1.
EARTHQUAKES 0
0 travel along & within the lithosphere
shaking of the ground caused by can travel as body/surface waves
tremendous release of energy due to how equakes release energy
pressure in the earth’s crust radiate from the focus
as the pressure builds up, stress has 2 types:
increases in the crust, which can be
due to geological activity (volcanic
eruption, tectonic plate movement) or
4. BODY WAVES
human-made activities (mining, 1
quarying [digging thru mountains], travel in all directions from the focus
drillling), resulting in increased thru body of the earth waves that
pressure in the surface travel below surface of the earth
1. P waves (Primary)
2. TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENT – “compressional waves”
- travel from the interior of earth &
0
thru solid & fluid materials
causes the most inducing stress - fastest wave, 1st to arrive in seismic
activity for equakes to occur stations
o no. 1 reason is movement of - longitudinal, travel in the same
plate boundaries direction as the particles they
o convergent produces most vibrate (vibrates along direction of
xtreme equakes motion)
o equakes usually happen in fault - velocity varies on location &
lines material
2. S waves (secondary)
- “shear waves” / “transverse
3. ANATOMY OF AN EARTHQUAKE waves”
0 - travel thru solid materials only
within interior of the earth
1. Fault - crack across which the rocks
- move materials perpendicular to
have been offset first. In an equake,
wave movement
stored energy is suddenly released
- move up & down
thru movement along the fault
- velocity is less than p waves
2. Hypocenter / Focus – the point
within the earth along a geological
point where the equake originates 4. SURFACE WAVES
3. Epicenter – point directly above the 2
focus
travel along the surface of the earth
4. SEISMIC WAVES from epicenter
1. Love Waves – lateral (side to side)
movement of surface (like snake).
0 SEISMOLOGY (PHIVOLCS)
motion is transverse
2. Rayleigh Waves – rolling movement developed an intensity scale used in
of surface (like ocean wave) the country to determine the extent of
effects of equakes
ranges from scarcely perceptible –
5. MAGNITUDE
extremely devastating
0 appropriate to our country bc it’s part
of the Ring of Fire
quantitative measure of the amount of
energy released by equake
measured using seismograph
o Richter Scale
8. EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
- most common scale for magnitude
- sometimes called Local Magnitude
0
(M l )
- in this scale, a 5.3 magnitude is many equakes have been recorded in
10x stronger than a 4.3 magnitude the country as seen on the DOST-
PHIVOLCS website w/ time, date, &
origin
6. INTENSITY
ranges from light – destructive shakes
0 that damage infrastructures & leaves
hundreds of deaths
amount of damage caused aftershocks are also eminent esp if a
strength of the ground shaking strong equake hitd
varies in diff areas/places depending
on the distance from the epicenter
8. MORO GULF
1
6. ROSSI-FOREL INTENSITY SCALE
1 most destructibe recorded equake that
hit the country happened here in 1976
1st scale used to identify intensity w/ a magnitude of 8.0 & is tectonic in
becomes the basis for the origin
development of the now widely used occurred near Cotabato Trench, which
scale known as Modified Mercalli is known as a region of subduction in
Intensity Scale the southern PH
it even reached the Visayas region due
to its intense shaking
7. PHILIPPINE VOLCANOLOGY AND caused a tsunami that was 4.5m high
2. During – “drop, cover, hold”, don’t
8. LUZON ISLAND EARTHQUAKE
panic, once shaking stops, don’t run
2 out immediately
3. After – don’t return to house, stay
another strong equake that happened outside first
in 1990 w/ a magnitude of 7.8
it was due to a strike-slip movement
10. PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING
along the PH fault that resulted in
ground rapture from Aurora to Nueva 0 SYSTEM (PTWS)
Ecija
its epicenter was in Rizal, Nueva Ecija system used to detect equakes that
& was felt over the regions of may cause tsunamis
Cordillera, Central Luzon, & Metro established in 1949
Manila
Fatalities were mostly from CL &
Cordillera
o Aside from PH, Japan &
Indonesia also have the most
no. of equakes bc they’re in the
Pacific Ring of Fire
8. GROUND RAPTURE
3
another effect of equakes
in 2013, Bohol was struck by a 7.2
magnitude equake that resulted in the
splitting & dropping of the ground esp
along fault lines
9. SAFETY MEASURES
0
provided by DOST-PHIVOLCS
1. Before – advance prep, preparing
emergency kits, water, nonperishable
foods, flashlights, batteries, first aid
kits, etc
