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 Electronic Conduction
Classical and Quantum Theory
to Nanoelectronic Devices
Textbook Series in Physical Sciences
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Electronic Conduction: Classical and Quantum Theory to Nanoelectronic Devices

John P. Xanthakis

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 Electronic Conduction
Classical and Quantum Theory
to Nanoelectronic Devices

John P. Xanthakis
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Xanthakis, John P., author.

Title: Electronic conduction : classical and quantum theory to
nanoelectronic devices / John P. Xanthakis.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. | Series:
Textbook series in physical sciences | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifers: LCCN 2020028630 | ISBN 9781138583863 (hardback) | ISBN
9780429506444 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric conductivity. | Nanoelectronics. | Quantum theory.
Classifcation: LCC QC610.4 .X36 2021 | DDC 537.6/2--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020028630

ISBN: 9781138583863 (hbk)

ISBN: 9780429506444 (ebk)
Typeset in Minion Pro
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
To Milta and Liana
Contents

Preface, xi
About the Author, xiii

PART I Prerequisites: Quantum Mechanics and

the Electronic States in Solids

CHAPTER 1 ◾ Quantum Mechanics 3

1.1 THE TWO-SLIT EXPERIMENT 3
1.2 THE SCHROEDINGER EQUATION, WAVEFUNCTIONS AND
OPERATORS 6
1.3 PARTICLE IN A RECTANGULAR BOX 9
1.4 MORE QUANTUM MECHANICS, HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE 14
1.5 STATISTICS OF ELECTRON OCCUPANCY, THE PAULI PRINCIPLE
AND THE FERMI – DIRAC DISTRIBUTION 16
1.6 THE HYDROGEN ATOM AND THE ATOMS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE 18
1.7 BARRIER PENETRATION, TUNNELLING 23
1.8 PROBABILITY CURRENT DENSITY AND THE WKB APPROXIMATION 27

CHAPTER 2 ◾ Electron States in Solids 33

2.1 QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SOLIDS AND THEIR ENERGY BANDS 33
2.2 THE k-SPACE, BLOCH’S THEOREM AND BRILLOUIN ZONES 34
2.3 THE LCAO METHOD OF CALCULATING ENERGY LEVELS 42
2.4 QUICK REVISION OF THE CONCEPT OF A HOLE AND DOPING 52
2.5 VELOCITY OF ELECTRONS IN SOLIDS 54
2.6 THE CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE MASS 56
2.7 CONCENTRATION OF CARRIERS IN SEMICONDUCTORS
AND METALS 59
2.8 THE EFFECTIVE MASS EQUATION 66
vii
viii ◾ Contents

PART II Theory of Conduction

CHAPTER 3 ◾ Simple Classical Theory of Conduction 73

3.1 EXTERNAL VOLTAGES AND FERMI LEVELS 73
3.2 COLLISIONS AND DRIFT MOBILITY 75
3.3 MECHANISMS OF SCATTERING 78
3.4 RECOMBINATION OF CARRIERS 79
3.5 DIFFUSION CURRENT 84
3.6 CONTINUITY EQUATIONS 86
3.7 THE IDEAL PN JUNCTION AT EQUILIBRIUM 89
3.8 THE IDEAL PN JUNCTION UNDER BIAS 95
3.9 THE NON-IDEAL, REAL PN JUNCTION 101
3.10 THE METAL–SEMICONDUCTOR OR SCHOTTKY JUNCTION 103

CHAPTER 4 ◾ Advanced Classical Theory of Conduction 111

4.1 THE NEED FOR A BETTER CLASSICAL THEORY OF CONDUCTION 111
4.2 THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION 112
4.3 SOLUTION OF THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION BY THE RELAXATION
TIME APPROXIMATION 114
4.4 APPLICATION OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD–CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS 117
4.5 DIFFUSION CURRENTS 122
4.6 GENERAL EXPRESSION FOR THE CURRENT DENSITY 124
4.7 APPLICATION OF A THERMAL GRADIENT, THE SEEBECK EFFECT 124
4.8 SATURATION OF DRIFT VELOCITY 126
4.9 GUNN EFFECT AND VELOCITY OVERSHOOT 127
4.10 THE (CLASSICAL) HALL EFFECT 129

CHAPTER 5 ◾ The Quantum Theory of Conduction 133

5.1 CRITIQUE OF THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION, REGIMES OF
CONDUCTION 133
5.2 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS 134
5.3 THE LANDAUER FORMALISM 141
5.4 THE EFFECTIVE MASS EQUATION FOR HETEROSTRUCTURES 147
5.5 TRANSMISSION MATRICES, AIRY FUNCTIONS 148
5.6 THE RESONANT TUNNELLING DIODE OR RTD 154
 Contents ◾ ix

PART III Devices

CHAPTER 6 ◾ Field Emission and Vacuum Devices 165

6.1 INTRODUCTION 165
6.2 THE 1-DIMENSIONAL WKB EQUATION 166
6.3 FIELD EMISSION FROM PLANAR SURFACES 171
6.4 THE 3-DIMENSIONAL WKB PROBLEM 180
6.5 FIELD EMISSION FROM CURVED SURFACES (ELECTRON GUNS) 183
6.6 THE VACUUM TRANSISTOR 189

CHAPTER 7 ◾ The MOSFET 195

7.1 INTRODUCTION 195
7.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE MOSFET 195
7.3 SIMPLE CLASSICAL THEORY 205
7.4 ADVANCED CLASSICAL THEORY 211
7.5 QUANTUM THEORY OF THE MOSFET 222
7.6 TIME-DEPENDENT PERFORMANCE AND MOORE’S LAW 230
7.7 THE FINFET, A 3-DIMENSIONAL MOSFET 234

CHAPTER 8 ◾ Post-Si FETs 237

8.1 INTRODUCTION 237
8.2 SIMPLE THEORY OF THE HEMT 237
8.3 ADVANCED THEORY OF THE HEMT 247
8.4 THE III–V MOSFET 253
8.5 THE CARBON NANOTUBE FET, CNFET, OR CNTFET 258

APPENDIX A: Further Development of Quantum Mechanics, Angular

Momentum, and Spin of the Electron, 269

APPENDIX B: Lattice Vibrations, 273

APPENDIX C: Impurity States in Semiconductors, 279

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