CELL AND
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO 103
Ms. Liz Aira S. Cruz
CELL
q smallest, basic unit of life
that is responsible for all
of life’s processes.
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC
CELL
BRIEF HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY
The planet Earth is called by many scientists the “just right” planet.
It has the right distance from the sun. Too close to the sun and the
planet will be too hot, while too far from it and the planet will be too
cold.
But…
The environment of our planet now is way different from when the
Earth was still young. The young Earth is devoid of life, too hot,
no liquid water, has extreme volcanic activity, and is frequently
bombarded by other bodies such as comets and meteors from outer
space.
BRIEF HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY
As the temperature of the planet Earth cools down, the volume of
the liquid water increases due to the precipitation of water vapor.
The already cold solid crust allows water to stay on the surface of
the planet. The presence of more water on the surface of the planet
was believed to be an important factor in the development of first
life forms.
• How organic materials are formed from inorganic
chemicals?
Possible sources of organic materials that appear on our planet
1.Basic building blocks of life could have brought by comets and
meteorites.
2.From underwater vents
3.Basic building blocks of life could have formed from simple
molecules in the earth's early atmosphere as a result of being
energized by lightning, high temperature, or ultraviolet radiation.
The Oparin and Haldane’s
Hypothesis
This hypothesis was developed
independently by Aleksander
Oparin (Russian) and John
Haldane (British). It explained that
in the presence of an adequate supply
of energy from lightning, high
temperature, or ultraviolet radiation,
a lot of organic compounds can be
produced in a reducing environment.
To test this hypothesis, Harold Urey and Stanley Miller conducted
an experiment simulating the environmental condition of the ancient
Earth.
Development of Prokaryote from Inorganic Molecules
• The earliest fossil evidence of life acceptable to many was a
photosynthetic unicellular prokaryote that was discovered from
Western Australia, it was estimated to be about 3.5 billion
years old (Ghose 2013).
• Fossilized samples of photosynthetic prokaryotes
(stromatolites) were discovered around 2.5 billion years ago.
The photosynthetic activity of these ancient microbes results in
the accumulation of a large volume of oxygen that changes the
reducing atmosphere condition at that time.
Eukaryotes appeared much later in the
timeline, the earliest fossil record was
estimated to be about 2.1 billion years old.
Scientists believed that eukaryotes evolved
from prokaryotic cells. The evolution of
eukaryotes produces more photosynthetic
organisms including the multicellular algae
and plants.
Theories of the Origin of the Eukaryote
Endosymbiosis Involving Aerobic Bacterium
Theories of the Origin of the Eukaryote
Endosymbiosis Involving Photosynthetic Bacterium
Theories of the Origin of the Eukaryote
• Origin of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus By
Invagination of the Membranes
Invagination of the cell membrane results to compartmentalization and
development of organelles.
ORGANELLES OF
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Cell Wall
• a rigid protective layer formed outside the plasma membrane of
some cells.
Cell Wall
Functions of the cell wall:
1.Protection against mechanical
stress
2. Provide some degree of filtering
3.Provide rigidity, structural
support, and cell shape
Cell Membrane
• a semi-permeable
membrane that is
primarily made of
phospholipid molecules.
Cell Membrane
Functions of the cell membrane:
a.Physical isolation – it keeps the
internal environment of the cell
separated from the external
environment.
b.Controls the passage of materials
– the plasma membrane is considered
semi-permeable because it controls the
passage of materials going in and out of
the cells.
c.Structural support – it supports the
structure of the cell.
NUCLEUS
• prominent structure inside a
eukaryotic cell.
• enclosed in a double membrane called
the nuclear envelope.
• contains the genetic materials that
control the processes of the cell and
the character traits of an organism.
Thus, this organelle is called the
“Control Center of the Cell”.
DNA AND RNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are
large biomolecules that contain the genetic information for the
acquired traits of organisms.
DNA AND RNA
DNA AND RNA
RIBOSOMES
• Protein synthesis
• Translate the genetic code
carried by messenger
RNA (mRNA) into a
specific sequence of amino
acids, which then fold into
proteins.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• network of membranes that are connected to the nuclear
envelope.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (RER)
• flattened
• protein synthesis
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (RER)
• tubular
• lipid synthesis
MITOCHONDRION
• is involved in the production of energy in the cell. It
produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an energy-rich
molecule used by the cell. Because of this, it is called
“Powerhouse of the Cell”.
CHLOROPLAST
CHLOROPLAST
• Found only in plants and some
protists like algae. This organelle
contains chlorophyll, a green
pigment that is important in
photosynthesis.
• The light-dependent reaction of
photosynthesis takes place in the
thylakoid while the dark reaction
takes place in the stroma.
LYSOSOME
• a small globular organelle that
contains hydrolase a hydrolytic
enzyme used to digest waste
materials and worn-out parts of
the cell.
• “garbage bag” of the cell
• hydrolase enzymes are produced
in the Golgi apparatus and
packaged in vesicles that
eventually become lysosomes.
GOLGI COMPLEX
• network of folded membranes
and vesicles in the cytoplasm.
• modify and package proteins and
lipids.
• receives the protein coming from
the endoplasmic reticulum
through small vesicles called
transfer vesicles. The Golgi
apparatus then modify the
proteins and packaged them in
secretory vesicles.
PARTS OF
PROKARYOTIC
CELL
5.CELL WALL
Thank You!
