
to expose TWO message
the creator’s
comparing responses.
by using evidence to substantiate your response.
o In the case of visual source (cartoon, poster or photograph), you will have
to explain what you see in the picture- literal meaning, as well as the
symbolic meaning of what you see- the figurative meaning.

 Remember to write only ONE para

 A paragraph question will always i
the relevant sources,
8 |as
P awell
g e as yo
paragraph.
 This means that you read and ana
 History Essay Writing Frame
This writing frame will assist you to structure your responses to the Essay Questions

Question: (Write the Essay Question in the space below) o

Underline the Key ‘instruction’ words? o Any
terms/names/dates need explaining.

Introduction: (Write your introduction below) Your introduction should respond directly to the
question posed.

PARAGRAPH 1:

(A) First sentence of first paragraph (Point) Check: Have you made your key point?)

(B) Development/explanation of point? (Explanation)

(C) Evidence to support your argument? (Evidence/Elaboration)

1.
2.
3.

(D) Check: Have you referred back to the question/linked the point explicitly to the question? YES?
NO
(E) Link to the Line of argument (Link)

CONCLUSION:
This essay writing frame can be used for structuring any History essay.
Use it with the paragraph structuring frame (Point > Explain >Example >Link) and guidelines for
writing introductions and conclusions.
Learners can adapt this frame to include as many paragraphs as they need.

1. Topic 4: Civil Resistance in South Africa 1970s to 1980s

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 Focus area: The crisis of Apartheid in the 1980s – Internal Resistance to
Apartheid (Question 1 = Source-Based)

1.1 Mind Map

United
Democratic
Front (UDF)

Congress of
BLACK SASH
South African
(Womens
Trade Union
Movement)
P.W. (COSATU)
Botha-
Reforms

End Mass
Conscription Democratic
Campaign Movement
(ECC ) (MDM)

1.2 Time Lines

1980 Botha implementation of reforms to the Apartheid State

1982 The Black Local Authorities Act introduced – which give Black
Urban Communities the ability to elect their own councillors.
1983 South African Constitution Act – Resulting to the introduction
of the Tricameral parliament.
1983 Formation of the United Democratic Front – Opposing the
Tricameral parliament.
1984 Abolishment of job reservation – job was no more just
reserved for whites.
1985 Formation of The Congress of South African Trade Unions -
played a significant role in the freedom struggle.
1985 Private schools were Desegregated
1985 State of Emergency declared or the first time
1985 End Conscription Campaign – 800 men conscripted to the

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 army had failed to report for the January call-up.
1985 Black SASH – Women movement committed to giving
humanitarian and practical help to victims of Apartheid laws.
1986 COSATU May day strike
19 88 The Mass Democratic Movement – a loose coalition of anti-
apartheid organizations which followed the ANC Freedom
Charter
1988 – 1990 Rolling Mass Action – Where a large number of people take
action in a similar way, such as striking, but as individuals and
without any co-ordination

1.3 Abbreviations

Abbreviations and acronyms

FOSATU: Federation of South African Trade Unions
COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions
CUSA: Council of Union of South Africa
NECC: National Education Coordinating Committee
SACP: South African Council of Churches
UDF: United Democratic Front
MDM: Mass Democratic Movement
ECC: End Conscription Campaign
SASM: South African Student Movement
SANCO: South African National Civic Organization.
AZASO: Azanian Student Organization

1.4 Key concepts/terms

Reforms Slide Constitutional changes without really moving away from
the principal idea
Referendum A special election held by government where the entire or
specific groups can vote for a particular issue.
Total Onslaught Botha believed that there was a total communist attack on
South Africa from outside and within the country
Total Strategies Botha’s policy to make minor reforms to apartheid system to
repress all opposition.

1.5 Content Notes/Summaries

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In the 1980s the NP believed that there was a Total Onslaught against the NP government.
The NP implemented their Total Strategy policy – they would make minor reform to the
apartheid system and repress (crush) all opposition.

1.5.1 Tricameral Parliament

 The NP created a cosmetic Tricameral Parliament.

 It made provision for: House of Assembly (Whites); House of Representatives
(Coloureds) and House of Delegates (Indians)
 It gave limited representation to Coloureds and Indians. Blacks were excluded.
 Africans had to exercise their political rights in the 'homelands'. Real political power
would remain concentrated in the House of Assembly, the representatives of the
'White' minority. Voters on separate ethnic voter's roles would elect the members of
each chamber of parliament:

1.5.2 The UDF

 The United Democratic Front was a non-racial

alliance of about 400 national, regional and local
organisations and based on the Freedom Charter.
 The UDF was supported by the African National
Congress (ANC) in exile.
 It launched a massive nationwide campaign to
dissuade Coloured and Indian voters from
participating in the elections for the Houses of
Representatives and Delegates. Coloured and
Indian voter turnout was extremely low.

 Those who participated in the Tricameral system

were called 'sell-outs', collaborators and 'puppets'.
In reaction to these political developments, mass
action campaigns swept through the country.
These included strikes, mass protests and school,
rent and consumer boycotts.
 The government responded by banning the UDF
and declaring a State of Emergency that lasted for
much of the 1980s.

The role of Civics

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1.5.3
 Civics tackled 'bread and butter issues' such as
rent, municipal services, public transport and poor
recreational and child-care facilities.
 Civics sought to improve the quality of life of
township residents, and played a major role in the
resistance of the 1980s.
 There were frequent, violent confrontations with
the security forces. Black Councillors and black
police officers were forced to flee the townships,
forced to resign, or faced violent deaths.
 Protests against poor services took the form of
boycotts, in which residents refused to pay rent or
service fees to the municipality. By 1987, the
amount owing to the government due to boycotts
was in the region of Rl77 million.

1.5.4 The role of COSAS

 COSAS was formed in 1979 to co-

ordinated student activities in different
regions, to unite and to advance the
demands of school students.
 They used the slogan ‘liberation before
education’. They organized school
boycotts, stay-aways, consumer boycotts
and self-defence structures against the
apartheid security forces.
 In 1984 there were about 220 000 children
absent from school in various parts of the
country. Many young people sacrificed
education and employment opportunities in
order to participate in the struggle against
apartheid.
 COSAS and AZASO formed the NECC in
1986. The NECC united students, parents
and teacher structures in an effort to build
democracy in schools and eliminate the
Bantu Education curriculum. The NECC
adopted the slogan 'Education for
liberation.'

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1.5.5 The South African Council of Churches

 The SACC fought for social justice, and challenged

the apartheid laws.
 Their leaders included Desmond Tutu, Beyers
Naude and Frank Chikane.
 In 1985, SACC issued the Kairos Document
(Moment of Truth). The Kairos document called for
the church to stand up for the poor and the
oppressed, and stand against the injustices of
apartheid. The document said Christians should
serve the needs of the struggle for liberation, and
mobilise its members to work and plan for a change
in government. It also supported civil disobedience.

1.5.6 Trade Unions

 They campaigned for the rights of black

workers and played a political role as they
put pressure on the government to make
changes to its apartheid policies.
 Links between work issues and broader
community grievances in the apartheid state
became inseparable.
 The Federation of South African Trade
Unions (FOSATU) was formed in 1979 and
the Council of Unions of South Africa
(CUSA) was formed in 1980. It was
influenced strongly by the ideas of Black
Consciousness and wanted to work to
ensure black leadership of unions
 In 1985 the Congress of South African
Trade Unions (COSATU) was formed, which
followed the non-racial policies of the
(banned) ANC. A strike was a powerful
weapon used by workers.
 In 1981, 342 strikes took place in South Africa. In 1986, the number of strikes had
risen to 780.
 Resistance during the 1980s, which included school boycotts, strikes and guerrilla
action of MK, made South Africa increasingly ungovernable and was one of the forces
that led to the collapse of the apartheid government

1.5.7 Mass Democratic Movement

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  The UDF was banned in 1988. The Mass democratic Movement was formed to
replace the UDF.
 The MDM was a loose coalition of anti-apartheid organisations which adhered to the
Freedom Charter.
 In 1989 the banned ANC called for 1989 to be the ‘Year of Mass Action’. MDM
launched a national programme that called for an end to segregation in hospitals,
public transport and on beaches and widespread worker stayaways in opposition to
the elections for the Tricameral Parliament in 1989.
 In 1989, the MDM organised a campaign of civil disobedience to defy all oppressive
laws. Protesters entered ‘whites-only’ hospitals and beaches.
 People of all races marched peacefully in several cities to protest against police
brutality and repressive laws. By 1989 it was clear that the civil disobedience was
effective and that the government could not control it.
 Civil protests were effective and government was no longer in control. PW Botha’s
total strategy ended in failure. His reforms led to intensified resistance by the Mass
Democratic Movement from 1985 onwards. Residents of the townships heeded the
call by the ANC in exile to make the country ungovernable. By the end of 1989 the
stage was set for major changes in South Africa.

1.5.8 The End Conscription Campaign

The SADF was used:

 To enforce the government's racist policies
 To act against the banned liberation movements
within South Africa, as its neighbouring countries
 To repress anti-apartheid activities
 For these reasons, all white South African men were
conscripted into military service in the SADF.
 In 1983, the End Conscription Campaign (ECC) was
formed.
 Conscientious objectors supported the ECC to
oppose the conscription of all white South African
men into military service in the SADF.
 White men who refused to do military service fled the
country, faced
imprisonment,
went AWOL or
failed to turn up for
their basic training.
 By 1985, the number of conscripts who failed to
report for so-called National Service was
increasing
rapidly.
 By 1988, the ECC was undermining the apartheid
state to such an extent that the Minister of
Law and
Order, Adriaan VIok, banned the organisation.

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1.5.9 Black Sash

 Was a liberal white

organisation who
wanted to end
apartheid.
 They wore black
sashes to demonstrate
their opposition against
apartheid.
 They demonstrated
peacefully against the
discriminatory laws.
The Black Sash was
founded in 1955, by a
group of white women.
Black Sash wore black
sashes over one
shoulder as they stood
in public to oppose Apartheid injustices.
 The Black Sash oppose all aspects of Apartheid laws in South Africa, were
especially
active against the pass laws.
(i) Black Sash focused on welfare issues such as child support and committed to
give humanitarian support to victims of Apartheid laws.
(ii) Involved in issues affecting rural communities through projects such as
Transvaal Action Committee and National Land Committee.
(iii) Black sash gave free legal advice and practical support on issues such as
housing, detention without trial, influx control and pensions.

Black Sash ended its protests with the democratic reforms that began in 1990.

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1.6 ACTIVITIES/ QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE FORMATION OF THE UNITED DEMOCRATIC FRONT
(UDF) HELP UNITE DIFFERENT CIVIC ORGANISATIONS AGAINST
APARTHEID REGIME IN THE 1980s?

SOURCE 1A

The source below outlines circumstances that led to the formation of the United Democratic
Front (UDF) in Mitchell's Plain in 1983.

The plans for a new political organisation were introduced by Rev. Allan Boesak at a
conference of the Transvaal Anti-South African Indian Council Committee (TASC) on 23
January 1983. The part of his speech calling for a 'united front' of 'churches, civic
associations, trade unions, student organisations, and sports bodies' was unplanned, but
well received. He also called for black people to have full participation in the government.

The UDF then formed regional committees, which established relationships with local
organisations. The Natal UDF was launched first, in May, and then the Transvaal region (in
June) and the Cape Province (July). Representatives of the regions formed the Interim
National Committee, which also included outside activists.

At the end of July, the committee held a two-day meeting where they discussed a national
launch date. Although most delegates wanted time to organise the regions before the
national launch, they decided the best date was 20 August, the day the government
planned to introduce the Tricameral Constitution. The UDF sent out over 400 000 letters,
flyers and brochures to advertise the launch of the group. The UDF's symbols – logo and
slogan – were also selected at the meeting … Some member organisations adapted the
'UDF Unites, Apartheid Divides' slogan; for example, the Soweto Civic Association used
'Soweto Civic Association Unites – Piet Koornhof Divides'.

On 20 August 1983 the UDF was launched in the Rocklands Community Hall, Mitchell's
Plain, near Cape Town. After a conference of delegates from 575 organisations, a public
rally was held, attended by about 10,000 people. Frank Chikane, the first major speaker,
called the day 'a turning point in the struggle for freedom. '

[From https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/united-democratic-front-udf. Accessed 13 May 2021.]

1.1 Refer to Source 1A.

1.1.1 Who, according to the source, introduced the plans for a new political
organisation? (1 x (1)
1)

1.1.2 Name the regional committee from the source that was launched in
May 1983? (1 x (1)
1)

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 1.1.3 Explain why you think the national launch of the UDF was on the same
day the government introduced the Tricameral Constitution. (2 x 2) (4)

1.1.4 Comment on the usefulness of this source to a historian doing

research about the formation of the UDF. (4)
(2 x 2)

SOURCE 1B

The photograph below shows Dr. Allan Boesak, Archie Gumede and Mrs Naicker at the
launch of the UDF on 20 August 1983.

[From https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/united-democratic-front-udf]

Mrs Naicker

Dr Allan Boesak Archie Gumede

1.2 Study Source 1B.

1.2.1 Identify any TWO leaders depicted in the photograph. (2 x 1) (2)

1.2.2 Use visual clues in the source to explain the messages conveyed in
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 the photograph re. (4)
(2 x 2)

1.3 Refer to Sources 1A and 1B. Explain how the information in Source 1A
supports the evidence in Source 1B regarding the reasons for the formation of
the UDF. (4)
(2 x 2)

SOURCE 1C

The source below highlights the activities that the United Democratic Front (UDF) was
engaged in to challenge apartheid government policy.

The United Democratic Front's (UDF's) opposition to apartheid manifested (displayed) itself
in a number of actions. Shortly after its formation, it launched a successful boycott action
against the election of the (coloured) House of Representatives and (Indian) House of
Delegates. The UDF was involved in the organisation of a number of consumer boycotts
and stay-aways. In 1983 and 1984, it launched the 'one million signatures' campaign, in
which signatories were asked to voice their opposition to the so-called Koornhof legislation
on black local government, as well as to the new constitution.

However, the UDF's greatest impact was at grassroots level where it created local
structures that played a key role in the political education and mobilisation of the masses.
At its second national congress, held in April 1985, it was decided to transform mass
support into active participation, under the theme 'From Protest to Challenge: From
Mobilization to Organisation'. Four months later this theme was extended to include a new
slogan, 'Forward to People's Power'. The UDF's strategy was to replace decision-making
structures created by the government with a system of 'people's power'. It was equivalent
to the establishment of 'liberated areas' in South Africa.

The state headed off this threat and suppressed the general unrest in the country, which
reached a peak in 1985, by calling a series of states of emergency. A large number of
people were arrested in terms of security legislation. The UDF, in particular, was badly
affected. Several key members of the organisation were murdered, including Matthew
Goniwe (UDF organiser in the Eastern Cape) and Victoria Mxenge (UDF treasurer in
Natal). Almost the entire leadership corps of the UDF was restricted in the period 1985 to
1987.

[From https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/
06lv03222.htm. Accessed on 12 May 2021.]

1.4 Consult Source 1C.

1.4.1 Define the concept Apartheid in the context of South Africa's political
situation in the 1980s. (1 x (2)
2)

1.4.2 Identify TWO activities that the UDF embarked on to expose the
apartheid government. (2 x (2)
1)

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 1.4.3 Quote evidence from the source that explains the reason for the
launch of the 'one million signatures' campaign. (1 x (2)
2)

1.4.4 Explain what is implied by '… it was decided to transform mass

support into active participation' in the context of the activities of the
UDF. (2 x (4)
2)

SOURCE 1D
The extract below focuses on the government's reaction in repressing the leadership of the
UDF.

As the UDF grew, the apartheid regime tried every method at its disposal and every
weapon in its arsenal to stop the spread of popular resistance. At times these methods
were 'legal', following procedures laid down in the laws proclaimed by government. Other
methods were acts of war against the population – they included assassination, bombs,
and terrorism in the bitter meaning of the word.

Some of the first measures the state tried to repress the UDF was to jail its leaders – by
detention without trial, and by trial for political crimes.

In August 1984, during the UDF's highly successful boycotts of the Tricameral elections,
the state detained 18 of the boycott leaders. In Natal they detained UDF national president,
Archie Gumede (who was 78 years old); the UDF national treasurer Mewa Ramgobin, who
was also publicity secretary of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC); President of the NIC
George Sewpersadh; NIC Vice-President MJ Naidoo; trade union leader and NIC member
Billy Nair; general secretary of the South African Allied Workers' Union Sam Kikine; and
national chairman of the African People's Democratic Union of South Africa, Kadir Hassim.

On September 13, 1984, six of the leaders who had gone into hiding – Archie Gumede,
Mewa Ramgobin, MJ Naidoo, Billy Nair, George Sewpersad and Paul David – took refuge
in the British consulate in Durban. They deliberately went to the British consulate to
highlight – and protest – the British government's support for the Botha regime.

[From https://www.saha.org.za/udf/repressing_the_leadership.htm. Accessed on 13 May 2021.]

1.5 Use Source 1D.

1.5.1 Comment on why you think the apartheid regime was determined to
stop the spread of popular resistance. (1 x (2)
2)
1.5.2
List TWO tactics from the source to show how the apartheid (2)
government tried to stop the growth of the UDF. (2 x 1)

1.5.3 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge,
explain why these methods were referred to as 'acts of war against
the population'. (2)
20 | P a g e
 (1 x 2)

1.5.4 Explain why you think that the government's reaction to the activities
of the UDF cannot be justified. (2 x 2) (4)

1.5.5 Name any TWO UDF leaders that were detained by the apartheid
government. (2 x 1) (2)

1.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write
a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining how the
formation of the United Democratic Front (UDF) helped unite different civic
organisations against the apartheid regime in the 1980s. (8)
[50]
QUESTION 1 HOW DID THE FORMATION OF THE UNITED DEMOCRATIC FRONT
(UDF) HELP UNITE DIFFERENT CIVIC ORGANISATIONS AGAINST
APARTHEID REGIME IN THE 1980s? 1980s?
1.1
1.1.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1]
 Rev Allan Boesak (1 x 1) (1)

1.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1]

 Natal UDF (1 x 1) (1)

1.1.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2]

 As a direct indication that the UDF was against apartheid and its
appeasing
 To divert attention from planned introduction of the Tricameral
Constitution
 To undermine government introduction of Tricameral
Constitution
 To show how determined they were in countering everything to
do with apartheid that was intended to render blacks as
secondary citizens (4)
 Any other relevant response (any 2 x
2)

1.1.4 [Evaluating the usefulness of Source 1A – L3]

The source is USEFUL because:

 It explains the link between UDF formation and the Tricameral
Constitution
 It provides information on the formation of the UDF
 It gives insight on circumstances and intentions of the civil
society to organise themselves into a united front
 It highlights circumstances leading to the formation of the UDF
 Any other relevant response (any 2 x (4)
2)

1.2
1.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1]

21 | P a g e
  Allan Boesak
 Archie Gumede
 Dr. Monty Naicker (any 2 x 1) (2)

1.2.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1B – L2]

Raised fist:
 Symbolises salute to express unity, strength (amandla/ power)
and resistance to apartheid
 A symbol of strength, and hope endures (We shall overcome)
(any 1 x
2)

Three racial groups:

 Symbolises political solidarity among three discriminated
racial groups
 Their working together is symbol of revolutionary spirit that
unity that indeed all these three discriminated racial groups
are part of the UDF (4)
 Any other relevant response (any 1 x
2)

1.3 [Comparison of evidence from Sources 1A and 1B – L3]

FOCUS ON REASONS
 Source 1A states that Dr. Allan Boesak introduced the plans for a new
political organization and Source 1B shows Dr. Allan Boesak (with
glasses) at the launch of the UDF
 Source 1A states that the committee decided on the launch date on 20 th
August and Source 1B indicates the depicted event to have been at the
launch of the UDF on 20th August 1983
 Source 1A makes reference to the Slogan 'UDF Unites, Apartheid
Divides' and the unity is shown in Source 1B through the participation of
leaders form different races
 Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.4
1.4.1 [Definition of a historical concept from Source 1C – L1]
 A policy that governed relations between South Africa's white
minority and non-white majority and sanctioned racial
segregation and political and economic discrimination against
non-whites
 A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds
of race
 A former policy of segregation and political, social, and
economic discrimination against the non-white majority in the
Republic of South Africa
 Any other relevant response (any 1 x 2) (2)

1.4.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1C – L1]

 Consumer boycotts
22 | P a g e
  Stay aways (2 x (2)
1)

1.4.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1C – L1]

 To collect one million signatures from the public, declare
opposition against the apartheid government and its
constitutional reforms (1 x 2) (2)

23 | P a g e
 1.4.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C – L2]
 To make sure that they have recruited members from all different
walks of life and engage actively in the civil resistance in mass
demonstrations
 Ensure masses general members actively participate in activities
of the UDF that will in the end replace decision making structure
created by the government with a system of peoples' power
 A call for black people to have full participation in the government.
 Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.5
1.5.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1D – L2]
 The government did not want to lose power and authority over
blacks
 The government wanted to keep blacks as inferior or second-class
citizens
 The government wanted to maintain their constitutional dominance
 Any other relevant response (any 1 x 2) (2)

1.5.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1D – L1]

 Assassinations
 Bombs
 Terrorism (any 2 x 1) (2)

1.5.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1D – L2]

 The government itself sponsored, and supported, all of these acts,
legal and illegal.
 The police and military themselves were both implicated and
instrumental in acts of criminal violence against activists and
resistant communities.
 Apartheid government structures themselves set the framework for
these illegal acts.
 Any other response (any 1 x 2) (2)
1.5.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1D – L2]

Government reaction not justified because:

 Some protesters were killed and denied the right to life
 Protesters' right to equality was deemed by the government as
undermining and therefore detained
 Leaders were arrested and denied the rights to appear in front of a
court.
 Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

24 | P a g e
 1.5.5 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1D – L1]
 Archie Gumede
 Mewa Ramgobin
 George Sewpersadh
 MJ Naidoo
 Billy Nair
 Sam Kikine
 Kadir Hassim (any 2 x 1) (2)

1.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis from relevant sources – L3]

Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:

 The part of his speech calling for a 'united front' of 'churches, civic
associations, trade unions, student organizations, and sports bodies'
(Source 1A)
 The UDF then formed regional committees, which established relationships
with local organizations (Source 1A)
 After a conference of delegates from 575 organisations, a public rally was
held, attended by about 10,000 people (Source 1A)
 To unite the masses from the three different racial groups (Source 1B)
 Members were determined to unite and take power (Power to the People)
(Source 1 B)
 Membership composition reflect unity and representative of all three racial
groups that were discriminated against (Source 1B)
 Shortly after its formation, it launched a successful boycott action against
the election of the (coloured) House of Representatives and (Indian) House
of Delegates (Source 1C)
 The UDF was involved in the organisation of a number of consumer
boycotts and stay-aways (Source 1C)
 In 1983 and 1984, it launched the 'one million signatures' campaign, in
which signatories were asked to voice their opposition to the so-called
Koornhof legislation on black local government, as well as to the new
constitution (Source 1C)
 'Forward to People's Power' (Source 1C)
 The UDF's strategy was to replace decision-making structures created by
the government with a system of 'people's power'. (Source 1C)
 As the UDF grew, the apartheid regime tried every method at its disposal
and every weapon in its arsenal to stop the spread of popular resistance
(Source 1D)
 Any other relevant response

25 | P a g e
Use the following rubric to allocate marks:

 Uses evidence in an elementary manner, e.g.

shows no or little understanding of how the
formation of the United Democratic Front
Marks:
LEVEL 1 (UDF) helped unite different civic organisations
0–2
against the apartheid regime in the 1980s.
 Uses evidence partially or cannot write a
paragraph on the topic.
 Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great
extent to the topic, e.g. shows some
understanding of how the formation of the
United Democratic Front (UDF) helped unite Marks:
LEVEL 2
different civic organisations against the 3–5
apartheid regime in the 1980s.
 Uses evidence from sources in a very basic
manner to write a paragraph.
 Uses relevant evidence, e.g. demonstrates a
thorough understanding of how the formation
of the United Democratic Front (UDF) helped
unite different civic organisations against the Marks:
LEVEL 3
apartheid regime in the 1980s. 6–8
 Uses evidence very effectively in an organised
paragraph that shows a thorough understanding of
the topic.
(8)
[50]

26 | P a g e
2. Topic 4: Civil Resistance in South Africa 1970s to 1980s

Question focus: The challenge of Black Consciousness to the apartheid state

(Question 4 = Essay)
Key Focus areas:
 The nature and aims of BC
 The impact of BC on Labour
 The impact of BC on Political Organisations
 The impact of BC on the 1976 Soweto Uprisings
 The impact of BC on Community Programmes

2.1 Mind-map

The impact of
Steve Biko and
the BC Philosophy
on the Community
Programmes

The Impact of
Steve Biko The impact of
and BC Steve Biko Steve Biko
Philosophy on and the BC and the BC
the 1976 Philosophy Philosophy on
Soweto Labour
Uprising

The impact of
Steve Biko and
BC Philosophy
on Political
Organisations

27 | P a g e
2.2 Timeline

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Year Event
1946 The birth of Bantu Steve Biko
1966 Admission to the University of Natal Non-European Section (UNNE) 2.3
1967 NUSAS Conference at Grahamstown where black students were accommodated
separately from their white counter-parts
1968 University Christian Movement Conference at Stuttterheim where black students
were accommodated separately from their white counter-parts
1968 Formation of the South African Council of Churches
1968 Steve Biko and others leave NUSAS and forms SASO
1969 Barney Pityana expelled from his law studies at Fort Hare
1969 Steve Biko is elected President of SASO
1972 Onkgopotse Tiro is expelled from the Turfloop University
1972 BPC is formed
1972 Death of Mthuli Shezi
1972 South African Students Movement (SASM) formed after its predecessor African
Students Movement was enlarged
1972 The start of Black Community Programmes under Bennie Khoapa
1973 Steve Biko and other BC leaders are banned by the government
1973 The Durban Workers Strike organized/fuelled by SASO
1974 The Frelimo rallies organized by SASO, South Africans should take inspiration
from the example of Mozambique, If the people Mozambique struggled
successfully for their independence, what is stopping the Black South Africans
1977 Arrest of Steve Biko
1977 Death of Steve Biko in detention
1978 Formation of AZAPO by the supporters of BC
Important Abbreviations
Abbreviation What it stands for
NUSAS National Union of South African Students
SASO South African Students` Organisation
UCM University Christian Movement
UNNE University of Natal Non-European Section
SSRC Soweto Students Representative Council
SACC South African Council of Churches
BPC Black Peoples Convention
ASM African Students Movement
BCP Black Community Programmes
SASM South African Students Movement
NAYO National Youth Organisation
BC Black Consciousness
BCM Black Consciousness Movement
AZAPO Azanian People’s Organisation
Frelimo Front for the liberation of Mozambique
NTCC Northern Transvaal Council of Churches
BPA Black Parent’s Association
BAWU Black Allied Workers Union
UBJ Union of Black Journalists

2.4 Key Concepts:

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 Concepts Definition
Black Consciousness The Philosophy that advocated Black pride and wanted
liberation for all Blacks
Conscientise Raise the level of awareness
Durban Moment The strike by the coronation brick and tile factory influenced by
the BC
Medium of Instruction A language used for teaching and learning.
Uprising An act of resistance or rebellion
Liberation/Black Theology Theology that focused on the injustices of the poor
Bantu Education An apartheid system of education that condemned Blacks to
inferior education
Ideology A belief system. A set of ideas which shape one’s actions
Civil Society Protest Opposition to government policies by ordinary members of the
society
Resistance When a group or even one person works against domination
Black Communalism An economic policy based on the principle of sharing and
emphasized communal ownership of property and wealth.

2.5 Black Community Programmes

Project Focus
Publications and Revival of cultural, political and literary (writing) activity
leadership training
Zanempilo Community The first primary health care centre situated at Zinyoka outside King
Health Centre William`s Town. One of the first primary health care initiatives
outside of the public sector in South Africa which provided much
needed community health education. It was also in this clinic where
a successful production of leather goods was facilitated.
Solempilo Community A primary health care facility opened on the south coast of Natal
Health Centre
Ithuseng Community Women empowerment programme, encouraged women to establish
Health Programme vegetable gardens and other economic initiatives in Linyenye.
Zimele trust fund Established by Biko in 1975 working together with religious leaders.
Provided assistance to political prisoners and their families.
Supported those who were detained, imprisoned, banned, banished
or just released from prison. Those who had difficulty in finding jobs
because they were perceived to be trouble-makers were assisted.
The fund had particular success with a brick-making scheme in
Dimbaza near King William’s Town.
Winter School Project Tutors were paid by the Northern Transvaal Council of Churches
(NTCC), for the teaching of the Standard 10 learners during winter
holidays.

2.6 Content Notes/ Summaries

30 | P a g e
2.6.1 Reasons for the emergence of Black Consciousness Movement in the 1970s.

 The struggle for liberation in South Africa was the domain of liberation movements
like the African National Congress and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azanian but this
was to change in the 60s and 70s.
 Political inactivity came about as a result of the government`s harsh reaction to the
events of Sharpeville in 1960.
 The resulting lull in political activity and
opposition to the Apartheid government
allowed the government to further entrench
repression due making opposition to its
policies difficult.
 Arrests and harassment of leaders were to be
intensified leading to a state of political apathy
in South Africa
 Experiences of Biko and others within white
led organizations like NUSAS and the
University Christian Movement.
 Among the many issues that fuelled discontent
among Black members of NUSAS was its
apparent condonation of the status quo:
Separate accommodation was arranged for
students from different racial groups during the NUSAS conference of 1967 in
Grahamstown and that of UCM at Stutterheim in 1968

Aims of Black Consciousness 9.6.2

 Biko and others who followed him believed that the struggle of Black Students was their
responsibility and that they should not depend on other races
who were sympathetic to their course.
 This is why Biko and those who supported him felt that
`The Blacks are tired of standing at the touchline to witness a
game they should be playing. They want to do things for
themselves all by themselves`
 . The repressive Apartheid system seemed to have beaten
Black people into submission and BC aimed to revive them
and wake them from the long sleep.
 There seem to have been a realization that for Blacks to be
able to launch an attack on the repression imposed on them by
the Apartheid government they first have to realise that
something was wrong and needed to be challenged.
 Black Consciousness aimed to work towards the following,
among others:
 Infuse the black community with a newfound pride in
themselves, their efforts, their value system, their culture and their outlook to life
 Promoted pride, black identity, culture and history.
 Instilled feelings of self-reliance, self-esteem and to fight for own rights.
 Instilled a feeling of pride amongst black South Africans.
 Encouraged black South Africans to overcome the feeling of self-pity, self-alienation and
domination by external forces.
31 | P a g e
  To achieve mental liberation and emancipation.

To this end, BC stated that` as a prelude whites must be made to realise that they are only
human, not superior. Same with Blacks, they must be made to realise that they are also
human, not inferior`
THE IDEALS OF THE BLACK CONSIOUSNESS
MOVEMENT
• BC is a philosophy based on the belief that Blacks would
only liberate themselves if they can remove the
shackles of inferiority and fear.
• It advocates that Blacks should conduct their own
political campaigns and help each other gain freedom
rather than wait for Whites to grant them freedom.

• Biko believed that Blacks have lost confidence in

themselves as a result of living in a white dominated
society.

• He believed that in order to regain their freedom, Blacks

must regain their confidence and end their dependence
on Whites BC promoted a sense of identity and pride
amongst Black people.

• BC united supporters of the ANC and the PAC by

creating an ideology for the liberation of S.A

• He wanted blacks to understand why they were oppressed. He quoted "The most
potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed"

• In BC freedom for blacks was first and foremost a freedom from the psychological
oppression of their own inferiority complex.

• Only once the "mind of the oppressed" was free could blacks fight for political and
economic freedom.
• For Biko there was a difference between Blacks and non-whites
"Blacks" were people who defied white oppression and found solidarity with other black people
"Non-whites" were blacks who collaborated with the Apartheid government and submitted to
white authority.

2.6.3 Political Organisations

 The early evidence of the impact of BC on political organisations became evident when Steve
Biko and other leaders broke away from NUSAS in 1968 and formed SASO
 SASO focused on students at tertiary institutions students. Several Universities and Colleges
were established after the passing of the extension of University Education Act of 1959.
Among the Universities that were to be fertile ground for the spread of BC ideology were the
following: University of Durban Westville, Fort Hare University, University of Zululand
University of the North, Turfloop
 Formation of Black Peoples Convention as a political vehicle for BC ideas. Having established
SASO for the students and SASM for those at school, BC followers wanted a broader and
32 | P a g e
 bigger voice to articulate the demands and
aspirations of Black people.
 Several unions and organisations aligned to BC was
formed to give action to the ideology of BC. These
included, among others, the following: Black Parents
Association, Black Allied Workers Union, Azanian
People’s Organisation and others.
 The `Viva Frelimo Rallies` of September 1974 were
organized by the BC and SASO and took place
regardless of the ban placed by the government.
 The theme of these celebrations was the
achievement of the independence by the people of
Mozambique
 The arrest of BC leaders and the ensuing courts
cases served to heighten the level of political
activism and consciousness in South Africa.

2.6.4 Impact on labour

 Influence of BC through SASO extended to labour
resulting in the famous strike by the tile and factory
workers in Durban (Durban Moment)
 The influence of BC did not end with the workers in
1973 but it emerged again with the 1976 Soweto
Uprising
 The Black Allied Workers Union was among the
labour formations that were formed through the
influence of BC
 This was a watershed moment in trade unionism in
South Africa because after his event many similar
protests were to occur in South Africa.

2.6.5 Black Community Programmes

 Steve Biko was to be banished to King William`s
Town and this led to the diverted focus to Black
Community Programmes (BCP)
 Having been banned the focus of Biko now turned
to the BC and the Black Community Programmes
BCP
 To undertake projects for themselves e.g. The Zanempilo Community Centre
 Established various projects and trust funds were established to entrench the believe that
blacks can achieve self-sufficiency
 These included the following: Publications and leadership training, Zanempilo Community
Health Centre, Solempilo Community Health Centre, Ithuseng Community Health Programme,
Zimele trust and Winter School Project

2.6.6 1976 Soweto Uprising

33 | P a g e
  The government plan was to enforce the language policy that promoted Afrikaans to be the
medium of instruction in Black schools
 These efforts to enforce Afrikaans as a medium of instruction came to people who have been
exposed to the teachings of Biko and BC and it was going to be difficult for the government to
have its way
 Even though the government was ultimately forced to back down on its language policy the
killings, arrests and imprisonment continued
 Many young South Africans skipped the country to swell the ranks of the ANC and the PAC in
exile.
 More repressive laws were passed and the anti-apartheid organisations with links to Black
Consciousness were banned (SASO, SASM, BPC AND SSRC)

2.6.7 Biko’s death

 Biko was re-arrested in 1977 and later died in
police custody
 The ideas that Biko stood for survived his
death and this was true to his statement that` It
is better to die for an idea that will live, than to
live for an idea that will die`

2.8 ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS

Examples of essays using the common essay question verbs:

Do you agree with the statement…?

To what extent...?
Critically discuss…?

2.8.1 Activity 1

Explain to what extent Steve Biko and Black Consciousness played a significant role in
mobilising black South Africans against the Apartheid regime during the 1970s

Support your line of argument with relevant evidence (50)

2.8.2 Activity 2

`Steve Biko and the philosophy of Black Consciousness had played a major role in reviving
political activism and organisations in South Africa in the 1970s`

Do you agree with this statement? Use relevant evidence to support your line of argument
34 | P a g e
 (50)

2.8.3 Activity 3

Critically discuss how the philosophy of Black Consciousness influenced the Soweto Uprising of
1976.

Use relevant evidence to support your line of argument (50)

QUESTION 3: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER 1989 TO
THE PRESENT

1. Mind Map

35 | P a g e
 1.Balance of
Power

2.Dominance of
6. Response (s) to
Global Western
Globalisation
Capitalism

Globalisation

5. Differing forms
of Capitalism 3.BRICS

4. Emerging
Economies

3.1 CONCEPTS:
3.1.1 Globalisation

36 | P a g e
The worldwide movement toward economic, financial, trade, and communications
integration.
3.1.2 International Monetary Fund (IMF)

It is an international organization that promote global economic growth and financial stability
trade, encourages international trade and reduces poverty.
3.1.3 BRICS

It is an acronym for the powerful grouping of the world leading emerging market economies namely
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa which aims to promote peace, security, development
and cooperation.

3.1.4 World Bank

It is an international organization that provides financing, advice and research to developing nations
to help advance their economies.

3.2 NOTES ON GLOBALISATION

Globalisation refers to the technological, political and economic changes, which have resulted in the
world functioning in different way from what it did thirty years ago. It also refers to the system of
interaction among the countries of world in order to develop the global economy. It also involves
technological, economic, political cultural exchanges made possible by advances in communication,
transportation, and infrastructure, eg. The internet, email, cellular phones, satellite television.
Information can be spread quickly and easy, but countries without access to this new technology are
excluded from world development and get left behind.

Balance of power and impact on Africa.

As the world entered the 1990s, the Cold War over and the collapse of Soviet Union, a new era in the
world politics emerge. Russia became much more accepted in the international community and the
world stage. USA was left as the sole remaining superpower. USA became the leader of international
affairs. In this new world order some countries have successfully adapted to globalisation and
became key drivers of the process: USA, China, Japan and Western Europe, they are all from the
northern hemisphere. They are the key beneficiaries and leaders of the globalised world. Countries
from the South; from the developing world, many of which is former colonies, faced enormous
challenges such as poverty and under- developed. Many African countries have not benefited from
globalisation but have become victims of it.

Dominance of global Western capitalism

Globalisation has resulted in national governments having to be aware of international trends and
policies. There was dominance of global western capitalism with the USA playing a leading role in the
world affairs. The following international bodies influence the policies and choices that national
governments make: The United Nation Organisation (UNO), The Commonwealth, The European
Union (EU), The International Labour Organisation, The World bank and International Monetary Fund
(IMF).
Emerging economies and different form of capitalism

37 | P a g e
Before the 1990s the global economic power was in the hands of the USA, Britain, France and
Germany. The western style variants of capitalism have been challenged by new form of capitalism
that rely less on private enterprise. This change is partly due to the rise of emerging markets to the
centre stage of global capitalism. This resulted in the formation of BRICS countries which are
distinguish by their demographic and economic potential, to rank among the world’s largest and the
most influential economies in the 21st century. The four members of BRICS are Brazil, Russia, India
and South Africa. These countries with a new member South Africa dominated some of the important
commodity markets and are growing and industrialising at fast pace than any other developing
country.

Response to globalisation, heralding an age of economic insecurity Nationalism.

Nationalism and globalisation are two central phenomena of the modern world. The relationship
between globalisatio0n and nationalism is still being debated even today. Some of the arguments are:
some scholars suggest that increasing nationalism in the world can be seen as a reaction to
globalisation. Others suggest that nationalism is not reaction to globalisation but that globalisation
actually serves to reduce nationalism and that globalisation will eventually be the end of nationalism.
Some scholars view nationalism and globalisation as a clashing force while others suggest that they
tend to become allied forces.

4 ASSESSEMENT AND STRATEGIES

38 | P a g e
QUESTION 3: WHAT IMPACT DID THE 2018 BRICS SUMMIT HAVE ON SOUTH
AFRICA?

SOURCE 3A
The source below focuses on the role that South Africa played in hosting the 10th BRICS Summit that
was held in Sandton, Johannesburg in July 2018. This article was published on the South African
government's website (SAnews.gov.za) on 29 January 2018.

South Africa, which took over the rotational chairmanship of the emerging economic grouping
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), is set to host the 10th summit in July 2018.

The summit, which is scheduled at the Sandton Convention Centre in Johannesburg from 25 to
27 July, will see South Africa building on the programme of development and prosperity for
partner countries.

South Africa's BRICS Sherpa (leader) during the BRICS stakeholder roundtable, Ambassador
Anil Sooklal, said that 'BRICS is an important global formation and South Africa is privileged to
host the summit the second time around, as we enter the second decade of cooperation. We
have been meeting in a summit form for nine years now and this will be the 10th session. The
first summit we hosted in 2013 was very successful with very tangible (real) outcomes and the
results of that summit are visible in the work of the BRICS and the global community and we are
confident that this summit will also follow suit'.
Sooklal said the summit will showcase the cooperation that BRICS members enjoy, as well as its
impact globally as they address key challenges faced by emerging countries, such as
developmental challenges, growing their economies, and addressing poverty and unemployment.

According to Sooklal, within the BRICS context, South Africa has three primary goals which are to
see development and inclusive economic growth, to promote value-added trade among BRICS
countries and to promote investment.

[From https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sa-host-10th-brics-summit-july. Accessed on 15 March

2019.]

3.1 Refer to Source 3A.

3.1.1 List any THREE BRICS member states from the source. (3 x 1) (3)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3.1.2 Where, according to the source, was the 10th BRICS Summit held? (1 x 1) (1)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

39 | P a g e
3.1.3. What, according to Sooklal, were the THREE key challenges that emerging countries
faced? (3 x 1) (3)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3.1.4 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain how members
of BRICS intended to address the challenges that emerging countries experienced.
(2 x 2) (4)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

SOURCE 3B
This photograph shows the leaders of India, China, South Africa, Russia and Brazil at the 10th
BRICS Summit that was held in Sandton on 25 July 2018.

3.2 Study Source 3B.

3.2.1. Explain the messages that are conveyed in the photograph. (2 x 2) (4)
• It shows the leaders of their respective countries attending the 10th BRICS
Summit in South Africa
• It indicates a close and friendly relationship amongst leaders of the BRICS

40 | P a g e
 countries
• It indicates a sense of unity/co-operation amongst various leaders of BRICS
3.3. Compare Sources 3A and 3B. Explain how the information in Source 3A supports the
evidence in Source 3B regarding the 10th BRICS Summit. (2 x 2) (4)
 Both Sources 3A and 3B indicate that the 10th BRICS Summit was held in
Sandton/South Africa
 Source 3A mentions the five member states that made up BRICS while Source 3B
shows the evidence of the five leaders of BRICS
 Both Sources 3A and 3B indicate co-operation and unity amongst members of BRICS

3.2.2. Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, comment on why you
think leaders of BRICS were holding each other's hands. (1 x 2) (2)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCE 3C
The article below focuses on the trade deals that were signed between South Africa and its BRICS
partners. It is titled 'BRICS Investment Deals – Good News for Poor South Africans' and was
published in The Sowetan on 25 July 2018.

The agreements which are set to be signed between emerging markets at the BRICS Summit,
underway in the north of Johannesburg, are likely to benefit poor and unemployed South Africans.

This is according to political analyst, Somadoda Fikeni, who yesterday said investment deals
would provide much-needed jobs for many people. 'Any funding would create jobs for the ordinary
man on the street. South Africa being part of crafting (developing) a new direction can only be
positive if it is handled correctly by the government. But, this is positive, especially because South
Africa has been downgraded,' (economic downgrade by Western rating agencies) Fikeni said.

He said the fact that South Africa is part of the BRICS bloc gives it an opportunity for funding. 'The
world power is shifting towards the East, away from superpowers such as the US,' Fikeni said.
However, Fikeni warned that South Africa should not be complacent (satisfied) and think that
BRICS countries have good intentions. 'They come with the national interests of their countries.'
On Tuesday, China made a commitment of $14,7 billion (R196 billion) to fund investments in
South Africa.

Another political analyst, Ralph Mathekga, said BRICS countries were trying to retain financial
sovereignty (independence). He stated that 'BRICS is a way to build financial development where
BRICS countries do not have to go to the World Bank for funding'. Mathekga, however, said
South Africa was still regarded as an underdog (second best) by other BRICS countries. 'What is
happening is positive but South Africa should know that it is still treated as an underdog.'

[From https://www.sowetanonline.co.za. Accessed on 15 March 2019.]

3.4. Consult Source 3C.

3.4.1. Who, according to the source, benefitted from the agreement that was signed at the

41 | P a g e
 10th BRICS Summit? (2 x 1) (2)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3.4.2. Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain the purpose of
the investment deals that were signed at the BRICS Summit. (2 x 2) (4)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3.4.3 Comment on why you think BRICS member states referred to South Africa as an
'underdog'. (1 x 2) (2)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3.4.4 Explain the limitations of this source to a historian studying whether South Africa
benefitted from BRICS. (2 x 2) (4)
The source has LIMITATIONS because:
• It gives the views of South African analysts only (biased)/gives a pro BRICS
perspective
• There is no indication as to which agreements were signed
• The investment deals do not mention which sector of South Africa's economy
would benefit from BRICS.

SOURCE 3D
The source below focuses on the challenges that South Africa faces as a member of BRICS. It is
written by W Gumede.

The challenge for South Africa is that BRICS may erode South Africa's domestic economy and
directly affect employment of its citizens. Many products from BRICS countries compete with
those of South Africa. BRICS and Western capitalist countries are all targeting Africa's

42 | P a g e
 resources, which poses a direct threat to South Africa's economy. Structural obstacles, poor
economic and political policies and the lack of imagination in leadership have restricted South
Africa's growth.

If old industrial and emerging powers gain an economic foothold in Africa this may undermine
South Africa's efforts to grow. Other BRICS countries are already exporting manufactured goods
to Africa, including the inputs to Africa's planned infrastructure programmes such as railways.
This is hurting South Africa's manufacturing sector which is a key for job creation.

Many South African manufacturers say that while products from BRICS countries enter South
African markets relatively easily, high tariff barriers make it difficult for South African products to
enter its BRICS partners' markets. Nomaxabiso Majokweni, of the umbrella business
organisation BUSA, summed up what South Africa needed from BRICS countries when she said
'The balancing act is to ease business transactions while protecting the interests of industry and
manufacturing. We are not seeking preferential (special) or free trade agreements. Rather, we
should be driving for more transparency from our partners, especially on tariff schedules and
hidden internal taxes.'

[From http://www.indrastra.com2016/01/opinion-south-africa-brics-challenges. Accessed on 15 March

2019.]

3.5. Read Source 3D.

3.5.1 What challenges, according to the source, did South Africa face as a member of
BRICS? (2 x 1) (2)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3.5.2. Define the term capitalism in your own words. (1 x 2) (2)

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3.5.3. Identify ONE reason in the source that has 'restricted South Africa's growth'.
(1 x 1) (1)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3.5.4. Comment on how BRICS member states affected South Africa's manufacturing
sector. (2 x 2) (4)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

43 | P a g e
3.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of
about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining the impact that the 2018 BRICS Summit had on
South Africa. (8)

The 10th BRICS Summit that was held in South Africa showcased the cooperation between the
BRICS countries – this had a positive impact on South Africa. The investment deals that South
Africa signed with BRICS addressed South Africa's weak economy which was expected to
create more jobs. China made a commitment to pay out $14,7 billion (R196 billion) to fund
investments in South Africa. Structural obstacles, poor economic and political policies and
the lack of imagination in leadership have restricted South Africa's growth. There were also a
number of challenges highlighted namely high tariff barriers, lack of transparency and hidden
internal taxes that ought to be addressed. It shows that South Africa is not dependent on its
previous trade partners the USA and United Kingdom to get economic assistance to grow its
economy. South Africa's membership of BRICS showcases its independence to establish
economic links with any other economic block.
[50]

QUESTION 4: The Road to Democracy in South Africa

44 | P a g e
At the start of the 1990s the South African government began to dismantle apartheid. There
were negotiations between the government and the resistance movements. The purpose of
the negotiations was to plan a peaceful transition of power. At times, the talks broke down.
There were many incidents of violence as South Africa's first democratic elections drew
nearer. By 1994, most political parties had reached some agreement and South Africa's first
democratic elections were able to take place on April 27th of that year.
In 1989, F.W. De Klerk replaced P W Botha as President of South Africa. In 1990, he
introduced drastic changes to apartheid. One of these was the unbanning of political parties.
A number of reasons have been suggested to explain why the government made these
changes after trying to keep apartheid in place for so long.
As part of the changes introduced by De Klerk, Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners
were released from jail. This action had a major effect on the country. His release was a
major symbol that apartheid was ending.

Mandela immediately began to call for an even more determined fight to end apartheid, but
he also called for discipline and a lessening of violent protest.

In 1990 the NP and the ANC met on two occasions to discuss how they would begin to
negotiate the future of South Africa. These meetings were successful in laying out the plans
for the negotiations, even though there were still tensions in the country.

1ST MEETING – GROOTE SCHUUR MINUTE

● At the first meeting the NP and ANC discussed the conditions for the negotiations
to begin. The meeting was held at Groote Schuur, the official residence of the president.
They released the "Groote Schuur Minute" which stated that before the negotiations
begin, political prisoners would be released and all exiles would be allowed to return
● De Klerk made further political changes. The State of Emergency was called off (except
in Natal) and the Separate. Amenities Act came to an end in 1990.
● De Klerk tried to use these changes to show the world that apartheid was ending so that
they would end sanctions.

Mandela, however, called on countries to continue with economic sanctions.

2ND MEETING – PRETORIA MINUTE

● At the second meeting of the NP and the ANC in 1990, in Pretoria, Mandela announced
the end to the armed struggle.
● The last major apartheid laws were removed in 1991.

The Group Areas Act and the Population Registration Act ended. This convinced many
countries to end sanctions as well as cultural and sporting boycotts against South Africa.

● Violence continued between the ANC and the IFP.

Mandela and Buthelezi met to settle differences but violence did not end. It emerged that the
Nationalist Government encouraged this violence. This created more distrust between the
ANC and the NP.

45 | P a g e
Although the Groote Schuur and Pretoria meetings successfully laid the foundations for
future negotiations, there were still tensions in the country.

There was a fear that the change of power in South Africa could become a violent one. To
avoid violence, it was essential that a peaceful solution between the rival political groups be
reached.

CODESA

Formal negotiations between the ANC and the NP took place at the Convention for a
Democratic South Africa (CODESA). Although the talks broke down several times, the ANC
and the NP did eventually reach an agreement.

● The first meeting of CODESA was successful.

At the end of 1991, the government met with the major political parties, except for the PAC
and Conservative Party (CP). The parties agreed that a new South Africa should be free from
apartheid and discrimination and that an interim government would rule the country until a
constitution had been drawn up.

● The second meeting of CODESA was not as successful. DECLA

RATIO
The ANC and the government could not reach a compromise over howN OF power would be
INTEN
shared. The NP still wanted a strong place in government. They wanted the power to change
decisions made by parliament. The ANC and COSATU called for a massTstrike to force the
government to compromise. The talks eventually broke down.
● Incidents of violence in 1992 that disrupted discussions included :
Boipotong Massacre (June 1992) and Bisho March (September 1992) –
discuss briefly. Refer to page 4
● Although the talks had officially ended, they continued unofficially and an
agreement was eventually reached.
Cyril Ramaphosa (representing the ANC) and Roelf Meyer (representing the NP) continued
the negotiations. Both sides were willing to compromise and they came up with an
agreement.

● Mandela and De Klerk signed the “RECORD OF UNDERSTANDING”

They agreed that there would be a five-year Government of National Unity and that a
constituent assembly would be created to construct a constitution.

Therefore, even though the final agreements that were reached did not happen at CODESA I
and II, it was out of these conventions that a peaceful solution to South Africa's change of
power was agreed.

Mandela argued that De Klerk as head of the government should do something to stop the
violence. He also accused the police of involvement in the violence between the ANC and
IFP. This was one of the reasons that the ANC eventually withdrew from CODESA. Although
De Klerk denied this allegation, it is widely believed that members of the police were involved
in inciting this violence.

Although violence in the country did not stop the negotiations, it did increase the tensions
between the ANC and the NP. This slowed down the negotiation process.
46 | P a g e
Furthermore, the violence showed that not everyone was happy with the changes that were
being planned for the country.
At the same time that the leaders were negotiating South Africa's future, violence was still
occurring within the country.

● Some of the violence occurred because many black people still lived in poverty
and many were impatient with the pace of change.
● Much of the violence that occurred was due to the rivalry between the ANC and
the IFP.
● One of these violent episodes between the IFP and the ANC was the Boipatong
massacre.

On 17 June 1992, 200 Inkhata men attacked a squatter camp near the township of
Boipatong in Gauteng. They killed forty-five people. Witnesses said that the men had arrived
in police vehicles which supported allegations that the government was contributing to the
violence. Soon afterwards, De Klerk visited the scene but was driven away by angry crowds.
The police opened fire on the crowds and thirty more people were killed. In response to this,
the ANC withdrew from CODESA II.

● Soon after Boipatong an ANC march in Bisho ended in a massacre.

The ANC organised a march in the capital of Ciskei to protest against the leader of the
homeland. 29 people were killed and 200 were injured when the police opened fire on the
marchers after they broke through the Ciskei police barrier.

● There were also numerous attacks on white civilians by the PAC's army, the
Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA).

The PAC were hoping to attract the support of the angry youth who were becoming impatient
with what some saw as the slow pace of the negotiation process. In one of these attacks,
members of APLA entered a church and opened fire, killing and wounding members of the
congregation.

● Right-wing resistance also added to the violence of this period.

Early in 1993, Chris Hani, the general secretary of the Communist Party was assassinated
by supporters of the right-wing. His assassination caused protests in the country. Soon
afterwards members of right-wing groups broke through the gates of the World Trade Centre
and crashed an armoured vehicle through the front of the building.

Chris Hani's death and the actions of the right wing did not stop the negotiating process. The
parties met at the World Trade Centre. They were called the Negotiating Council. This
Council chose 27 April 1994 as the date for the country's first elections

INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING

 The AWB interrupted the negotiations on 15 June 1993, when they stormed the World
Trade Centre with armoured vehicle (a test of commitment)

47 | P a g e
 Assassination of Chris Hani (10 April 1993) – Janusz Waluś (a test of commitment)
 Mandela addresses nation on TV (commitment)
 St James massacre (25 July 1993)
 Heidelberg Tavern shooting (30 December 1993) (test of commitment)
 Shell House massacre (28 March 1994) (test of commitment)
 Date for the first democratic elections set (27–29 April 1994) (commitment)
 Continued violence throughout elections – car bomb outside ANC head offices
- Car bomb exploded at Jan Smuts Airport (last efforts to test commitment)
 Elections held due to commitment and compromise
 Results of election: ANC 62,7%, NP 20,4% and IFP 10,5%
 ANC, NP and IFP formed the Government of National Unity as agreed upon in the Sunset
Clause (commitment and compromise)
 Mandela became first black State President of the new democratic Republic of South
Africa with Thabo Mbeki and FW de Klerk as his deputies

A Timeline: 1990-1994

Events occurring while negotiations were taking

Date Negotiation Process
place

Feb 1990 Nelson Mandela released. 1990-1993:

ANC and other black political On-going attacks on commuter trains on Rand
movements were unbanned. by marked gunmen - an estimated 573 deaths
(This opened the way for a (rumours that these were 3rd force operatives and
negotiated settlement) NP was trying to destabilise country).
NP allowed the carrying of Zulu ‘Traditional
weapons’ (including knobkerries and spears)
Rent, school and consumer boycotts renewed by
ANC supporters. Aimed to pressurise NP into
reaching an agreement faster.
May 1990 Groote Schuur Minute NP Government detained 40 members of ANC
ANC and NP met (including Mac Maharaj and Billy Nair) accused of
NP agreed to release political plotting to overthrow government – Operation
prisoners. (Releases began Vula
Sept 1990) July 1990: IFP attack on ANC stronghold at
June: NP revoked Separate Sebokeng
Reservation of Amenities Act
Aug 1990 Pretoria Minute: November 1990: Alleged Third Force attacks on
ANC agreed to suspend informal at Zonkizizwe township outside
armed struggle (An act of Germiston
‘good faith’ to show
48 | P a g e
 commitment to peaceful
negotiation process)
NP agreed to suspend State of
Emergency in Natal
March De Klerk (NP) revoked Land March 1991: Seven Day war in PMB. On-going
1991 Act, Group Areas Act, Pop. violence between ANC and IFP.
Registration Act.
Oct 1991 92 anti-apartheid organisations 1990-1993: on-going violence in townships.
met in Durban and formed
Patriotic Front. Called for an
interim government.
20 Dec Negotiations towards a new PAC and Conservative Party under Treurnicht
1991 constitution began. and IFP withdrew from CODESA I.
Convention for a Democratic (NB: This brought to an end the Patriotic Front)
South Africa (CODESA) I (18
delegates + UNO& NB: At end of CODESA I, NP strongly criticised
Commonwealth) ANC for not disbanding MK and accused them of
ANC and NP proposed keeping MK as a ‘private army’.
‘Declaration of Intent’:
undivided SA, independent
Judiciary, constitution, multi-
party democracy (NB: Seen as
a watershed agreement). 2
stage constitution.

17 March Whites only referendum. 69% voted YES. NP credibility restored.

1992 Should the negotiations
continue?
May 1992 CODESA II NP wanted CODESA II replaced by
Agreement reached that SABC representative of all political parties + minority
to present a neutral view of veto
negotiation process. ANC wanted an interim govt of no longer than 18
Failed to agree on new months and simple majority rule.
constitution-making body and Rolling Mass Action initiated by resistance
interim government organisations (strikes, boycotts, street
demonstrations to speed up negotiation process).
Date Negotiation Process Events occurring while negotiations were
taking place
17 June Most agree that Boipatong was Boipatong Massacre:
1992 a turning point after which IFP hostel dwellers attacked residents of
negotiation process favours of Boipatong township (49 men, women and
ANC. children killed). Rumours spread of white men
handing weapons to Third Force agents to
spread violence and chaos
In response to Boipatong massacre ANC
walked out of negotiation process.
Govt appointed Goldstone Commission which
verified police involvement at Boipatong
(3 &4 Aug: 4million workers involved in strikes
across SA)
Sept 1992 26 Sept Record of 7 Sept: Bhisho Massacre:
49 | P a g e
 Understanding Signed 70,000 ANC members held peaceful
between Roelf Meyer (NP) and demonstration in Bhisho, Ciskei (an
Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC). ‘independent’ homeland ruled by Oupa Gqozo).
Commit themselves to Gqozo ordered soldiers to fire: 28 dead, 200
negotiation process and finding wounded.
a peaceful way forward.
NB: CODESA ended, MK
disbanded
Oct 1992 NP Government agreed to ban Concerned South African Group (COSAG)
the carrying of traditional formed (NB: An alliance between ‘Homeland’
weapons in public and to release leaders and the far right-wing):
more political prisoners. Lucas Mangope (Boputhatswana), Oupa
Gqozo (Ciskei), Mangosuthu Buthelezi
(KwaZulu), Afrikaner Volksunie and Afrikaner
Freedom Foundation. Demanded a Federal
govt.
2 April Multi-Party Negotiation 10 April 1993: Assassination of Chris Hani
1993 Process (MPNP) began again (Leader of the SACP) by Janusz Walus – a
at Kempton Park. Polish immigrant working under orders of
PAC joined negotiation process Conservative Party (Clive Derby –Lewis).
Joe Slovo (SACP) suggested a NB: Mandela appeared on TV appealing for
5-year Govt of National Unity calm.
(GNU) a ‘power sharing’ 100,000 attended Hani’s funeral (relatively
compromise (‘sunset clause’) peaceful)
– accepted by NP. IFP refused to take part in election.
st
Date set for 1 democratic
election. 400 reps to be voted
for.
June – 25 June: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
July 1993 (AWB) and Volksfront (AVF) stormed the World
Trade Centre where negotiations were taking
place, vandalised the entrance and threatened
the delegates.
AWB and Constand Viljoen attempted and
failed to defend Mangope’s dictatorship in
Boputhatswana against huge opposition from
students and worker demonstrations.
St James Church Massacre.
(African People’s Liberation Army (APLA –
PAC’s armed wing) threw grenade and opened
fire in St James Church Kenilworth. 11 killed,
58 wounded.
Nov 1993 An Interim Constitution for
South Africa was agreed
upon.
28 March Shell House Massacre – IFP members killed
1994 by ANC security forces
27 April 1st multi-party democratic election held in South Africa- Nelson Mandela elected as
1994 the first democratic president

50 | P a g e
 THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC)
DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Activist: a person who takes a strong political stand against something and fights
against it.

51 | P a g e
2. Amnesty: an official pardon granted to an offender for crimes that were politically
motivated.
: to demonstrate a sense of forgiveness for gross human rights violation
and tell the truth
3. Atrocities: very cruel acts against people.
4. Commission: is a body that is established to undertake an enquiry of national
importance.
: a body of people that has the authority to perform certain tasks given
to it.
5. COMPENSATION: money / something that you receive because somebody hurt you or
have damage your possession or property.
6. Exile: a person who left the country for political reasons.
7. Genocide: the killing on a mass scale of a specific group of people.
8. Human Rights: are rights that all human beings are expected to enjoy equally;
rights that the state must respect and promote for all its people; right to life,
education, health dignity justice as well other liberties.
9. Healing: to make somebody feel healthy or happy again.
10. Justice: is dealing with matters in a fair and honest manner.
11. Necklacing: the practice of placing a car tyre around the neck of a victim and setting it
alight.
12. Perpetrators: a person who committed a crime, wrongdoer.
13. Reconciliation: an attempt to bring victims and perpetrators to speak the truth, ask for
forgiveness and move forward.
: an act of bringing together former enemies.
: is reaching a compromise between two opposing parties
14. Reparations: payment for damages that a person might have sustained.
: payment for someone who has suffered a loss. The payment maybe in
various forms such as money or land.
15. Subpoena: a legal order to appear in court.
16. Ubuntu: an African philosophy (belief) based on recognition of people’s humanity
through their participation as members of a community.
Simple translated as “people are people through other people”.
17. Violate: to go against or refuse to obey a law.

COMPARISON OF THE NUREMBURG TRIAL AND THE TRC refer to page 334 of
the NEW GENERATIONS
DEFINITION OF PHRASES
(a) Crimes against humanity: extreme acts of violence committed against a large
percentage of people.
: cruel, immoral acts against a large number of people.
52 | P a g e
 : gross human rights violations on a large scale.
(b) GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION (GHRV): the TRC defined (GHRV) as killing,
abduction torture or severe ill-treatment which resulted in physical, emotional and
psychological damage.
(c) NO AMNESTY WITHOUT DISCLOSURE: the perpetrators of gross human rights
violations had to give a full and public testimony of their actions.
(d) APARTHEID – A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY – apartheid violated the human
rights of the majority of South Africans. Apartheid discriminated against South Africans
on the basis of colour.
(e) 1960- 1994 WHY TRC FOCUS ON THESE YEARS?
TRC considered these years of apartheid rule the most ruthless because of the
implementation of policies of discrimination against Black South Africans.

CHANGE IS A PROCESS NOT AN EVENT – DESPITE THE ACHIEVEMENTS

LEADING UP TO THE 27TH APRIL 1994, WORK STILL NEEDED TO BE DONE IN
ORDER FOR SOUTH AFRICA TO ACHIEVE THE GAINS IT WAS NOT ABLE TO
DURING THE APARTHEID ERA.

THE 27TH April 1994 signalled the dawn of a new era for South Africa – it brought an
end the mass devastation and destruction caused by Apartheid and symbolized the
beginning of hope for a new future. Easier said than done: South Africa was a deeply
divided society. Thousands of activists and freedom fighters suffered at the hands of
apartheid oppressors. It was vital that these violations be brought into the light for
healing to occur.

REASONS FOR THE TRC

(a) The TRC was a platform for both victims and perpetrators to come forward and
share their stories so that people in the country could find peace and justice.
(b) The TRC enable South Africans to come to terms with their past on a morally
acceptable basis and to advance the cause of reconciliation.

53 | P a g e
The aims / objectives / work of the TRC
(a) The TRC served as a platform to help South Africans deal with the division caused by
apartheid and the subsequent oppression.
(b) To investigate and establish the extent of gross human rights violations that occurred
between 1960 and 1994
(c) To grant amnesty to perpetrators who made full disclosure regarding their crimes
against humanity.
(d) To recommend reparations to victims of gross human rights violations.
(e) To help deal with the wounds of the past.
(f) To help facilitate the telling of the truth so that reconciliation was possible.
(g) To restore the dignity to victims and in some cases, to punish perpetrators.

VARIOUS FORMS OF JUSTICE

54 | P a g e
 • RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE: Punishment is seen as the best response to crime. The
punishment meted out is always proportionate to the severity of the offending behaviour. The
person being accused is seen to have broken the law and they therefore must face a court of
law to be judged for their offences.

• RESTORATIVE JUSTICE: The focus fell on the needs of the victims, the offenders and the
community that has been affected. Restorative justice allows victims to take an active role in
the process and perpetrators are encouraged to take full responsibility for their actions. This
aims at opening up a dialogue between the victim and perpetrator. The emphasis is not on
the punishment equaling the crime but that perpetrators attempt to repair what they have

done and uncover the truth about what had occurred .

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

(i) A form of justice that emphasises
(i) A form of justice that promotes punishment and vengeance.
healing and reconciling people. Focuses on revenge, can be
described as “an eye for an eye or a
tooth for a tooth’’
(iii) Can lead to more divisions in
(ii) Can foster unity and repentance. society and defensive approach
by the perpetrators.
(iv) Can lead to full disclosure of the (v) May hide incriminating information
truth. thus no full disclosure.

55 | P a g e
 The three committees of the TRC
(a) Human Rights
(b) Amnesty
(c) Reconciliation and Reparations

COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

• It was here that human rights abuses that took place in S.A between 1960 and
1994 were investigated.
• 1960 – 1994 highlighted a period of Gross Human Rights Violation.
• In 1960, Apartheid intensified through the use of repressive laws.
• The TRC considered these years as a restless period.
• Members of this committee visited communities to get statements and evidence
from people who were either survivors or victims of crimes that were politically
motivated.
• People came to this committee to tell their stories.
• About 21 300 victims gave statements telling of about 38 000 gross abuses of
human rights.
• After a process of verification, nearly 2000 people were invited to tell their stories
at the TRC hearings.

56 | P a g e
 COMMITTEE ON AMNESTY
• This committee consisted of people with a sound legal background.
• Both perpetrators and victims were allowed to be represented by a lawyer and have
their say
• This committee could grant amnesty (forgiveness) from prosecution to perpetrators
(individuals guilty of crimes) of gross human rights violations only if they were able to
prove that their crimes were done for political motive.
• This was a rigorous process and only 1167 of the 7116 applicants who applied were
granted amnesty.

COMMITTEE ON REPARATION AND REHABILITATION

• This committee investigated the stories told by victims and gave them support where
possible.
• In some cases, they were given reparations (payments) for their suffering and loss.
• It was finally recommended that a once off payment of R30 000 would be given to
each victim.
• Some of the victims however did not receive any compensation.

57 | P a g e
 THE NATURE AND POWERS OF THE TRC

• The TRC was able to set the stage for truth to be heard and reconciliation to be
achieved but this could only work within limits.
• It is important to note that the TRC was not a court of law and therefore could not
prosecute.
• Individuals or political parties were encouraged / expected to give a full and public
testimony of their actions.

LIMITATIONS OF THE TRC

• The transition between apartheid and democracy was a confusing and difficult time in
South Africa.
• The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established in hopes of
creating a "common history" among all South Africans by calling forth both victims and
perpetrators to share their stories and truths.
• It was believed that by exposing the past, citizens would be reconciled and able to
move forward into a brighter future. Although this process did uncover many
previously unknown details and crimes, the TRC had a number of flaws that prohibited
true reconciliation for South Africans.
• The limited mandate of the Commission, the lack of participation by key political
players and the inconsistency between the amnesty and reparation program hindered
the TRC from achieving true reconciliation for South Africa.

POSITIVE ASPECTS OF THE TRC

• The TRC did play a significant role in healing South Africa from its divided past and
work towards building a united nation…this was made possible through gaining public
acknowledgments that atrocities had taken place and ensuring some accountability
and visibility of perpetrators.
• 21 000 victims were able to tell their story and mourn the loss of their families.
• The foundations for forgiveness and reconciliation were laid.
• Political party members from the NP, even the ANC had to account for their own
crimes and atrocities that were committed inside and outside of S.A.
• The TRC helped to solve many of the murders and disappearances of political
activists, giving their families a chance at closure.
• It helped to restore dignity to victims and in some instances, facilitated in the
punishment of perpetrators.

HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES OF APARTHEID

• In the 1980s , P.W Botha was at the helm of Apartheid South Africa.
• He ensured that state security agencies were used to murder, torture and maim
political activists.
• Leading apartheid agents were instructed to use death squads to eliminate freedom
fighters and activists. Many innocent black citizens were killed as a result.
• P.W. Botha (as the leader of the Apartheid era, people looked up to him to own up)
refused to appear before the TRC to give evidence of human rights abuses caused.

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CASE STUDY

Mrs Msweli was an ANC supporter during the apartheid era. Owing to this her house was
burned down and two of her sons were killed and her grandchildren were kidnapped. One of
her sons had been beaten so badly, she was only able to identify him from a particular mark
he had on his thumb.
• She noted the following at the TRC hearing:
– “I want the people who killed my son to come forward because this
is a time for reconciliation. I want to forgive them and I also have a
bit of my mind to tell them. I would be happy if they can come
forward, because I don’t have my sons today…I want to speak to
them before I can forgive them. I want them to tell me who sent
them to come and kill my sons. Maybe they are my enemies, maybe
they are not. So, I want to establish as to who they are and why they
did what they did.”
• The granting of amnesty to perpetrators who had committed gross human rights
violations was a controversial aspect of the TRC.
• It was agreed that amnesty would be granted in respect of acts, omissions and
offences with political objectives and committed in the course of the conflicts of
the past.
• There were to be THREE PRE-CONDITIONS before amnesty could be granted:
• Applicants were required to ensure that they make a full
disclosure of their acts of violence.
• Applicants had to prove that there was a political motive
in perpetrating the crimes.
• The period between 1 March 1960 – 10 May 1994 was
the period to be considered when reviewing appeals for
amnesty.

• Amy Biehl was was American anti – Apartheid activist who was living in South
Africa in the 1990s. She was murdered outside Gugulethu on 25August 1993 by
a group of men who dragged her from her car shouting racial slurs. Four of Amy
Biehl’s murderers were convicted for her murder. In 1998, the TRC pardoned all
of them. Biehl’s family were supportive of this release, and her father, Peter,
shook the murderer’s hands, stating that:
– “The most important vehicle of reconciliation is open and honest
dialogue…we are here to reconcile a human life which was taken
without an opportunity for dialogue. When we are finished with this
process we must move forward with linked arms.”

• The granting of amnesty was controversial because not everyone was willing to
see perpetrators of heinous crimes walk free.
• Some perpetrators applying for amnesty did not show any remorse for crimes
committed.
• Many felt that the acquittal of chemical and biological warfare expert, Dr Wouter
Basson after a long and expensive trial; was a failure of the amnesty process.
• If an applicant was granted amnesty by the TRC, they could not be prosecuted in
a criminal court and civil action could also not be brought against them.

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 • The final leg of the TRC process was to create a reparations programme that
would include symbolic, financial and community reparations.
• The ANC government as a means of controlling the process requested that all
those who were eligible for reparations had to verify their details with the justice
department.
• It was proposed that each victim or family should receive a once off payment of
approximately R30 000 to about 22 000 apartheid victims.
• Some people did feel however that the amount was too little for the victims and
their families.

 On Friday 22 October 1971, Ahmed Timol together with his friend, 21-year-old
Wits University medical student, Mohammed Salim Essop, were stopped at a
police roadblock. It was around 11 pm. In the boot of their yellow Anglia, various
pieces of incriminating (implicating) evidence were discovered. These included
copies of Inkululeku, the 50-anniversary address of the (South African
Communist Party (SACP) and lists of names and addresses.
 They were transported to Newlands Police Station, before being taken to John
Vorster Square. At around 3:15 the next morning, Lieutenant Colonel Petrus van
Wyk arrived from Pretoria and was joined by a team of specialist interrogators,
including Captains JZ van Niekerk, Richard Bean and JH Gloy.
 For Timol an interrogation was about to begin which would last until Wednesday
afternoon, when he met his death. In the subsequent inquest, police interrogators
insisted they had not laid a hand on Timol. The condition of the detainee's body
found in the shrubbery (bushes) outside police headquarters, however, told a
very different story. It was covered with bruises, abrasions (cuts), scabs; the left
eye was sunk back in its socket and gouged underneath the lid. The death of
Ahmed Timol marked a turning point in the struggle against apartheid.
 'Major General CA Buys, chief of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
and the man in charge of the investigation into Timol's death, told Rapport's
Freek Swart two days after Timol's death. 'Ahmed was sitting calmly on a chair.
There were security men with him. At one stage two of them went out of the
room. Then Timol suddenly jumped up and aimed for the door. A security man
ran to the door to stop him. But the Indian then dashed for the window and
jumped out'. 'Nobody frightened him or touched him. The post-mortem will show
that', General Buys concluded.
 It all happened 25 years ago. Many of the key role players in the drama have
died and the rest have long since left the police force. There is very little real
prospect that justice will be done via the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
and even less.

RESPONSES OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES

NATIONAL PARTY
• F.W. De Klerk claimed that it was a wasteful process because it seemed that only
he was being humiliated.
• De Klerk also took legal action to prevent the publication of information
implicating him in any third force activities between 1990 – 1994

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INKATHA FREEDOM PARTY

• Mangosuthu Buthelezi felt that the TRC was too victim friendly and that its main
aim was to humiliate and ridicule perpetrators.
• The TRC was accused of uneven treatment and of being biased.

AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

• Thabo Mbeki felt that the TRC was even handed and argued that the TRC
equated the human rights violations with similar ones committed by the liberation
movements in South Africa.
• The ANC felt justified to resort to violence as they were fighting repression.
• These three parties were the major parties during this period(election results in
1994)
They depicted the parties with the most gross human rights vio

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